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Methods of subordinating communication. Types of subordinating connections in phrases and sentences What does a subordinating connection mean examples

Collocation- is a combination of two or more significant (independent) words related to each other on the basis of a subordinating relationship in meaning and grammatically. Phrases name objects, actions, signs, etc. But more precisely, more specifically than words: read - read aloud, pen - ballpoint pen, quickly - very quickly.

Subordinating connection– the connection of words in the SS, which connects unequal components, one of which is the main one, and the other is dependent; From the main word to the dependent word you can pose a question.

Types of subordinating connections:

The components of a phrase are connected to each other by a subordinating relationship, which is of three types: coordination, control, adjacency:

1) approval– a subordinating relationship in which the dependent word is likened to the main word in his morphological features, i.e. in which the forms of gender, number, case of the dependent word are predetermined by the corresponding forms of the stem word.

Coordination varies complete And incomplete:

a) with full agreement, the subordinate word accepts all forms of the subordinating word, as far as the grammatical categories of both words allow, for example: on a dark night (agreement in gender, case and number); last minutes(agreement in case and number); marks are set (coordination in number)

b) in case of incomplete agreement not all coordination possibilities have been exhausted, for example: I see him ready to leave (agreement of the adjective ready with its pronoun in gender and number, but not in case; cf. the obsolete construction I see him ready to leave - with full agreement)

The dependent word when agreed can be expressed:

1) an adjective in any form (except for the simple comparative and the compound superlative degree of comparison built on its basis), which agrees with the main word in gender, number, case

2) pronominal adjective (except his, her, them)

3) ordinal number and numeral one

4) communion; same agreement: read book

5) a noun - a coordinated application that agrees with the main word in case and number (if the coordinated noun changes in numbers)

6) cardinal numbers in indirect cases; agreement in case, and for the word both in gender: both girls, both boys

2) management– a subordinating relationship in which a noun or pronoun depends on the main word in the form of a definite case with or without a preposition, i.e. in which the dependent word takes the form of one case or another depending on the grammatical possibility of the main word and the meaning it expresses. The dependent word form remains unchanged when the grammatical form of the main word changes, in contrast to agreement, where both word forms change simultaneously.

Management establishes relationships object, in which grammatically dominant word calls action or state, and the dependent is the object of the action or the bearer of the state(send a letter, read a book), and subjective, in which the grammatically dominant word names an action or state, and the dependent word names the subject of the action or the bearer of the state; and comprehensive (replenishing), which in most cases act as syntactically indivisible phrases, since the main component, due to its semantic insufficiency or uncertainty, cannot be used in a strictly defined form: ten days, a flock of ducks, a glass of water, become a hero, start preparing, four corners, call yourself a guest, be considered a simpleton.

The main word in management is expressed:

1) verb in any form: reading a book

2) noun: reading a book

3) adjective: pleased with success

4) cardinal number in I. (V.) case: three chairs, five chairs

Dependent word when controlling - a noun, pronominal noun or any part of speech in the function of a noun: look at a friend

3) adjacency- a type of subordinating connection in which the main word is joined by an unchangeable dependent word or a form of a variable dependent word that does not have the ability to agree (verb infinitive, participial form, simple comparative degree of an adjective or adverb), i.e. in which the dependent word is unchangeable, isolated from the system of cases due to its belonging to a certain part of speech, the dependence on the main word is expressed semantically. Participles, adverbs and infinitives can be adjacent.

The main word when adjoining:

1) verb: run quickly

2) adjective: very fast,

3) adverb: very quickly

4) noun: soft-boiled egg, bell-bottom pants, older children

The dependent word when adjacent is expressed:

1) an adverb, including in the form of degrees of comparison: walk, write faster

2) gerund: spoke stuttering

3) infinitive: asked to write

4) comparative degree of the adjective: older children

5) unchangeable (analytical) adjective: khaki

6) pronominal adjective his, her, their: his house

7) noun – inconsistent application: in the newspaper “Izvestia”

What types of subordinating connections are there in Russian? and how to determine them? and got the best answer

Answer from Evgeny Gordeev[guru]






For example: Very cute (how cute?); speak while listening (doing what?).

Answer from Elena Elena[guru]
agreement: the dependent word is adj. (or another part of speech with the meaning of the attribute), answers the question which? (uh, uh, uh...)
blue ocean...

adjacency - connection in meaning, the dependent word is necessarily unchangeable (adv., adverb, n.f. verb), answers questions of circumstances (how? where? where?...)
very loud, so far away...

Control - the main word subjugates the dependent word with the help of the candidate. case (except I. p), you can ask questions about cases. If there is a preposition between the main word and the dependent word, this is definitely control.


Answer from Igor Volkov[newbie]
There are three types of subordination: coordination, control, adjacency.
Agreement is a type of subordinating relationship in which the main word agrees with the dependent word in gender, number and case. Ch. Form sl. =form frozen sl.
For example: a beautiful picture ( feminine, singular, nominative case); from the main road (feminine, singular, genitive).
Control is a type of subordinating connection in which the main word puts the dependent in a certain case.
For example: advise a friend (to whom? dat. case); talk about the weather (about what? prepositional case).
Adjunction is a type of subordinating connection in which the main word is associated with the dependent word only in meaning and intonation, and the dependent word is an unchangeable part of speech.

go to school, knock on the door, see a friend, give a notebook...


Answer from Imofey Perviy[newbie]
Evgenia Gordeeva speaks the truth


Answer from Alexander Sviridov[newbie]
There are three types of subordination: coordination, control, adjacency.
Agreement is a type of subordinating relationship in which the main word agrees with the dependent word in gender, number and case. Ch. Form sl. =form frozen sl.
For example: a beautiful picture (feminine, singular, nominative case); from the main road (feminine, singular, genitive case).
Control is a type of subordinating connection in which the main word puts the dependent in a certain case.
For example: advise a friend (to whom? dat. case); talk about the weather (about what? prepositional case).
Adjunction is a type of subordinating connection in which the main word is associated with the dependent word only in meaning and intonation, and the dependent word is an unchangeable part of speech.
For example: Very cute (how cute?); speak while listening (doing what?). agreement: the dependent word is adj. (or another part of speech with the meaning of the attribute), answers the question which? (oe, ee, ee...) blue sea... adjacency - connection in meaning, the dependent word is necessarily unchangeable (adv., adverb, n.f. verb), answers questions of circumstances (how? where? where?.. .)
very loud, so far away... control - the main word subjugates the dependent word with the help of k. -n. case (except I. p), you can ask questions about cases. If there is a preposition between the main word and the dependent word, this is definitely control.
go to school, knock on the door, see a friend, give a notebook...

The methods of subordination are as follows: coordination, control, adjacency

Agreement as a method of subordinating communication

  • Coordination- this is a type of subordinating connection when the dependent word takes grammatical forms main word, for example: beautiful picture.

The main word when agreed, a noun, a substantivized adjective or participle (i.e., has become a noun), as well as a pronoun, a noun, for example: high spirits, student canteen.

dependent word can be an adjective, an adjective pronoun, an ordinal number or a participle, i.e. such categories of words in which the categories of gender, number and case are not independent, for example: the right decision, our meeting.

Management as a method of subordinate communication

  • Control- a type of subordinating connection, when the dependent word is used in the indirect case that requires the main word, for example: write a book, click your teeth, advise a friend (to whom? dative case);

The main word when governing, it can act as a verb (to rejoice in meeting you), a noun (love for people), an adjective (regrettable), an adverb (near the city), or an ordinal number (first in class).

When driving dependent word nouns, pronouns-nouns, substantivized adjectives always appear (cover with snow, conversation with workers).

Adjunction as a method of subordinating connection

  • Adjacency- this is a type of syntactic connection when an unchangeable dependent word is attached to the main one in meaning. For example: Very nice (how nice?).

Unchangeable words are adjacent: infinitive, adverb, simple comparative form, gerund, some unchangeable adjectives (order to advance, door to the left, a little to the south).

Infinitive adjacent to a verb (try to answer, came to stay), a noun (desire to make peace), adjective (intends to relax)

Comparative forms adjacent to a verb (it’s better to answer, to run faster), to a noun (the news is more interesting, the drink is stronger)

Participles adjoin the verb in cases where the meaning of an adverb develops in them (read while lying down, sleep while sitting).

Immutable adjectives such as beige, mini, maxi, hindi, midi, flared, etc. adjacent to nouns (Hindi language, peak hours).

It is necessary to distinguish between adjacency and control

  • Her shoes– this is an adjunction (whose?),
  • To see him– management (of whom?).

In the categories of pronouns there are two homonymous categories. The personal pronoun answers questions of indirect cases, and it participates in a subordinating connection - this is control, and the possessive is involved in adjacency.

  • Run to the store– management,
  • Go here– adjacency.

It is important to distinguish between the prepositional case form and the adverb, because there may be the same questions! If there is a preposition between the main and dependent words, then this is management.

Subordinating connection

Subordination, or subordinating connection- the relationship of syntactic inequality between words in a phrase and a sentence, as well as between predicative parts complex sentence.

In this connection, one of the components (words or sentences) acts as main, the other - like dependent.

The linguistic concept of “subordination” is preceded by more ancient concept- “hypotaxis”.

Features of subordinating communication

To distinguish between coordinating and subordinating connections, A. M. Peshkovsky proposed a criterion of reversibility. Submission is characterized irreversible relations between the parts of the connection: one part cannot be put in place of another without damaging the overall content. However, this criterion is not considered decisive.

The significant difference between a subordinating connection (according to S. O. Kartsevsky) is that it functionally close to the dialogical unity of the informative (question-answer) type, firstly, and predominantly has pronominal nature of means of expression, Secondly .

Subordination in phrases and simple sentences

Types of subordinating connections in phrases and sentences:

  • coordination
  • adjacency

Subordination in a complex sentence

Subordinating relationship between simple sentences as part of a complex sentence is produced using subordinating conjunctions or allied (relative) words. A complex sentence with such a connection is called a complex sentence. The independent part in it is called main part, and dependent - subordinate clause.

Types of subordinating connections in a complex sentence:

  • allied subordination
    - subordination of sentences using conjunctions.
    I don't want the world to know my mysterious story(Lermontov).
  • relative subordination
    - subordination of sentences using allied (relative) words.
    The moment came when I realized the full value of these words(Goncharov).
  • indirect interrogative submission(interrogative-relative, relative-interrogative)
    - subordination with the help of interrogative-relative pronouns and adverbs connecting the subordinate part with the main one, in which the member of the sentence explained by the subordinate part is expressed by a verb or a noun with the meaning of statement, perception, mental activity, feelings, internal state.
    At first I couldn’t realize what exactly it was(Korolenko).
  • sequential submission (inclusion)
    - subordination, in which the first subordinate clause refers to the main part, the second subordinate clause - to the first subordinate clause, the third subordinate clause - to, the second subordinate clause, etc.
    I hope that this book says quite clearly that I was not shy about writing the truth when I wanted to.(Bitter).
  • mutual submission
    - mutual dependence of the predicative parts of a complex sentence in which the main and subordinate clause; relations between parts are expressed by lexical-syntactic means.
    Before Chichikov had time to look around, he was already grabbed by the arm by the governor(Gogol).
  • parallel subordination (subordination)

Notes

  • Subordination (syntax)
  • Subordinating connection (linguistics)

See what a “Subordinate relationship” is in other dictionaries:

    subordinating connection- The connection between two syntactically unequal words in a phrase and a sentence; one of them acts as the main word, the other as the dependent word. New textbook, implementation of the plan, answer correctly. see coordination, control, adjacency; IN… …

    Subordinating connection (linguistics)

    syntactic connection- A connection that serves to express the relationship between the elements of a phrase and a sentence. Subordinating connection, see subordination. Compositional connection, see essay... Dictionary of linguistic terms

    syntactic connection- A connection of words that serves to express the interdependence of the elements of a phrase and a sentence. Subordinating connection. Coordination… Dictionary of linguistic terms

    Syntactic connection- a connection that arises between the components of a complex sentence. Contents 1 Description 2 Types of syntactic connection 3 Notes ... Wikipedia

    Subordination- subordinating relationship, a formally expressed dependence of one syntactic element (word, sentence) on another. Based on P., syntactic units of 2 types of phrases and complex sentences. Word (in... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

    Subordination (syntax)- This article or section describes some linguistic phenomenon in relation only to the Russian language. You can help Wikipedia by adding information about this phenomenon in other languages ​​and typological coverage... Wikipedia

    Subordination (linguistics)- Subordination, or subordinating relationship, is a relationship of syntactic inequality between words in a phrase and a sentence, as well as between the predicative parts of a complex sentence. In this connection, one of the components (words or sentences) ... ... Wikipedia

    Complex sentence- (SPP) is a type of complex sentence, which is characterized by division into two main parts: the main part and the subordinate clause. The subordinating relationship in such a sentence is determined by the dependence of one part on the other, that is, the main part presupposes... ... Wikipedia Buy audiobook for 49 rubles


Syntax as a section of grammar.

Syntax(from Greek, order, order), in the traditional sense a totality grammar rules language related to the construction of units more extended than a word: phrases and sentences. There are also more expansive understandings of syntax, which go back to the terminological tradition of semiotics. In accordance with the first of them, the concept of syntax includes the rules for constructing any more complex language units from simpler ones; At the same time, it becomes possible to talk about intraword syntax or the syntax of the text. In an even more broad sense, syntax refers to the rules for constructing expressions of any sign systems, and not just verbal (verbal) language. With all existing understandings of the subject of syntax, the section of the corresponding theory (linguistics, semiotics) that studies syntactic units and rules, also called syntax.

Syntax as a section of grammar that studies the structure of coherent speech includes two main parts:

1) doctrine of collocation

2) doctrine of supply.

Phrase.

A phrase is a combination of words that are related in meaning
and grammatically, that is, using an ending or an ending and a preposition
or just by meaning:



The phrase names objects, actions and their signs more
exactly, more specifically than a word.

A phrase consists of a main word and a dependent word.
The main thing is the word from which the question is posed to the dependent:

In their structure and meaning, phrases are different.

They may consist of:

1. noun and adjective,
two nouns with a preposition and to denote
object and its sign:

big table, winter morning, wooden table, book for notes;

2. verb and noun and denote action and
item that is associated with it:

hang wallpaper, write a letter, meet a friend;

3. verb and adverb and denote an action and its sign:

sing loudly, look far, walk quickly.

Remember! Subjects and predicates do not form a phrase.

The following combinations of words are not phrases:

· A combination of subject and predicate, as this sentence: The shop is closed; The day is hot; The train is arriving.

· Row homogeneous members sentences, since they are connected by a coordinating connection (i.e., they have equal rights): books, newspapers, magazines; light but warm; either rain or snow.

· The combination of a function word with a significant one, since this is a word form: near the house (near- preposition), also came ( Same- union), as if in a dream ( as if- particle) .

· Compound forms of words: I will study, more interesting, the smartest.

· Phraseological phrases, since the words in them lose their lexical meaning, they can be replaced with one synonymous word: kick your ass(= to mess around) , lead by the nose(= to deceive) .

A phrase consists of a main word and a dependent word.

· A word that names an object, sign, action, etc. is called main.

· A word that explains, disseminates the main thing is called dependent.

· From the main word to the dependent one you can Ask a Question.

· When parsing a phrase, it is customary to mark the main word cross.

Types of subordinating connections in phrases.

1. Agreement- this is a type of subordinating connection in which the dependent word is placed in the same gender, number and case, which is the main thing, for example:

1) dear book (dependent adjective Expensive book V singular, feminine, nominative case);

2) my a book (dependent pronoun-adjective my agrees with the noun book in singular, feminine, instrumental case);

3) smiling child (dependent participle smiling agrees with the noun child in singular, neuter, nominative case);

4) second varieties (dependent number second agrees with the noun variety in the singular, masculine, genitive case);

5) river Dnieper(dependent noun Dnieper agrees with the noun river in singular, nominative case).

· When the main word changes, the dependent word changes along with it: shady garden- shady garden- shady garden - O shady garden- shady gardens.

· When agreeing, the dependent word can be expressed:

adjective: difficult task;
pronoun-adjective: our Friend ;
participle: advancing wave ;
ordinal numbers: second entrance;
cardinal numbers in indirect cases: With three comrades .

2. Management- this type of subordinating connection in which the dependent word is placed with the main word in some specific indirect case with or without a preposition, for example:

1) buy book(dependent noun book stands in the accusative case and denotes the object to which the action expressed by the verb is directed buy);

2) to come in into the room(dependent noun room is in the accusative case with a preposition V and denotes an object into which the action expressed by the verb is directed to come in);

3) quarrel with him(dependent pronoun He is in the instrumental case with a preposition With and denotes one of the participants in a joint action expressed by a verb quarrel);

4) bed sick(dependent word sick- substantivized adjective - is in the genitive case and indicates the person who owns what is indicated by the main word bed;

5) Meets with three(dependent number three is in the instrumental case with a preposition With and denotes the number of persons at whom the action indicated by the verb is directed meet).

· When changing the main word, the form of the dependent word does not change: buy magazine - bought magazine - will buy magazine - bought magazine - having bought magazine.

· When controlling, the dependent word can be expressed:

noun: smash vase ;
pronoun-noun: say to him;
cardinal number: divide by five;

other parts of speech in the meaning of a noun: care for the sick

3. Adjacency- a method of subordinating communication in which the dependent word is unchangeable part of speech and is connected with the main thing only in meaning and intonation, for example:

1) come yesterday(adverb yesterday adjoins the verb come);
2) go out refresh yourself (indefinite form verb refresh yourself adjoins the verb go out);
3) go limping(gerund participle limping adjoins the verb go).

· When adjoining, the dependent word can be expressed:

adverb: loud crying;
infinitive: ready help;
participle: work without ceasing;
comparative form of an adjective or adverb: boy older, come up closer;
unchangeable possessive pronoun: her girlfriend;

unchangeable adjective: skirt bell-bottom .

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