The territory on which the Republic of Bashkiria is located today became part of Russian state(then the kingdom of Moscow) in the middle of the 16th century, 1556-1557. During this period, the Kazan Khanate fell under the pressure of the troops of Ivan IV the Terrible. After this, the Bashkirs, who had previously been captured by the Mongols more than 300 years ago, expressed a desire to voluntarily become part of Muscovy. It is this event that the “Friendship Monument”, erected in 1957 in honor of the 400th anniversary of Bashkiria’s entry into Russia (more correctly, the Kingdom of Moscow), is dedicated to.

On the street Soviet building located National Museum Republic of Bashkiria. Previously it was the Peasant Land Bank. The design of the building combines Romanesque and Old Russian styles. During construction, concrete, metal, glass, and ceramics were used. The foundation and construction of the first stage took place in 1906, and the completion of the second half occurred during the Great Patriotic War.

The territory and surroundings of the future city of Ufa were precisely located on the lands from which the Nogai Horde was driven out. The Moscow Tsar and representatives of the Bashkir people came to an agreement that Moscow would protect the borders and not interfere in the religious component, and also leave the power of local princes and beys. In turn, the Bashkirs had to pay tribute (yasak) in honey and furs and provide soldiers for service.

Bashkir Drama Theater

In connection with the new formation that had been created, a stronghold was needed - a city that would perform administrative functions, since orders from Kazan were greatly delayed. The place was found exactly where the rivers merged with each other. Belaya and R. Ufa. By the way, the center of Bashkiria is located here.

Bridge over the river White

The city of Ufa began with a small fortress on the right high bank of the river. Belaya, and then in 1574 the “Kremlin” was founded. Its walls were made of huge oak logs, so the local population first called the city “Oak City” or Imen Kala. Most likely, the name “Ufa” was given to the settlement after the name of the river of the same name that flowed nearby, but it is no longer possible to say for sure.

Church of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary

In 1586 it was given the status of a city and since then it has been administrative center Bashkiria, whose governor was subordinate to the governor in Kazan. The steppe inhabitants could not come to terms with the appearance of a new fortress and made constant raids, but they were all repulsed.

The city developed and expanded into new territories of towns and villages. In the middle of the 17th century, the dilapidated and unusable first defensive structures were replaced by new ones, the height of the walls reaching 4 meters. So they stood until the fire that happened 100 years later due to lightning striking the watchtower. After this, no one began to restore the fortifications, since Ufa had already lost its strategic border importance.

Ufa Airport

There was a clearly visible trend in the architecture of Ufa in the 19th century. It was a wooden mansion, which necessarily had a mezzanine, at the ends of which there were covered terraces. Usually there were three windows facing the street, and the façade was elongated.

The beginning of the 20th century is characterized by an increasing pace of city construction. Buildings are getting taller, new neighborhoods are appearing, which are mainly located near railway station and piers. Although wood remained the main building material, brick gradually began to replace it.

Uralsib bank building

History of the name of Ufa

The newly built fortress (at this place there is now a square near the Friendship Monument) was initially called Turatau (“fortress mountain”), Imenkala (“oak fortress”, “city”), and simply the Kremlin, but then the name Ufa was finally fixed. It is quite possible that this name came from the name of the headquarters of the Nogai khans on the “Devil's Settlement” above the Ufa River. As for the toponym “Ufa” itself, according to the famous Turkologist Nikolai Dmitriev, it comes from the ancient Turkic word “uba” - hill, mountainous area. However, there are other versions.

About a hundred years later, due to the buildings growing around the city, new fortress walls had to be erected, but this, of course, did not stop the growth of the city: houses appeared along the roads leading from the fortress. Over time, these roads began to be called streets and received their own names. The very first Ufa street is quite rightly considered Posadskaya, because already in 1647, as a settlement outside the city walls, Posad consisted of 17 courtyards. The road leading from the Kremlin to Kazan and the houses along it were first called Malaya Repnaya Sloboda, and then Kazanskaya Street; later it became Bolshaya Kazanskaya, and under Soviet rule - October revolution. It is not surprising that the street towards the Siberian Highway began to be called Sibirskaya (later Bolshaya Sibirskaya, Budyonny, Mingazheva). Another street leading from the fortress received its name from the chapel that stood on it - Frolovskaya (Tukaeva), the other, due to the saltworks located on it and the occupation of the inhabitants, was named Usolskaya (Bolshaya Usolskaya, Gorky, Sochinskaya).

My city Ufa

My city is not Moscow and not St. Petersburg,

The stanza is not about them,

What shines like Saturn and Jupiter!

It is more modest, with the name UFA.

Let Moscow flourish in pride,

Petersburg lives like a nobleman,

But, Ufa on the foothill plain,

Not much behind the capitals.

There is no closer and more beautiful to my soul

Its bright streets and palaces,

At our silver “planet”

Have your own “Golden Ring”!

Salavat's dream looks into the distance,

Like a moment, it will fly over the river!

Raising the horse “Akbuzat”,

He waved his heroic hand.

From the “Gypsy” glade and Dyoma,

To Inors and distant Shaksha,

All the squares and parks are familiar to me,

Where to walk is simply heaven for the soul!

I was born in Ufa, I grew up there

And he left to serve,

And she revealed herself even brighter!

And the new station greeted me.

The rivers hug Ufa tightly

Under its steep banks,

As if they understand their channel,

That she is as dear to us as a mother.

Turquoise surface of Agidel

It winds like a ribbon, counting the bridges.

If you were looking from across the rivers -

Don't forget such beauty!

I walk through familiar neighborhoods

Under the evening Ufa star,

I understand what I was missing

Its beauty is quiet, simple.

Bashkiria is a free land!

There is no better region for me!

Both on a clear day and in bad weather

Your nature is dear to me!

Your forests, fields and mountains,

Plains rivers and lakes,

Magical turquoise skies

Flying gentle space

Everything pleases... caresses the eye!

What a sunset!

What a dawn!

There is nowhere more beautiful in the world!

In the birch forests there is a round dance and bees collect honey!

Feather grass sways in the steppes

A herd of horses kicks up dust

Cities grow among the mountains here,

Different peoples live.

And oil rigs in a row

Everyone stands guard over peace.

Rich and generous land - my endless Bashkiria!

I have never seen such beauty anywhere...

It's a pity I'm not an artist... I drew everything!!!

Friendship Monument. This symbolic monument was laid in honor of the 400th anniversary of the voluntary entry of Bashkortostan (Bashkiria) into the Russian state. The Friendship Monument has the shape of two giant obelisks, fastened with granite rings and symbolizing the unity of the two peoples. These obelisks, made of pink granite, are more than 30 meters high. A granite staircase leads to the foot of these granite obelisks, and at their base two beautiful and proud female figures sit majestically - naturally, one of them is Russian, and the second is Bashkir. In the hands of both women are laurel wreaths, symbolizing peace between peoples, and on the monument itself there is an inscription carved: “Glory to the great fraternal friendship of the Russian and Bashkir peoples” and the years of this friendship are indicated: “1557 - 1957”.

Monument to Salavat Yulaev. This monument to the revered hero of Bashkiria, associate of Emelyan Pugachev Salavat Yulaev, is the calling card of Ufa. And this is no coincidence, because it is this monument that is depicted on the coat of arms of the Republic and is its property. By the way, this Ufa statue is recognized as the largest equestrian statue in Russia, its height is almost 10 meters, and its weight is as much as 40 tons.

The monument was erected in November 1967 on a high cliff overlooking the Belaya River - the most high point central part of Ufa. The author of the statue, people's sculptor of Bashkortostan Soslanbek Tavasiev, was subsequently awarded the USSR State Prize for this fundamental work.

Monument to the poet Miftakhetdin Akmulla. This sculptural composition, depicting the outstanding Bashkir philosopher and poet-educator surrounded by children, was installed in October 2008, in the park in front of the Bashkir State pedagogical university.

Miftakhetdin Akmulla is a favorite of the Bashkir people, their national hero, a recognized teacher and educator. It is not surprising that the people of Ufa fell in love with this monument, symbolizing the humanistic and educational ideas of Akmullah.

Victory Park. Memorial Complex victory in the river bank. From the south it adjoins the territory of the mosque, in the north it borders on the Neftyanik stadium.

The date of the establishment of Ufa has been the subject of debate for more than a century. The first date in the chronicle of the city is 1574. However, it is known that already in the Paleolithic era there were settlements of primitive people here. Witnesses of that time - tools made of stone and bronze, weapons, clay shards - will still tell many interesting things to visitors to city museums.

The first wooden buildings appeared on the Ufa peninsula during the reign of Tsar Ivan the Terrible. And the city grew up on high hills after his conquest of the Kazan Khanate, forever merging the fates of the Russian and Bashkir peoples together. In those days, the administration of the Ufa region was carried out from the city of Kazan; due to the huge distances, this was extremely inconvenient. Therefore, in 1573, the Bashkirs turned to Ivan the Terrible with a request to build a fortress on their land.

The events of 1917, which Ufa experienced as a provincial industrial and financial center with a population of more than 100 thousand people, became a time of difficult trials for the townspeople. The republic turned into an arena of bloody actions; for two long years, power in the city repeatedly changed hands. In June 1919, the Kolchakites were completely defeated.

Immediately after the revolution, the Bashkir people, who had suffered for centuries from national oppression, actively became involved in the process of creating their own autonomous state. In the history of Russia it was the first national-territorial formation.

Restore what was destroyed by the revolution and Civil War farming was in difficult conditions; there was a lack of fuel, transport, and qualified personnel. Overcoming incredible hardships, people worked, showed ingenuity and initiative. By the beginning of 1925, the largest enterprises in Ufa were actually restored, and new construction gradually began. The housing problem was very acute in the city.

Landscaping work began in 1922. The roadway and roadways were paved, and Bolshaya Kazanskaya Street was re-cobbled. Old gardens and parks were put in order, trees and flowers were planted. The 30s of the twentieth century entered the history of Ufa as a new era in the development of industrial potential. In May 1935, construction began on the Ufa oil refinery. By 1940, the plant had become the largest enterprise in Russia.

From the first days of the Great Patriotic War Ufa residents rallied in the face of a common misfortune. Almost the entire industry of the city worked at that time for the needs of the front. During the war years, industrial output at city enterprises increased fivefold. Mechanical engineering developed at a tremendous pace, and new industries emerged - chemical, textile, electric lamps, and vitamins.

The transformation of Ufa into the largest industrial center of the Urals was also facilitated by the fact that in the first years of the war about 50 enterprises from all over the country were evacuated there. The city grew at a pace not envisioned by any projects.

First post-war years were marked by unprecedented labor enthusiasm and great achievements in many industries National economy. Ufa was healing the wounds inflicted by the war, the industrialization of the city was proceeding very rapidly, factories and plants were switching to the production of peaceful products, new enterprises were created. In 1940, the General Plan for the reconstruction and development of Ufa was adopted. Industrial construction was carried out in its northern part, away from residential areas; new schools, hospitals, cinemas, and a circus were built.

On the right bank of the Belaya River, where the Smolensk Cathedral once stood, now stands the Monument of Friendship. The laying of the monument in honor of the 400th anniversary of the voluntary entry of Bashkiria into the Russian state took place in 1957. A lot has changed since then. On the streets of Ufa, mosques and temples are being built again, shopping malls and modern hypermarkets are sparkling with shop windows. But people still flock to the foot of the Monument, which remains one of the main symbols of the unity of the two peoples.

It dates back to the fifth century. Presumably, at this time there was a medieval settlement on the territory of modern Ufa. Among the largest cities of the Golden Horde, the outstanding Arab author of the fourteenth century Ibn Khaldun called the city Bashkort (Bashgird). Now, while spending comparative analysis ancient maps and designations, historians come to the conclusion that it is on the site of the above-mentioned old city that present-day Ufa stands.

Official status of the city

In the sixteenth century, on the territory of present-day Ufa, the winter headquarters of the governor of the Nogai Horde, Tura Khan, was located. After the part entered the Moscow kingdom (1557), local residents turned to Ivan IV with a proposal to build a city on their lands.

In the sixteenth century (1574), a fortress, that is, a fortress, was built near the Sutoloka River, and the place became known as Ufa Uyezd, and Ufa became its center. The Ufa fort was erected under the leadership of Ivan Nagoy. Mikhail Nagoy, sent later from the capital, was the first governor of the district, he headed the Ufa administrative hut (he had two hundred archers under his command).

After the construction of the city walls, the fortress began to be called the Kremlin. How additional protection A fence was built around it from good quality logs driven tightly next to each other, and on two opposite sides of the structure, in the northern and southern parts, an oak tower was erected.

In the eighteenth century the city was affected Peasants' War, the uprising was suppressed. After this, Ufa united with the Kazan province, and a little later with the Orenburg province. At the beginning of the 19th century, local authorities were engaged in urban planning. Architect V. Geste drew a plan for the expanded streets of the city. Bolshaya Kazanskaya Street was led to the future Gostiny Dvor and Verkhne-Torgovaya Square.

The twentieth century

In July 1922, by decision of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the Ufa province was abolished. In the 20-30s of the last century, the city began to develop rapidly. Gross industrial output increased 16 times. During the Great Patriotic War, several dozen industrial enterprises were evacuated to Ufa. Several research institutes were also evacuated here.

Due to the increase in oil production after the war, large oil refineries were built in Ufa, and mechanical engineering and the chemical industry actively developed.

What does the word “Ufa” mean and where did the city get its name? The newspaper “Red Bashkiria” spoke about “dark water” and totem animals in January 1927. The Bashinform agency continues to introduce readers to materials from the Archive of the Republic Press.

From the surviving chronicle “Ancient Khanates” that has come down to us, we know about ancient city, on the site of which the original Ufa arose. Previously it was called Tura-tau, Turova Mountain, probably after the name of the Nogai Tura-khan, whose residence was located on this site. “The khan’s subjects, the Bashkirs, roamed in what is now old Ufa, and their nomadic territory extended for ten miles,” the newspaper says.

The publication is trying to find out when the city began to be called “Ufa”. Researcher Pyotr Rychkov believes that the city received its name under the Nogais. In his “Topography of the Orenburg Province” it is said: “About the title of the city of Ufa, one can guess that it was not given to it again, but rather the previous one was renewed, and the existing one with which the Nogai khans called their city.”

Judging by Russian chronicles, at the beginning of the 16th century, even before the annexation of Bashkiria, “Ufa” already existed as the name of the city. “In 1508, the “Prince of Ufa” is mentioned, whom Khan of Kazan Makhmet-Amin sent to Moscow to negotiate with Ivan III,” the newspaper notes.

According to the author of the article, the city got its name from the Ufa River. “It is obvious that at that distant time when this name first arose, main city was located along the Ufa River, where the present “Old Ufa” is. As the city grew and the main center moved further from Ufa to the Belaya River, the old name “Ufa” was transferred to the new city.”

Local historian Mikhail Lossievsky believed that “Ufa” is a Hungarian word and means “buildings made of newly felled trees.” Researcher Vasily Shevich explained that “Ufa” is a Bashkir word that means “dark water.” Local historian Sergeev derived the word “Ufa” from the Bashkir “Uba” - mountain, hill and explained: “The city is built on high scattered hills, rising almost 100 fathoms above the Belaya River.”

The author of the publication is sure that “the term “Ufa” is not Russian, not Bashkir, but prehistoric, primitive, tribal.” Among some prehistoric people, the word “Ufa” was the tribal name of a totem animal. Perhaps it is related to the color designation, the publication suggests. The old tribal name “Ufa” passed into use by the new tribe of Bashkirs and “like something misunderstood” became the entire name of the river. Then the defining word “idel” was added to it - river, water. Together, “Ufa-idel” can mean a dark river, dark water, especially if we take into account the color of the water of Ufa and Belaya and if we assume that the tribal totemic term “Ufa” in a later era, by the color designation it perceived or by accidental consonance with a term of this order turned into an adjective with the meaning of color, the newspaper summarizes.

Reference. Since ancient times, fortified settlements have been known on the so-called Ufa Peninsula. In 1574 the Ufa fortress was founded. In 1586, Ufa received city status and became the administrative center of the Ufa district. In the 18th century, Ufa was part of the Kazan province, part of the Orenburg province, and since 1865 - the center of the Ufa province. In 1922, the province became part of the ABSSR, and Ufa became the official capital of the republic. Every year on June 12, Ufa City Day is celebrated.

Materials provided by the Book Chamber of the Republic of Belarus.

The territory of modern Ufa has a unique and convenient settlement for people geographical position. The early history of the area of ​​modern Ufa goes back to the distant past, to Paleolithic times.

In the XI-XIII centuries, especially during the period Mongol invasion, river basin Belaya becomes an arena of constant movements of many Turkic-speaking tribes. The bulk of the Bashkirs were conquered by the Mongols in 1219-1220. The Mongols, having established themselves in the southwestern part of the Bashkir country, turned it into main base for further conquests. The rest of the region was conquered by 1223. By 1236 The Mongols subjugated the lands of the Bulgars, Kipchaks, Burtases and Mordovians. The lands inhabited by the Bashkirs were divided between two uluses. The Trans-Ural Bashkirs became part of the personal ulus of Batu Khan, the Trans-Ural Bashkirs - the ulus of Khan Shiban (Batu's younger brother). The border between the uluses ran along the river. Yaik.

Like other conquered peoples, the Bashkirs were subject to tribute, carried out road, postal, bridge and other services, and had to contribute weapons to the Khan’s army. people with a year's supply of food. The main burden of taxation and other duties fell on ordinary Bashkirs. Local feudal lords acted as intermediaries between them and the center. Khan's power. The Bashkirs, dissatisfied with their position, rebelled more than once.

In the 14th century in the river basin. Dema and in the lower reaches of the river. Ufa is home to one of the largest Bashkir tribes - the Min tribe. Vivid evidence of the strong settlement of the territory are the remarkable monuments of medieval architecture - the mausoleums (keshene - Iranian "House of the Dead") of Tura Khan (XIV-XV centuries, located near Ufa in the Dema River basin) and Hussein Bek, (XIV century, located near the Chishmy railway station, 60 km from Ufa. The elevated part with a dome was built in 1911).

During feudal fragmentation During the Golden Horde (from the 2nd half of the 14th century), the territory of Bashkiria repeatedly became the scene of clashes between opposing factions. One of major battles happened on June 18, 1391 on the river. Kundurche. In the middle of the 15th century Golden Horde split into several khanates. The territory of Bashkiria was divided between the Siberian, Kazan khanates and the Nogai Horde. The territory of modern Ufa came under the rule of the Nogai Horde.

After the defeat of the Kazan Khanate and the capture of Kazan (1552) by the troops of Tsar Ivan the Terrible, Western Bashkir tribes, who were previously under the rule of the Kazan khans, accepted Russian citizenship. In 1555-1556, the Russian state included lands subordinate to the Nogai Horde, including the territory and environs of modern Ufa. In 1556-1557, Bashkir ambassadors traveled to Moscow, where they received royal letters of commendation outlining the conditions for their entry into the Russian state. Tsar Ivan the Terrible “compensated” his new subjects with special letters, which recognized the patrimonial right of the Bashkirs to their lands and provided guarantees of protection from military raids. For this, the Bashkirs were obliged to pay yasak (initially in furs and honey, later in money).

In 1957, in Ufa, in honor of the 400th anniversary of the annexation of Bashkiria to the Russian state, a Friendship Monument was erected.

Somewhat later, the Trans-Ural Bashkirs became part of Russia. They accepted Russian citizenship in the 80-90s of the 16th century. - beginning 20s of the 17th century. in the process of struggle and defeat of the Siberian Khanate. The Russian government guaranteed the Bashkirs protection from the claims of the Nogai and Siberian khans, from the invasion of external enemies; retained for the Bashkir people the lands they occupied under the terms of patrimonial rights; promised not to encroach on the religion of the Bashkirs and not to convert them to another faith; pledged not to interfere in the internal life of Bashkir society, leaving local power in the hands of Bashkir biys and princes. The Bashkirs, having recognized themselves as subjects of the Russian Tsar, pledged to bear at their own expense military service and contribute the land tax (yasak) to the treasury with honey and furs.

Bashkiria was governed by the Moscow order of the Kazan Palace. The territory of the region was Ufa Uyezd, which was divided into four roads (regions): Kazan, Siberian, Nogai and Osinsk. This division arose from the former political fragmentation of the region and approximately corresponded to the former possessions of the Kazan and Siberian Khanates and the Nogai Horde. The Osinskaya road covered a narrow strip between the Siberian and Kazan roads. The term "road" comes from the Mongolian darug, which meant the position of the head of a region or city in the Golden Horde. Already in the 15th century, the term “daruga” had the meaning not so much of an administrative position as of a territorial one, i.e. Certain regions of Bashkiria were called darugs. The roads were divided into volosts, which were divided into clans (aimags). The boundaries of all four roads converged where the Belaya and Ufa rivers merge. This place is the natural-geographical and administrative-economic center of Bashkiria.

Initially, direct power and collection of tribute were exercised by the Kazan governor. To consolidate its power in the newly annexed region, organize its administration and transform it into a springboard for penetration into the Kazakh steppes and Siberia, the tsarist government needed a stronghold. In turn, the Bashkirs, who suffered from frequent raids by warlike steppe inhabitants, needed constant armed assistance from the Russian state. Only the garrison of the fortress city could provide them with such assistance. The Bashkirs also needed the city as a place to pay yasak, which they had previously been forced to transport to distant Kazan.

In 1574, a detachment of Russian archers under the leadership of governor Ivan Grigorievich Nagoy on the high right bank of the river. Beloy, near the mouth of the Ufa River, built a small fortified point, which was located extremely advantageously from a defensive point of view. In the south, the Belaya River presented the steppe inhabitants with an almost insurmountable barrier. The Sutoloka River flowing from north to south protected the fortification from the east. From the northeast it was defended by a special earthen rampart, the remains of which were preserved until late XIX century.

The foundation of the future city was originally the “Kremlin”, founded in 1574-1586. It occupied the southern tip of a high cape on the right bank of the river. Confusion at its confluence with the river. White. The appearance of the Kremlin was a broken quadrangle, the total area of ​​which did not exceed 1.5 hectares, the length of its walls was approximately 440-450 meters. The walls were built from huge oak logs placed vertically, so the Bashkirs first called Ufa Imen Kala (Oak Fortress or Oak City). In addition, the fortifications included three towers made of oak, two of which were roadways, and one was pedestrian. Both passage towers were two-tiered (octahedron on octahedron) and ended with high tent roofs. The northern tower was called Mikhailovskaya, the southern - Nikolskaya (Sutolotskaya).

There are several hypotheses regarding the origin of the name of the city of Ufa, but the most likely seems to be the naming of the new city after the Ufa River (remember, for example, the city of Tobolsk, founded in 1587 on the Irtysh near the mouth of the Tobol River).

The city of Ufa, according to P.I. Rychkov, was surrounded by great mountains and was located “between eight great and deep gullies, of which in one, which runs across the city, flows a river called Sutoloka.” On the left bank of the Sutoloka there were settlements where service people lived.

In 1579, a stone church in the name of the Smolensk Mother of God was consecrated in Ufa. The existence of a stone church indicates the presence of a significant population for that time, which made up the church parish. In 1586, Ufa received city status. Ufa becomes the administrative center of Bashkiria. The administration of the region was carried out by the Ufa governor, subordinate to the Kazan governor.

The appearance of a fortress city in the center of Bashkiria by the steppe neighbors of the Bashkirs (the Nogai Murzas, the Siberian Khan and other nomads) was met with extreme hostility. There were repeated attacks on Ufa, but all of them were successfully repelled by the garrison.