An incomplete sentence with a missing subject. Moscow State University of Printing. Dialogue with incomplete sentences

1. All simple sentencesBased on the presence of members, sentences are divided into two types: complete and incomplete.

• Sentences in which no members are missing - full: The sun was setting to the west.

• Incomplete Sentences are sentences in which a necessary member of the sentence is missing - main or secondary: Do you want to eat? - Will!(the meaning of the second sentence without the previous phrase is not clear).

Signs of an incomplete sentence:

• a missing member of a sentence is easily restored thanks to previous sentences (based on context) or the general situation of speech;

• an incomplete sentence is always a variant of a complete sentence;

• the omission of a sentence member is necessarily confirmed by the presence in it of words dependent on this member, as well as by the context or situation of speech.

2. Complete and incomplete sentences are often confused with two-part and one-part sentences.

But the latter belong to a different classification of simple sentences - according to the nature of the grammatical basis.

• Two-piece Sentences are sentences that have both a subject and a predicate: The grove dissuaded golden birch cheerful tongue.

• One-piece Sentences are sentences in which there is only one main member (or subject or predicate), and the second is not needed to understand the meaning of the sentence: Late autumn. In the yards tourniquet dry leaves.

3. How to distinguish complete and incomplete sentences from two-part and one-part ones?

Sample reasoning (using the example of the sentence in bold) :

— Do you feel pain now?

- Now very small...

1. Let's find out: the proposal " Now very small... » — complete orincomplete?

The reader understands from the context that in the sentence "Now very small...»

• missing words feel And pain;
• besides, there is a word small, which can only refer to the word pain;
• Using these missing words, you can reconstruct the full version of the sentence: Now I feel very little pain...;
• Finally, it’s not in vain that the previous sentence was given “Do you feel pain now?”, from it we take information to restore the missing members of the sentence.
  

Thus, the proposal " Now very small... ", indeed, incomplete, because this is a sentence in which necessary members of the sentence are missing, which are easily restored thanks to the previous sentence (“Do you feel pain now?”).

2. Let’s find out: this sentence “ Now very small...» — two-part orone-piece?

We need to find a grammatical basis (if there is both a subject and a predicate, then the sentence is two-part; if there is either only a subject or only a predicate, then the sentence is one-part).

• It should be remembered that when parsing sentences by members not only those words that are present are taken into account, but also those that are implied and are necessary to understand the meaning of the sentence.

So, we have a proposal “ Now very small...”, but its full version should be considered “Now I feel very little pain...”.

• It has a predicate feel(1st person indicative verb);

• the subject is missing, it is restored only by meaning - by selecting the necessary pronoun for a given predicate verb: I feel(1st person pronoun). There are no signs of an incomplete sentence here (see the paragraph above “Signs of an incomplete sentence”).

We conclude that the proposal " Now very small..." one-part, because it contains only the predicate.

3. General conclusion: offer " Now very small...» incomplete, one-part.

Additionally on Guenon:

1. The concept of incomplete sentences.

2. Signals of incompleteness.

3. Types of incomplete sentences:

· contextual;

· situational;

· elliptical.

Only structurally divisible sentences, both one-part and two-part, can be complete or incomplete. A distinction is made between semantic (informational) and structural (grammatical) completeness or incompleteness. Semantic completeness is created by 3 factors:

1. situation,

2. context,

3. the general experience of the speakers.

If a sentence is taken out of context, it may not be clear to the speaker. In this case, they talk about semantic incompleteness. For example: And this green world sang along with the little singer. This sentence refers to an evil poplar tree. This sentence is complete in structure, but incomplete in semantics. Another example: On the shore of desert waves he stood full of high thoughts. To understand who we are talking about, you must have a certain literary competence. In the context, semantic incompleteness is filled.

In syntax, the term "incomplete" applies only to structurally incomplete sentences. Therefore, to distinguish between complete and incomplete sentences, it is important to take into account the factor of continuity of syntactic connections and relationships. Let's compare 2 proposals. Southern winds bring us warmth. Northern - cold. In the second sentence there is a break in syntactic connections. The word “northern” indicates the omission of the subject “winds,” similarly, the addition “cold” indicates the omission of the predicate “bring.” Since secondary members are always attached to the main ones. The presence of a definition always requires a defined word, the presence of a direct object - a predicate verb. Thus, a violation of the chain of connections is a signal of incompleteness, which is reflected in the definition.

Incomplete sentences– These are sentences in which any member or group of members of the sentence that is obligatory in structure is missing. Incomplete sentences are updated to a greater extent than complete ones. In incomplete sentences, the rhematic group is most easily identified.

First of all, contextually incomplete sentences are distinguished, which are characterized by the omission of one or several members of the sentence indicated in the context. The soldiers walked in a column that stretched for a block. Sang songs. What is ringing is unclear. May be, forest or air. Someone is holding me by the shoulder. Holds and shakes . Contextually incomplete sentences are common in written language. Their use makes speech concise and dynamic, and allows you to avoid unnecessary repetitions. Incomplete sentences are especially widely used in dialogue lines. They use those words that carry new information, that is, the topic is omitted, but the rheme is present.

So you're married! I didn't know before! How long ago?

About two years.

- On whom?

- On Larina.

In incomplete replicas, both main members are missing; their omission is restored from the context. Usually the first lines of dialogue are complete, the rest are built based on them.

Signals of incompleteness are minor members of the sentence. The omission of a subject is usually indicated by the presence of a definition; the omission of a predicate is usually indicated by the presence of an addition or circumstance. It is easy to qualify as incomplete sentences. in which one of the main members of the proposal is missing, since PPPs are structurally obligatory and in this case the chain of connections is broken.

1. The omission of a subject is evidenced by the presence of a definition or the very form of the predicate. For example, if the predicate is expressed by a plural past tense verb, then such a sentence is incomplete. Vera and Vityakleili wallpaper. Worked together. The second sentence is identical in form to a one-part indefinite-personal sentence. However, according to semantics, the verb “worked” is focused on the subject, since it does not indicate an indefinite figure. Compare with an indefinite personal sentence: His called to the blackboard. When distinguishing such sentences, we will rely on the semantics of the verb. Sentences with a predicate, an expressed verb of the 1st or 2nd person, will be qualified as single-part definitely-personal, since the form of the verb self-sufficiently indicates the doer. Compare: For you I trudge everywhere at random.

If the omission of a subject is evidenced by the presence of a definition, then it is much easier to qualify these cases as incomplete, since the violation of the chain of connections is more noticeable. For example: Old I stop liking the dress, When purchased new. The omission of a subject is indicated by the presence of the definition “new”.

2. The omission of a predicate is evidenced by circumstances and additions that depend on it. In the morning the west wind blows, evenings– eastern.

3. If a minor member of a sentence is missing, then it is more difficult to qualify the sentence as complete or incomplete, since not every minor member is structurally necessary. Let's say. The absence of a definition does not make the sentence incomplete. One-part sentences that lack “obligatory” additions are incomplete. For example: Is there any wind? No ( wind). What's wrong with the roof? Blown away by the wind. ( roof).

The omission of obligatory members of the sentence is indicated by the context. All of the above examples are contextually incomplete sentences.

The second group is situationally incomplete sentences. In them, the missing members are suggested by the setting, the situation, the gesture. They are more typical for colloquial speech. For example: You stand at a bus stop, then shout: “It’s coming!” It is clear to those present that some kind of transport is coming. In the sentence “It’s coming!” missing subject. Or another typical example. You meet a friend who has returned from vacation:

Great!

Dialogue lines are incomplete sentences. There are such sentences in literary texts, if they convey colloquial speech. - How nice! - said Princess Marya, looking at the child.

Naturally, the division into situationally and contextually incomplete is somewhat arbitrary. In literary criticism, by the way, the term “constitution” is accepted, since the situation is often described in the text.

Elliptical sentences- these are sentences in which the predicate verb is missing, and there is no need to restore it from the context. V.V. Babaytseva calls them semantically complete, but structurally incomplete. For example: I - to you! The information is complete, but the structure of the sentence is incomplete, since the position of the predicate is not replaced, as evidenced by the presence of an addition. Moreover, it is in principle impossible to restore the predicate. This can be any verb of motion: ran in, came in, came, looked in, sent, coming. In these constructions, the secondary member of the sentence is updated - an addition or circumstance. Elliptical sentences have a certain stylistic coloring. Compare:

No answer. He again message :

There is no answer to the second or third letter.

You see, the predicate verb is “not compensated” by the context.

Elliptic sentences may lack a verb-predicate of the following semantic groups:

1. Verbs of being, absence, existence. Outside the city there is a field. There is an elderberry in the garden, and an old man in Kyiv.

2. Omitting verbs of motion. Tatiana goes into the forest, the bear follows her.

3. Omitting verbs of speech. I told him about Thomas, and he told me about Yerema.

4. Impersonal elliptical sentences with a missing predicate No. No fire, no black hut. The sky is clear. Some linguists classify them as genitive sentences, and consider the noun in the genitive case as the main member of the sentence.

5. Nominative-incentive. Syringe! Scalpel! They are also considered as incomplete elliptical sentences with the imperative predicate missing. Compare with a typical incomplete sentence. Into the corner!

One-part sentences may also be incomplete. Compare 2 designs: Close the window: it's drafty//Close: it's drafty. In the second construction, the direct object of the predicate verb is missing, and the strongly controlled verb requires an object. In this case, the addition becomes structurally mandatory.

So, the problem of distinguishing between one-part complete sentences and two-part incomplete sentences is the most difficult in the syntax of a simple sentence. The fact is that the same constructions can be considered either as incomplete or as one-component. You should pay attention to the 3rd person singular and plural verbs of the present and future tense. For example: It's coming looks like a dead man. This proposal is an incomplete two-part proposal. The omission of a subject is indicated by the presence of a personal verb and a separate definition. It's getting dark . One-part complete. This sentence cannot have a subject because the verb does not imply an agent. They transmit summary. Complete, single-part, indefinitely personal. The children sat down at their desks. They are reading. Incomplete, two-part, since the verb “read” indicates the necessity of the doer.

That is, those in which one of the members is missing are often found in both colloquial and literary speech. Not only secondary, but also the main members of the sentence - the subject or predicate - may be absent from them.

Their semantic load is easily restored both from the context (from the sentences preceding the given one) and from the knowledge of the interlocutor or reader of the situation.

Example of an incomplete sentence:

Where is your brother?

Here “Left” is an incomplete sentence consisting of one word. It misses the subject, but you can understand from the previous statement who exactly we are talking about (the brother).

It is somewhat difficult to distinguish between incomplete and one-part sentences in which either the subject or the predicate is missing. Here you can use the following criterion. For example, from the sentence “They are picking berries in the forest,” it is completely unclear who exactly is performing the action. Let’s take another example: “Where are your friends? “They pick berries in the forest.” The subject is missing here, but from the context you can easily determine who exactly is performing the indicated action (girlfriend). This means that in the first case we are dealing with a one-part sentence, and in the second case with an incomplete two-part sentence, although the list of words in them is exactly the same.

It should be noted that dialogue with incomplete sentences is the most common, characteristic situation of their use. For a teacher, studying such examples in educational practice, it is enough to simply create in students the idea of ​​an incomplete sentence as a type of a complete one - in contrast to one-part sentences, where one of the (necessarily!) main members is not missing, but is simply impossible. To do this, you can also compare complete and incomplete sentences. In incomplete, all members retain the same grammatical forms and functions as in complete. In turn, they can also be incomplete if the word that is missing from them can be easily restored from the context:

What's your name, girl?

Incomplete sentences (examples can be found below) can be of two types, depending on how their meaning is restored: contextual or situational. Within the first there are:

Knowledge is power.

As for punctuation marks in incomplete sentences, a dash is often placed in them. Its role in this case, as mentioned above, is to replace the missing word, usually a predicate.

I came home from class early, and my sister came late.

In this example, a dash replaces the word “came”, avoiding incorrect, unnecessary repetition.

There is bread and fruit on the table.

In this example, a dash is used instead of a missing predicate (elliptical sentence).

Lesson plan for Russian language grade 8

Subject: Types of simple sentences according to the presence of the necessary members of the sentence: complete and incomplete sentences

Goal: to promote the acquisition of knowledge abouttypes of simple sentences according to the presence of the necessary members of the sentence: complete and incomplete sentences.

Objectives: 1. Introducetypes of simple sentences according to the presence of the necessary members of the sentence: complete and incomplete sentences

2. develop spelling skills, develop speech and thinking;

3. instill interest in the Russian language.

Type: combined lesson.

Visualization: cards, educational games.

During the classes

1. Organizational moment.

Greeting, checking attendance, recording dates and class work in a notebook, setting goals and objectives for the lesson.

2. Updating previous knowledge

Determine the type of one-part sentences

1. Definitely personal. I love the winter forest. I contemplate the stormy sea.
2. Vaguely personal. A new store is being built in the village. Songs are sung on the outskirts.
3. Impersonal. It's getting light. It's getting dark. I wish I could get some sleep. I'm cold.
4. Nominal. Summer. It's hot.
5. Generally personal. You never know where you will find your true happiness.

3. Explanation of new material

From the point of view of completeness of the structure, sentences are divided intofull Andincomplete .

Full sentences that contain all the members necessary to express a thought are called.

Incomplete are called sentences in which any member of the sentence that is necessary in meaning and structure (main or secondary) is missing.

Two-part and one-part, common and non-common sentences can be incomplete.

The possibility of omitting members of a sentence is explained by the fact that they are clear from the context, from the situation of speech or from the structure of the sentence itself. Thus, the meaning of incomplete sentences is perceived based on the situation or context.

Here is an example of incomplete sentences in which the missing subject is restoredfrom context .

She walked and walked. And suddenly in front of him from the hill the master sees a house, a village, a grove under the hill and a garden above the bright river. (A.S. Pushkin.)(Context - previous sentence: In a clear field, in the silvery light of the moon, immersed in her dreams, Tatyana walked alone for a long time.)

Examples of incomplete sentences, the missing members of which are restored from the situation.

He knocked down his husband and wanted to look at the widow’s tears. Unscrupulous! (A.S. Pushkin) - Leporello’s words, a response to the desire expressed by his master, Don Guan, to meet Dona Anna. It is clear that the missing subject isHe orDon Guan .

– Oh my God! And here, next to this tomb! (A.S. Pushkin.) This is an incomplete sentence - Dona Anna’s reaction to the words of the protagonist of “The Stone Guest”: Don Guan admitted that he was not a monk, but “an unfortunate victim of a hopeless passion.” In his remark there is not a single word that could take the place of the missing members of the sentence, but based on the situation they can be approximately restored as follows:“You dare to say this here, in front of this coffin! ».

May be missed:

subject: How firmly she stepped into her role! (A.S. Pushkin) (The subject is restored from the subject from the previous sentence:How Tatyana has changed! );

He would have disappeared like a blister on the water, without any trace, leaving no descendants, without providing future children with either a fortune or an honest name! (N.V. Gogol) (The subject I is restored using the addition from the previous sentence:Whatever you say,” he said to himself, “if the police captain had not arrived, I might not have been able to look at the light of God again!” ) (N.V. Gogol);

addition: And I took it in my arms! And I was pulling my ears so hard! And I fed him gingerbread! (A.S. Pushkin) (Previous sentences:How Tanya has grown! How long ago, it seems, did I baptize you? );

predicate: Just not on the street, but from here, through the back door, and there through the courtyards. (M.A. Bulgakov) (Previous sentence:Run! );

several members of a sentence at once , including grammatical basis:How long ago? (A.S. Pushkin) (Previous sentence:Are you composing Requiem? )

Incomplete sentences are commonas part of complex sentences : He is happy if she puts a fluffy boa on her shoulder... (A.S. Pushkin)You Don Guana reminded me of how you scolded me and clenched your teeth with gnashing. (A.S. Pushkin) In both sentences, the missing subject in the subordinate clause is restored from the main clause.

Incomplete sentences are very common in spoken language. , in particular, in dialogue, where usually the initial sentence is developed, grammatically complete, and subsequent remarks, as a rule, are incomplete sentences, since they do not repeat already named words.

– I'm angry with my son.
- For what?
- For an evil crime. (A.S. Pushkin)

Among dialogical sentences, a distinction is made between sentences that are replicas and sentences that are answers to questions.

1. Reply sentences represent links in a common chain of replicas replacing each other. In a dialogue remark, as a rule, those members of the sentence are used that add something new to the message, and members of the sentence already mentioned by the speaker are not repeated. Replies that begin a dialogue are usually more complete in composition and independent than subsequent ones, which are lexically and grammatically based on the first replicas.

For example:

- Go get a bandage.
- Will kill.
- Crawling.
- You won’t be saved anyway (Nov.-Pr.).

2. Suggestions-answers vary depending on the nature of the question or remark.

They can be answers to a question in which one or another member of the sentence is highlighted:

- Who are you?
- Passing... wandering...
- Are you spending the night or living?
- I'll take a look there... (M.G.);

4. Consolidation

Write down incomplete sentences, put a dash in place of the missing parts of the sentence. 1) The world is illuminated by the sun, and man is illuminated by knowledge. 2) A lie stands on one leg, the truth on two. 3) The wise man blames himself, the ignorant others. 4) A snake changes its skin once, but a traitor changes its skin every day. 5) A writer needs courage in handling words and stock of his observations, a sculptor with clay and marble, an artist with paints and lines. (K.G. Paustovsky.)6) Behind was a fast, clear river that the detachment had just crossed, in front were cultivated fields and meadows with shallow ravines, still ahead were mysterious black mountains covered with forest, behind the black mountains there were still protruding rocks, and on the highest horizon were ever-beautiful, ever-changing, playing with light like diamonds, snowy mountains. (L. Tolstoy.)

5. Summing up, commenting on assessments, making incomplete sentences

D.z.: by Saturday, etc. 7-10 sentences, exercises 34, 39 (Bogdanova, part 2),name sheets
In speech, especially colloquial and artistic, there are incomplete sentences. They are called incomplete sentences in which any member of the sentence is missing. It is usually easy to recover from the context or communication situation.
- Where is Dimka?
- Walking.
Walking. - incomplete sentence, missing subject.
Both main and minor members of the sentence can be missing.

Watch other video lessons on the school curriculum at InternetUrok.ru
It is necessary to distinguish incomplete sentences from one-part sentences. In cases where any member of a sentence is missing in an incomplete sentence, it is easily restored. This cannot be done in one-part sentences, because these are complete sentences that have a structural feature.

Let's compare:
- How are you feeling?
- Fine.
Fine. - two-part, incomplete. Wed: I feel good. - two-part, complete.
Fine!
Fine! - a one-part, impersonal sentence.
Can one-part sentences be incomplete?
They can if they are missing a word that can be easily recovered from the context.
- What is your name?
- Anna.
Anna. - a one-part sentence, incomplete. Wed: My name is Anna. - one-part, indefinitely personal, complete.
Incompleteness can occur in both simple and complex sentences. Often words are omitted to avoid repetition. A dash is placed in place of the gap:
On Monday he came early, and on Tuesday only for dinner.

P Complete and incomplete sentences
From the point of view of completeness, sentence structures are divided into complete and incomplete.
Complete sentences are those that contain all the members necessary to express a thought. Yellow lilies have been open since sunrise.
Incomplete sentences are those in which any member of the sentence that is necessary in meaning and structure (main or secondary) is missing. Two-part and one-part, common and non-common sentences can be incomplete.
1. Yellow lilies open from sunrise, and 2. white ones open at ten o’clock.
1. two-part, widespread, complete;
2. two-part, widespread, incomplete.
The possibility of omitting members of a sentence is explained by the fact that they are clear from the context, from the situation of speech or from the structure of the sentence itself. Thus, the meaning of incomplete sentences is perceived based on the situation or context.
Here is an example of incomplete sentences in which the missing subject is restored from the context.
She walked and walked. And suddenly in front of him from the hill the master sees a house, a village, a grove under the hill and a garden above the bright river (A.S. Pushkin). (Context - previous sentence: In a clear field, in the silvery light of the moon, immersed in her dreams, Tatyana walked alone for a long time.)
May be missed:
Subject: He would have disappeared like a blister on the water, without any trace, leaving no descendants, without providing future children with either a fortune or an honest name! (N.V. Gogol) (The subject I is restored by the addition from the previous sentence: Whatever you say, he said to himself, if the police captain had not arrived, I might not have been able to look at the light of God anymore !) (N.V. Gogol);
Addition: And I took it in my arms! And I was pulling my ears so hard! And I fed him gingerbread! (A.S. Pushkin) (Previous sentences: How Tanya has grown! How long ago, it seems, did I baptize you?);
Predicate: Just not on the street, but from here, through the back door, and there through the courtyards. (M.A. Bulgakov) (Previous sentence: Run!);
Several members of the sentence at once, including the grammatical basis:
How long ago? (A.S. Pushkin) (Previous sentence: Are you composing Requiem?).
Incomplete sentences are very common in spoken language, particularly in dialogue, where the initial sentence is usually an extended, grammatically complete one, and subsequent remarks tend to be incomplete sentences because they do not repeat words already named.
- I'm angry with my son.
- For what?
- For an evil crime. (A.S. Pushkin)

In an incomplete sentence that forms part of a complex sentence, a dash is placed in place of the missing member (usually the predicate), if the missing member is restored from the previous part of the sentence or from the text and a pause is made at the place of the omission.
They stood opposite each other: he, confused and embarrassed, she, with an expression of challenge on her face.
However, if there is no pause, there is no dash.
Alyosha looked at them, and they looked at him. Below him is a stream of lighter azure, above him is a golden ray of sun.
Attention! Sentences with a zero connective in a compound nominal predicate are not incomplete: A book is a source of knowledge.
Conclusion:
Incomplete sentences are sentences with a missing main or minor member of the sentence. Such sentences are usually found in colloquial speech and in works of art, but are not used in book styles (scientific and official business).
Elliptical sentences
In Russian there are sentences called elliptical (from the Greek word ellipsis, which means “omission”, “lack”). They omit the predicate, but retain the word that depends on it, and no context is needed to understand such sentences. These can be sentences with the meaning of movement, movement:
I am going to the Tauride Garden (K.I. Chukovsky).
Some scientists consider elliptical sentences to be a type of incomplete sentences, others consider them to be a special type of sentences that is adjacent to incomplete ones and is similar to them.
The dash is placed:
1. A dash is placed in place of the zero predicate with a pause.
They stick together at home. Behind them are vegetable gardens. Above the yellow straw fields, above the stubble, there is a blue sky and white clouds (Sol.).
2. A dash is placed in incomplete sentences at the place where members of the sentence or their parts are missing. These omissions are common in parts of a complex sentence with a parallel structure, when the missing member is restored from the context of the first part of the sentence.
It was getting dark, and the clouds were either parting or setting in from three sides: on the left - almost black, with blue gaps, on the right - gray, rumbling with continuous thunder, and from the west, from behind the Khvoshchina estate, from behind the slopes above the river valley , - dull blue, in dusty streaks of rain, through which the mountains of distant clouds turned pink (Bun.).
3. A dash is placed when members of a sentence are omitted, restored in the context of dialogue lines or adjacent sentences.
Do you like green onion pies? I am like passion! (M.G.)
4. A dash is placed in sentences consisting of two word forms with the meaning of subject, object, circumstance and built according to the schemes: who - what, who - where, what - to whom, what - where, what - how, what - where, etc. Book - by mail. To trains – “green”!