The main thing about the region. Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug: capital, districts and cities Central city of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug

According to the head of the Department of Education, Culture and Sports NAO Lina Gushchina, presenting a draft regulatory document, they will be united on the basis of the Nenets Museum of Local Lore into one institution "Museum Association NAO“Museums of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug”. As the head of the relevant department explained, this will allow combining the functions of rural museums.

- Funds that are currently spent on the administrative functions of institutions will be redistributed to strengthen the material and technical base of the museum association. The merger of institutions will not affect the work of specialized specialists, - explained Lina Gushchina, emphasizing that the reorganization of museums will eliminate duplication of functions in all areas of museum activity from research to scientific education.

This will allow the development and human resources potential, expand the ability to use states.

According to the head of the department, the position of director of the Nenets Museum of Local Lore is currently vacant, so it is planned that the museum association will be headed by the head of the Pustozersk Museum.

- Museum specialists will remain at their jobs and continue to work as before. Two specialists will be asked to retrain, - added Lina Gushchina,

The draft order was supported by members of the Administration NAO unanimously. Chapter NAO Alexander Tsybulsky asked to hold a meeting with the museum community and tell people why this decision was made.

© 2019 Administration of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug.

04.06.2019 08:59

June 3, on the square named after V.I. Lenin there was a picket organized by activists of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, in which more than 70 people took part.

The reason for this form of expressing demands is the situation that has developed around the Naryan-Mar airline.

03.06.2019 21:46

03.06.2019 16:17

The auction for the provision of services for the arrangement and maintenance of places of mass recreation for the population (beaches) will be held on June 13. The initial (maximum) contract price is 1,215,700.00 rubles.

Work on the arrangement and maintenance of a public recreation area (beach) is carried out in inter-settlement areas municipality « Municipal district“Zapolyarny district”, Lake “Goluboe” area, in the south-eastern part of the lake, on a land plot of 3,000 sq.m., having coordinates: 670 39′ 41′′ N, 530 12′ 50′′ E .d.

31.05.2019 11:46

29.05.2019 11:18

28.05.2019 11:50

26.05.2019 11:03

The plot of land intended for this purpose in the village of Iskateley (Gazovikov Lane) is currently surrounded by a fence and equipped with a video surveillance system. The opportunity to place cars for sale is available now

24.05.2019 11:55

Investigative bodies of the Investigative Committee Russian Federation in the Arkhangelsk region and the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, criminal cases have been initiated against the director of the state budgetary institution culture of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, suspected of committing a crime under paragraph “c” of Part 5 of Article 290 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (receipt of a large bribe by an official), his acquaintance - under paragraph “b” of Part 3 of Art. 291.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (mediation in bribery) and in relation to general director a commercial organization under clause “b”, part 4, article 291 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (giving a bribe on a large scale).

23.05.2019 09:59

WWF Russia will continue to provide support and develop a system of bear patrols in remote settlements of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug. This decision was made after meetings with residents of the villages of Amderma, Varnek, Ust-Kara and with employees of the Fedorov weather station.

Coastal settlements NAO visited by experts from WWF Russia, specialists from the Institute of Ecology and Evolution named after. A.N. Severtsov, Department natural resources, ecology and agro-industrial complex NAO. The expedition consists of 7 experts. The first stop is the village of Amderma, 350 people live here. The area of ​​the settlement is large, there is a school, kindergarten and other social facilities. There are also many abandoned hangars and houses where polar bears often visit.

“Bears often come to us. I remember I was at home and heard dogs barking. I looked out the window and saw a bear walking along the road. Huge, like a car. That day I didn’t go to work, I waited for our inspectors to scare him away.”, says a resident of the village of Amderma Nadezhda Ippolitova.

The bear patrol in Amderma consists of six specially trained public inspectors who are ready to respond as quickly as possible to the appearance of polar bears in the village. Volunteers said that for more efficient work, walkie-talkies are needed for stable communication between inspectors.

“Whoever is free, not at work, is the one who scares away. There are means for this. Carbine, shotguns, rocket launcher. If a bear comes in, then this news spreads throughout the village by word of mouth. Everyone calls each other, warns, but sometimes mobile communications fail, the Internet does not always work well, especially in the vicinity of the village,” tells public inspector Eduard Davletshin.

With the support of the World Wildlife Fund, two years ago, patrol officers were given an ATV, but due to interruptions in fuel supplies, it is not always possible to use it.

“We don’t use flares or bullets. The most effective remedy for us is the mechanical actions and noise of equipment, for example, a running car. Hearing the sounds of the engine, the bear immediately leaves,” – says a local resident of Amderma.

Next, the expedition members met with residents of the village of Ust-Kara, on the shores of the Kara Sea. This requires modernization of the warning system. There is a loudspeaker, but it has been faulty for several years and requires additional power. Bears always appear unexpectedly and you should immediately inform local residents about this.

Evgenia Amelichkina, head of the municipal formation “Karsky Village Council” of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug: “ One day, I woke up to a phone call early in the morning. Neighbors called and reported that a polar bear was lying on the roof of my house. Climbed up a high snowdrift. It became scary, of course, he might not have come to the village alone.The men scared him away and he ran away.”

Another point on the route is the village of Varnek on Vaygach Island. Experts discussed with local residents a project for installing an Arctic residential module, in which scientists could stay for a long time and observe the polar predator, and government inspectors could monitor compliance with the regime of the Vaygach nature reserve. Now, to monitor the outskirts of the village, local “patrol” officers use a snowmobile, which they received last year as part of a WWF-Russia project.

Tells public inspector Alexander Valey: “I often meet bears. I have seen more than 20 this winter. I photograph them and monitor their behavior. I transfer all data to the Center for Environmental Management and Protection environment NAO. I would like to do more, I’m ready to help study the polar bear.”

Specialists from the Fedorov estate weather station, which is located in the north of Vaygach Island, are also involved in bear monitoring. Thanks to the support of the World Wildlife Fund, there are bars on the windows and a video surveillance system - 6 cameras around the perimeter of the house. Also in the arsenal of polar explorers are rocket launchers, flares and rubber bullets.

"Look at the photos! Bears are frequent guests and come very close to the station. WITH new system Video surveillance, of course, made our work easier. Without going outside, we can inspect the area around the house,” tells Yulia Morozova, Meteorological technician at the weather station named after. Fedorov.

According to meteorologists, the polar bears that enter the station are not aggressive, but rather show curiosity. However, with the support of the World Wildlife Fund, in the near future the territory of the weather station will be surrounded by a high fence in order to protect workers as much as possible.

“People who live in the polar bear’s habitat should always be on alert. They must have all the means to scare away animals and inform the local population. In each village - Amderma, Varnek and Ust-Kara - we met with local residents and selected those who were ready to take responsibility and strengthen bear patrols, and respond quickly if a polar bear appeared in the village. People, in turn, expressed their wishes for the technical equipment of populated areas,”

The territory of the Nenets Okrug is unique; here is the only standard of flat tundra in Europe, where you can see untouched landscapes and natural complexes. The wealth of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug is not only the mineral resources located on its territory, but also the unique northern nature, and the ancient people of reindeer herders with thousand-year-old traditions.

The Nenets Autonomous Okrug, located in the north of the East European Plain, is part of the Northwestern Federal District and borders the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, the Mezensky district of the Arkhangelsk region and the Komi Republic. The population of the district is 42,789 people (as of 2013). The area of ​​the district is 175.81 thousand square meters. km. The Nenets Okrug occupies the Kanin Peninsula, two large islands - Vaygach and Kolguev and small islands - Peskov, Dolgiy, Bolshoi Zelenets, Maly Zelenets, Sengeevsky, Gulyavskie Koshki and others. Almost all the lands of the district, except for the southwestern part, are located beyond the Arctic Circle and are washed by the seas of the Arctic Ocean - the Barents, White and Kara.

In 1929, the Nenets Okrug became the first national okrug in the Far North, and in 1977 it was renamed the Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Two thirds of the district's population are Russians, a third are small peoples of the North, Komi and Nenets.

Administrative center- Naryan-Mar (translated from Nenets as “Red City”) is located 1,500 km from Moscow. There is no time difference with Moscow. You can get to the city by plane, and during the shipping season from mid-June to October by sea. The city was founded in the 30s of the twentieth century as a seaport and river pier. Now Naryan-Mar is one of the main transshipment bases for oil tankers.

The Nenets Okrug is located in the Arctic climate zone, where the influence of Atlantic cyclones is strong, which is why the weather here is constantly changing. The subarctic climate is harsh - winter here is cold, lasting up to 5 months in the western part of the district, and up to 6.5 months in the eastern part. The average temperature in winter is 11−20 C, in summer +6−13 C. Thaws occur in winter, and frosts occur in summer. In autumn, the sea slightly softens the climate on the coast, and in spring and summer makes it cooler. August to September usually sees maximum rainfall. Fog and snowstorms occur quite often in the area.

Most of the territory of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug is covered by permafrost, which is interrupted on the coast and in the southern part. Most of the lands of the Nenets Okrug are tundra - arctic mountain, northern, southern, a quarter is forest-tundra and a small part, about 8% of the entire territory, is northern taiga.

The Nenets Okrug is of great interest for extreme, geological, ethnographic and environmental tourism. For nature lovers and scientists, this is simply a haven.

On the territory of the district there is the Nenets State Nature Reserve with an area of ​​almost 314 hectares, of which 182 hectares are in the marine area. The reserve occupies the northeast of the Malozemelnaya tundra, the Pechora delta and all the islands of the Pechora Bay. The reserve preserves both unique endemic plants and rare species of birds and animals - the little swan, the white-tailed eagle, the white-billed loon, the lesser white-fronted lesser white-fronted white-fronted white-fronted white-fronted white-fronted white-fronted white-fronted walrus, the gray seal, the bearded seal, the ringed seal, and a rare amphibian - the Siberian salamander. . Rare cetaceans such as northern fin whales and high-browed bottlenose whales enter the bays.

In the Pechora delta, valuable species of fish spawn - navaga and salmon; salmon, omul, grayling are found in the lakes; smelt and cod inhabit the coastal waters.

Be sure to visit one of the most memorable places in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, which is a unique area of ​​the Belaya River in Northern Timan. Geographically, Northern Timan is a gently sloping hill consisting of four ridges stretching from southeast to northwest.

In its upper course, the Belaya River meanders through high rocky banks consisting of whitish quartz sandstone. Thanks to frosty weathering and rain streams that wash away destroyed material from the slopes, the shores are decorated with bizarre figures of remains that give free rein to fantasy and imagination. The soft rock of sedimentary origin is so worn down by severe temperature and water weathering that strong winds blow amazing statues, monuments, pillars, and arches out of shapeless cobblestones. Here you can see vases, dinosaurs, human and animal figures, chess pieces and dilapidated buildings. A real Stone City! Everywhere there are whole scatterings of white sand that shimmers like snow, the kind you won’t find in the most fashionable resorts. The tundra is also surprising here - instead of the standard wet swamp covered with moss, dwarf birch and willow, there is a pleasant dry surface covered with moss, pebbles and sand. This is due to the rugged terrain with excellent drainage and very strong winds.

Downstream, the Belaya flows in relatively low, bushy banks, and then again rushes into a narrow, deep canyon. Here Belaya cuts through the Chaitsyn Kamen ridge, and its high banks expose majestic and beautiful, and at the same time gloomy cliffs of sandstone and basalt. This is a unique natural monument - the Big Gate Canyon.

Along the entire course of the river there are beautiful rock outcrops, in some places falling sheer into the water. Magnificent agates are found in the shallows. In the basalts of the Big Gate Canyon there are often secretions made of chalcedony, beautiful bluish agate with transparent rock crystal crystals in the form of bubbles inside, purple amethyst and other minerals.

The river has rapids and requires attention and special caution from the traveler. There are places completely littered with huge boulders with several waterfalls, up to one and a half meters high, under which there is the main danger - foam boilers. The water, merging with a roar through a narrow gap, falling, does not even form foamed water, but water foam with an extremely low density.

The water in the river is so clear that even if you climb a rock, you can see all the inhabitants of the river - grayling, brown trout, and salmon. The abundance of fish in the river is simply amazing. Often the number of spinning casts coincides with the number of fish caught. On its banks you can find thickets of Karelian birch, reminiscent of orchards; in some areas along the banks, rowan berries, currants, aspen, and spruce grow. There is plenty to eat: there are a lot of cloudberries in the swamps, and blueberries and blueberries on the slopes.

The Belaya River can be interesting both for water tourism and for walking: its banks are passable along its entire length.

Those who like to eat berries will not be able to pass by the huge meadows of cranberries, cloudberries, blueberries and lingonberries; mushroom pickers will also be able to “hunt” - there are many edible mushrooms in the tundra.

On the territory of the district, sites of ancient people dating back to the Paleolithic era (8th millennium BC) and human settlements were discovered Bronze Age. On Vaygach Island, the sacred island of the Nenets, 200 monuments of ancient Nenets culture were discovered - sanctuaries and cemeteries, sites, idols, altars.

On the territory of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, in the lower reaches of the Pechora River, 26 kilometers from Naryan-Mar, there is one of memorable places Russian North - the place where the ancient capital of the entire Pechora region was located - Pustozersk.

The territory of the ancient settlement of Pustozersk is located on the shore of Lake Gorodets. It was founded in 1499 during the expedition of the Moscow squad to the Ugra land by the governors of Ivan III: princes P. Ushaty, S. Kurbsky and V. Brazhnik. During the 16th – 19th centuries it was the economic and cultural center of the Pechora region, played important role in the development of the Far North and the development of Arctic navigation. It was a place of exile for state criminals.

In 1644, a prison for thieves and disgraced people was set up in Pustozersk - the most terrible and farthest in the north of the state. Here, the ideologist of the Old Believers and the outstanding Russian writer of the 17th century, Archpriest Avvakum, languished in prison for about 15 years. For several years, the famous diplomat and cultural figure of the 17th century, boyar Artamon Matveev, stayed there. Among the prisoners were princes Semyon Shcherbaty, Ivan Dolgoruky, participants in the uprisings of K. Bulavin, S. Razin, the Solovetsky “seat” and others.

The monument includes an ancient settlement (fortress) and a township part. The cultural layer on the side of Lake Gorodets (the southern and eastern parts of Pustozersk) is almost 4 meters high and contains the entire retinue of cultural strata over 500 years. Archaeological work has been carried out since 1987 by the AAE under the leadership of O.V. Ovsyannikov.

Monument to Pustozersk (obelisk), opened on August 2, 1964. Located on the site of the former Pustozersk. Erected on the initiative of V.I. Malyshev, Doctor of Philology, director of the Ancient Repository of the Pushkin House (St. Petersburg), according to the design of the chief architect of Arkhangelsk V. M. Kibirev. It was built at the expense of the Arkhangelsk Regional Executive Committee by the Leningrad master builder S. T. Ustinov, with the participation of students from the Naryan-Mar Construction School.

The monument is a tetrahedral obelisk, built from the stone of the former foundation of the Church of the Transfiguration (height 3.7 m, width 1.4 m) on the north side - a marble slab with the following content: “At this place was the city of Pustozersk, founded in 1499 , the economic and cultural center of the Pechora region, which played an important role in the development of the Far North and in the development of Arctic navigation. From here industrialists set out to develop Novaya Zemlya, Spitsbergen and the Siberian rivers.”

In the last century, Pustozersk became the object of comprehensive study by specialists. The city existed until the middle of the twentieth century. Now only monuments and grave crosses of old Pustozero cemeteries remind of its former glory. But interest in the history of Pustozersk does not wane. As evidenced by the Avvakumov Readings held in Naryan-Mar, the constant desire of residents and guests of the Nenets Okrug to visit this unique place. In 1991, the territory of the former Pustozersk was declared a museum zone.

The city of Naryan-Mar is located beyond the Arctic Circle in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug. The calling card and main architectural asset of the city is the building of the district's main post office.

Naryan-Mar is a small town that you can get around in one day. There are no special attractions here, the weather is harsh. But despite this, tourists coming here can have a great time. Houses in the city are painted orange and yellow colors, so they look quite interesting in the sun. The nature of Naryan-Mar amazes with its pristine beauty and severity. But the main feature and attraction of the city is the main post office building. This ancient building is a real architectural masterpiece, reminiscent of a church. In the good old days, the Arctic Circle telegraph was located here, now it is a branch of the Russian Post and the city administration. Previously on the most high tower The building had a beautiful and large clock, then it was removed and replaced with a spire. In 2000, the building of the main post office of the city of Naryan-Mar was carefully restored.

The town has high prices for food, poor cellular communications and the Internet; traveling here is only suitable for strong-willed people who prefer to live away from civilization. The reward will be beautiful nature and local attractions, even if there are not many of them.

For local residents, the main post office is not only a cultural and architectural historical monument; it is a kind of visiting card of the city and its main asset.

Your trip to Pym-Va-Shor will be unforgettable. State natural monument Pym-Va-Shor, which translated from Komi means “stream of hot water.” The only mineral thermal springs in the Far North, first described by Archimandrite Veniamin in 1849, are located between the Pym-Va-Shor and Dyr-Shor streams, tributaries of the Adzva. This is a group of 8 sources with a total flow rate of 25−30 l/s. The water temperature in the springs in winter and summer is from 18 to 28 °C (previously it reached 40 °C). Some springs are located above the water level in the stream, others are located under water. The water of the springs contains a large set of microelements - titanium, chromium, iron, zinc, nickel, copper, bromine, etc. The gas dissolved in the water of the springs contains carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen, radon. Since ancient times, among the Nenets and Komi, the water of the Pym-Va-Shor springs has been considered healing, curing stomach, lung and skin diseases. Geologists from the Polar-Ural Expedition built a swimming pool (now partially destroyed). The springs are located in a very picturesque place. Streams cut through Carboniferous limestone to form canyons. The limestone ridges are covered with red moss. In one of them there is a cave.

The main dwelling of the Nenets, Chum, which was built from 30-50 poles, was covered with two layers of deer skins with trimmed hair. The inner layer of skins was placed with the wool on the inside, and the top layer on the outside. In the summer it was covered with tires made from boiled birch bark.

The Nenets have been living in tents since ancient times. For the Nenets, this is the center of the entire life of the family, which is perceived as the whole world. There is a hole at the top of the chum; it corresponds to the location of the sun during the day and the month at night. The inclined poles covered with skins correspond to the sphere of air that envelops the Earth. The richer the family, the larger the chum. The poor people have a pointed plague, while the Nenets with good incomes have a blunt one. The tent is made from poles. This requires 40 poles.

Then the poles are covered with panels of reindeer skins, which the Nenets call nyuks. Deer skins are sewn into continuous panels and then covered with poles. To cover the plague in winter time 65 to 75 deer are required. From June to September there is a transition from winter to summer nukes. The diameter of the plague reaches up to 8 meters, it can accommodate up to 20 people.

Inside the plague, every object and every place has had its own purpose since ancient times. The central axis of the chum is a pole, which the Nenets consider sacred and call simzy. 7 heads of family and ancestral spirits are placed on it. In the shaman's chum, the simza was always decorated with the image of the sacred bird minley. According to the simza, smoke from the hearth rises to the upper opening of the chum. According to legends, heroes flew along the sacred pole to battles and military exploits.

Behind the simza there is a sacred place - “si”. Only older men are allowed to step on it. This place is forbidden for children and women. There is a sacred chest at this place. It contains the patron spirits of the hearth, family and clan. All family savings and heirlooms, weapons and a chest of tools are also kept there. These things are available only to the head of the house, and are inviolable for other members. The “not” place is for a woman, it is located opposite the si, at the entrance. Here she does all the household chores. In the middle, between ne and si, there is a sleeping place. A belt with amulets and a knife is placed at the head. When going to bed, a man covers himself with a woman's frog. In summer, the sleeping area is fenced off with a chintz canopy. The canopy is used only at night; during the day it is carefully rolled up and secured with pillows. Children lie next to their parents. Further from the simza, the unmarried eldest sons were laid, then the elderly and other family members, including guests. It is very smoky in the plague, but in summer the smoke is a good refuge from mosquitoes.

Chum often moved with its owners from place to place. That's why there are no beds or closets in the tents. The only furniture is a small table - roofing felt and a chest. Before the advent of mobile power plants, lamps were used to illuminate the plague. They were made from bowls and filled with fish oil, in which the wick was immersed. Later, kerosene lamps appeared. To shake snow from shoes and the hem of outerwear, there is a beater at the entrance to the tent.

For small children there is a cradle in the tent. Previously, the baby was placed in the cradle immediately after birth, and taken out only when he began to walk. Wood shavings and dry moss were poured into the bottom of the cradle. The skins of deer and arctic fox served as diapers. The child was attached to the cradle with special straps. When breastfeeding, the mother took the baby along with the cradle. Such cradles are still used today.

In the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, 320 amateur artistic groups have been created, which preserve the ancient cultural traditions of the small peoples of the North, constantly participate in All-Russian and international festivals and holidays.

At festivals and exhibitions held in the area, you can purchase unique products made of leather and fur, wood, bone and deer antler, made by craftsmen according to ancient traditions, and even be present at their creation.

You will enjoy a lot while traveling around the Nenets Autonomous Okrug! These will be both man-made monuments created by ancient and modern inhabitants of these places, the original culture of the peoples who inhabit this region today, and unique natural attractions.

Most of the territory of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug is located beyond the Arctic Circle. It includes the islands of Kolguev and Vaygach.

Story

The first scientist to explore these lands in 1837 was the Russian botanist Alexander Shrenk. He passed Pechora, reached Yugorsky Shar, reached the island, crossed Pai-Khoi, and from there returned to St. Petersburg through Pustozersk. How difficult it was to do this can be seen from the fact that even a hundred years later, in 1930, the detachment of geologist Nikolai Jordansky spent more than two months just on the road from Moscow to the mouth of the Vorkuta River, which flows into the Usa.

The organizers of expeditions were often Pomeranian industrialists: for example, Mikhail Sidorov in the middle of the 19th century, who sent his own expedition to Pechora, which discovered that “the coast of the Pechora River is replete with layers of coal lying in lumps on the ground.”

The explorers of the region were not only selfless people, but also often selfless. In 1913, an expedition to the Verkhneusinsk region, which included local political exiles, refused payment for their labor for the sake of science. Local guides and workers in Russian expeditions of the early 20th century. They also didn’t take payment for work in money, preferring... salt: the places here are fishy, ​​but there is no salt. And today, salt is delivered to Naryan-Mar via the Northern Sea Route.

The region faces three seas of the Arctic Ocean. Dunes and coastal ramparts stretch along the sea coast, and there are erseis: the local name for deflation basins.

Over 3/4 of the territory is occupied by swampy tundra: Bolshezemelskaya, Pripechorye and Malozemelskaya (Timanskaya). Mainly birch and moss grow in it, in river valleys there are dense thickets of willow, on peat hillocks there are dwarf birches, a lot of cloudberries and blueberries, and mushrooms. But despite all this, there is the dominance of vileness, from which both people and animals suffer. The first explorers of the local tundra complained: “You can’t get a spoon to your mouth, the soup in it is moving from mosquitoes.”

There is an abundance of fish in the rivers and lakes, including grayling. There are many birds: tundra and white partridge, various types of geese and ducks, swan, polar owl. The dominant mammals are reindeer, arctic fox and lemming.

In the extreme northeast there is the Pai-Khoi ridge with mountains over 400 m. The southern regions are occupied by forest-tundra, which is characterized by spruce and larch 3-4 m high with a crown curved by the north wind. In the far southwest there is the taiga, where elk, brown bear, and lynx live. Typical birds include the tiger owl, three-toed woodpecker, and hawk owl.

There are many small rivers and small thermokarst and glacial lakes in the region.

The main river and main waterway in the tundra, the river is navigable in the summer season. Along it, sea vessels from the Barents Sea ascend to the city of Naryan-Mar, the administrative center of the district. To protect rare Arctic flora and fauna in the Pechora delta, the Nenets Nature Reserve was created.

The Nenets National Okrug itself was formed in 1929.

The development of the region accelerated significantly in the 1970-1980s, when large deposits of oil and natural gas were discovered, including on the offshore shelf.

The population of the district lives mainly near Pechora.

The Nenets Autonomous Okrug is a very rich region, but difficult to access. There is tundra everywhere, through which cars can only pass in winter, but they managed to lay a pipeline through it. In the north are the seas of the Arctic Ocean, through which only everything necessary for the life and work of the city can be delivered to Naryan-Mar.

“Naryan-Mar, my Naryan-Mar, a town neither big nor small, near Pechora by the river...” is sung in a famous song. However, for the Nenets Autonomous Okrug it is almost a metropolis; its significance in the life of the district is enormous.

The settlement of the lands of the present Nenets Autonomous Okrug began no later than 9 thousand years BC. BC: archaeological finds in the area of ​​the Pymvashor River and the village of Kharuta date back to this period.

The Nenets belong to the tundra group of this people with migrations to the forest-tundra only in winter and speak the tundra dialect of the Nenets language. The name Nenets is a modified self-name “Nenets” (person).

The Nenets are one of the Samoyed peoples: hence the formerly common name “Samoyeds”. At the beginning of the first millennium, the Samodians occupied forest-steppe areas from the eastern spurs of the Urals to the Sayan Highlands. In the II-IV centuries. under the onslaught of nomads - the Huns and Turks - they were forced into the tundra. The Pechora tribes already lived here, long before the Samoyeds they had mastered European North and laid the foundations of tundra paleoculture. The Samoyeds displaced them or partially assimilated with them.

The assimilation process turned out to be lengthy. Legends about “siirtya” (small tundra aborigines living underground) have survived to this day, in which they appear to be real people with whom the ancestors of the Nenets fought and started families. Legends describe them as living in the tundra before the arrival of the Nenets. Most likely, this was the disappeared Pechora tribe, although ufology enthusiasts view them as descendants of aliens.

These legends occupy an important place in Nenets mythology. In their view, the earth is motionless, but the sky moves. The Universe is divided into three worlds - Upper, Middle and Lower. In the Upper, in the sky, lives the supreme god Num. The middle one is the earth, it is alive, every hill, river and lake has an owner - a spirit. The lower one is under seven layers of permafrost, Na, the spirit of illness and death, rules there, and the souls of the dead move into it.

At the turn of the XII-XIII centuries. The Russian Pomors learned about the Nenets, exploring the European North on kochas - wooden single-masted boats with a straight sail and several pairs of oars.

Then the Novgorod Republic, in its period of greatest prosperity, included these lands, its extreme eastern borders passed through the Northern Urals.

In 1478 Grand Duke Moscow's Ivan III subjugated and incorporated the republic into the Moscow state. To consolidate positions on the extreme northern borders, Ivan III in 1499 ordered the founding of Pustozersk, which became the first Russian city beyond the Arctic Circle (27 km southwest of modern Naryan-Mar). Until 1780, Pustozersk was the administrative, trade, cultural and religious center of the Pechora region. And also a place of reference. The most famous exile was Archpriest Avvakum, the most prominent leader of the Old Believers. From here he sent letters to his supporters for 14 years, cursing the kings and the patriarch, for which he was burned in a hut. In 1620, Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich closed the sea route to Siberia for foreign traders; in the 17th-18th centuries. The devastating raids of the “haryuchi” - the Trans-Ural Nenets - became more frequent, the Gorodets Shar channel became shallow, which made it difficult to approach the city by water. Since the 18th century Pustozersk gradually lost its significance, in 1924 it lost its city status and was finally abandoned in 1962. In Naryan-Mar and Telvisk, streets were named in honor of Pustozersk.

Naryan-Mar is located in the lower reaches of Pechora, about 100 km from the Barents Sea. It is the capital and only city of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, almost 70% of the population lives there. Naryan-Mar is one of the few cities on earth beyond the Arctic Circle. Winter lasts 240 days a year; the last snow melts at the end of July. For two months of the year, in December and January, it is plunged into the long polar night. In winter, frosts drop to -45°C; in December, the aurora lights shimmer over the city with all colors. Translated from the Nenets language, Naryan-Mar means “red city”. The symbol of the polar city was the post office building, built back in 1950 and topped with a turret in the shape of a Nenets tent.

Naryan-Mar today is an important transport hub of the region, an airport, and a commercial port on the Northern Sea Route.

general information

Location : north-west of the European part of the Russian Federation, shore of the Arctic Ocean.
Administrative affiliation : Northwestern Federal District.

Administrative division : the city of district subordination of Naryan-Mar, Zapolyarny district and the urban-type settlement of Iskateley.
Administrative center : Naryan-Mar - 24,535 people. (2016).

Educated: 1929
Languages: Russian, Nenets.
Ethnic composition : Russians - 63.31%, Nenets - 17.83%, Komi - 8.61%, Ukrainians - 2.34% (2010).
Religions: Orthodoxy, shamanism.
Currency unit : Russian ruble.
Rivers: Pechora, Vizhas, Oma, Sheaf, Pesha, Wolonga, Indiga, Chernaya, More-Yu.
Lakes: Vashutkins, Golodnaya Guba, Gorodetskoye, Varsh, Nes.
Airport: federal significance Naryan-Mar.
Neighboring subjects of the Russian Federation and water areas : in the north - the White, Barents and Kara Seas, including adjacent islands not included in the jurisdiction of the Arkhangelsk region; in the east - the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, in the south - the Komi Republic, in the west - the Arkhangelsk region.

Numbers

Square: 176,810 km 2 .
Length: from north to south - about 315 km and from west to east - more than 900 km.
Population: 43,838 people (2016).
Population density : 0.25 people/km 2 .
Urban population : 72.4% (2016).
Length of sea coastline : about 3000 km.
The most high point : 423 m, Mount Moreiz (Wesey-Pe, Pai-Khoi ridge).

Distance (Naryan-Mar) : 660 km east of Arkhangelsk, 1501 km northeast of Moscow.

Climate and weather

Subarctic, in the extreme northeast - arctic.
Cool summers, cold long winters.
Average January temperature : -12°C in the south, -22°C in the northeast.
Average temperature in July : +13°C in the south, +6°C in the northeast.
Average annual precipitation : from north to south 370-500 mm.
Average annual relative humidity : from south to north 75-85%.

Economy

GRP: 183.7 billion rubles. (2014), per capita - 4,252,400 rubles. (2016).
Minerals : oil, natural gas, coal, fluorite, iron, manganese, titanium, diamonds, peat, building materials, mineral springs.
Industry: oil refining, forestry (lumber), food (fish processing, dairy, meat processing plant).

Seaport of Naryan-Mar.
Agriculture : livestock husbandry (reindeer husbandry, fur cage farming), crop farming (potatoes, vegetables, turnips).
Sea fishing and sea hunting.
Traditional crafts : sewing burkas, producing souvenirs.
Services sector: tourist, transport (including shipping on Pechora), trade.

Attractions

Natural

Kolguev and Vaygach Islands

Kara meteorite crater

Lake Golodnaya Guba

Assessment of economic-geographical location and natural resource potential

The Nenets Autonomous Okrug is one of the most important strategic subjects of the Russian Federation. The presence on its territory of exploited hydrocarbon deposits and a dynamically developing oil production complex determine its high economic potential, and the enormous importance of the North in the current geopolitical situation makes the district a reference point for strengthening the sovereignty of Russia as a whole.

The Nenets National Okrug was formed in 1929, in 1979 it was renamed the Nenets Autonomous Okrug.

The territory of the district is 176.8 thousand km2, which is 1% of the territory of the Russian Federation and ranks 23rd among its subjects. The Nenets Autonomous Okrug is the fourth largest subject of the Russian Federation in terms of area within the Northwestern Federal District after the Arkhangelsk Region, the Republics of Komi and Karelia. It occupies 10.5% of the territory of the Northwestern Federal District. The Nenets Autonomous Okrug is part of the Northern Economic Region, which also includes the Republics of Karelia and Komi, Arkhangelsk and Murmansk regions.

The district is located in the north of the East European Plain, most of which is located above the Arctic Circle. Includes the islands of Kolguevi Vaygach and the Kanin Peninsula. It is washed by the White, Barents, Pechora and Kara seas of the Arctic Ocean.

In the south the district borders with the Komi Republic, in the southwest - with the Arkhangelsk region, in the northeast - with the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug.

The administrative center of the district is the city of Naryan-Mar.

The terrain of the territory is mostly flat; The ancient Timan ridges, the Pai-Khoi ridge (up to 467 m high), and the wetlands of the Bolshezemelskaya and Malozemelskaya tundra are distinguished. Tundra and peat-gley soils are common on the territory of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug.

Geologically, the territory of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug belongs to two Precambrian sedimentary plates of different ages: Russian and Pechora. The conventional boundary between them coincides with the zone of Western Timan deep faults.

The Nenets District is subject to systematic invasion of Atlantic and Arctic air masses. Frequent changes in air masses are the cause of constant weather variability. In winter and autumn, winds with a southern component predominate, and in summer - northern and northeastern ones, caused by the invasion of cold arctic air onto the heated continent, where the atmospheric pressure is low at this time.

The air temperature in summer is determined by the value solar radiation and therefore naturally increases from north to south. The average July temperature in Naryan-Mares is +12° C. In the cold half of the year, the main factor in the temperature regime is the transfer of heat from the Atlantic, so there is a clearly pronounced decrease in temperature from west to east. The average January temperature in Naryan-Mar is −18° C, winter lasts on average 220-240 days. The entire territory of the district is located in the zone of excess moisture. Annual precipitation ranges from 400 mm (on the coasts of the seas and on the Arctic islands) to 700 mm. The minimum precipitation is observed in February, the maximum in August - September. At least 30% of precipitation falls in the form of snow, and permafrost is present.

The territory of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug has a dense river network (on average 0.53 km per 1 km² of area) and an abundance of lakes. The rivers belong to the basins of the seas of the Arctic Ocean, they are mainly flat in nature, and the ridges are rapids. Among the rivers, the Pechora River occupies a special place; within the district there is its lower reaches (220 km) with an extensive delta. The depths allow sea vessels to rise to Naryan-Mar. In terms of water content, the Pechora is second only to the Volga in the European part of Russia. Swamps occupy 5-6%.

Land fund of the district as of January 1, 1999 amounted to 17,681,048 hectares. It is distributed into the following categories: agricultural land - 16,799.3 thousand hectares (95.01%); lands of settlements - 12.4 thousand hectares (0.07%); lands of industrial, transport and other non-agricultural enterprises - 39.8 thousand hectares (0.23%); lands for environmental purposes - 2.0 thousand hectares (0.01%); reserve lands - 827.5 thousand hectares (4.68%). The area of ​​agricultural land (hayfields, pastures, arable land) is 25.9 thousand hectares, or less than 0.15% of the structure land fund districts. 847.8 thousand hectares (4.8%) are occupied by forests, 1089.3 thousand hectares (6.2%) are swamps, and 1000.4 thousand hectares (5.66%) are under water. Reindeer pastures account for 13,202.2 thousand hectares (74.67%).

Depending on bioclimatic conditions, relief, the nature of soil-forming rocks, and the depth of surface water, the following main types of tundra soils are distinguished: arctic-tundra gleyic, tundra primitive, tundra surface-gley, peat-swamp, sod. Tundra podzolized illuvial-humus soils are formed on sandy and sandy loam soil-forming rocks under conditions of good drainage. Arcto-tundra gleyic ones are found on the island of Vaigachi on the coast of the Kara Sea, tundra primitive ones are found in the upper part of the slopes of Pai-Khoi, tundra surface gleyic ones, like peat-swamp ones, are widespread throughout the entire district. In the southwest of the district, in the subzone of the northern taiga, gleyic-podzolic soils and illuvial-iron-humus podzols are formed.

The soil-forming process is determined by low temperatures, short summers, widespread permafrost, waterlogging and develops according to the gley-swamp type. Chemical weathering is weak, while the released bases are washed out of the soil, and it is depleted in calcium, sodium, potassium, but enriched in iron and aluminum. Lack of oxygen and excess moisture make it difficult to decompose plant residues, which slowly accumulate in the form of peat.

The territory is located in the tundra (76.6%), forest-tundra (15.4%) zones, the southwestern part is in the northern taiga subzone (8%). In the tundra zone there are subzones of arctic (4.9%), mountain (3.5%), northern (10.3%), southern (57.9%) tundra.

In the subzone of the Arctic tundra (the coast of the Kara Sea and Vaygach Island), vegetation does not form a continuous cover. Frozen soil, exposed on dry ground from snow by strong winds, cracks, and the surface of the tundra is divided into separate polygons (polygons). The vegetation consists largely of moss and lichens, grasses: small sedges, grasses, cotton grass, as well as slate forms of shrubs.

In the mountain tundra subzone, the main background is created by sedge-lichen associations and creeping willow and dwarf birch shrubs.

The northern tundras cover the north of the Malozemelskaya tundra, in the Bolshezemelskaya tundra they are confined to large hills, the southern slopes of the Pai-Khoi ridge. Here the moss and lichen cover are closed, thickets of dwarf birches and low-growing species of willows appear. Significant areas are occupied by grass-sedge bogs; in the valleys of rivers and streams there are willows and tundra meadows with abundant multi-species forbs and grasses.

In the southern tundra subzone, large areas are covered with thickets of dwarf birch (birnie), as well as various types of willows, wild rosemary, and juniper. A moss or lichen cover is developed, shrubs, forbs, and marsh plant complexes are widely represented. In the forest-tundra zone, sparse forests appear on watersheds, and in river valleys and on the southern slopes of hills, woody vegetation appears in islands: low-growing spruce and birch trees, less often larches, alternating with areas of tundra and swamps.

The northern taiga subzone is characterized by the presence of significant tracts of closed tree vegetation with a predominance of spruce and spruce-birch forests; pine grows along sandy river terraces and in swamps. In river floodplains there are areas with impenetrable thickets of various types willows and alders alternate with sedge bogs and meadows. Grasses (reed grass, bluegrass, foxtail grass, red fescue) with an admixture of forbs grow on the tundra meadows of the hills.

More than 600 species of flowering plants, several hundred species of mosses and lichens are found in the district. In coastal sea waters, macrophytes, which are represented here by algae (about 80 species), are dominated by brown algae, in rivers and flowing lakes - sedge, arctophila horsetail. Diatoms and blue-green algae dominate in river phytoplankton, and green and diatom algae dominate in lakes.

Species of northern groups are widespread in the flora, and taiga (boreal) species are quite widespread. Among the flowering plants, cereals, cruciferous plants, sedges, and willows predominate. With anthropogenic impacts on the vegetation cover of the tundra, shrubs, mosses and lichens are replaced by grasses, forming a secondary vegetation cover. The largest areas with secondary vegetation are found in the Bolshezemelskaya tundra, in areas of geological exploration and oil and gas production.

The flora is rich in a variety of food plants: berries, edible herbs. The most important ones are cloudberries, blueberries, lingonberries, blueberries, and crowberries. In the forest-tundra zone along river valleys and in the taiga zone, red and black currants and honeysuckle grow, and raspberries, strawberries, and rose hips are found. In warm years, bird cherry and mountain ash ripen, and in the south of the Malozemelnaya tundra and in Kanino-Timanye, cranberry. Sorrel, wild onions and other meadow plants are used.

The resources of forage plants of floodplain meadows are rich - cereals, legumes, forbs, sedges; There are significant reserves of lichens in reindeer pastures - Cladonia, Cetraria; Medicinal plants grow everywhere.

More than 100 species of cap mushrooms are found in the district. Their species composition increases in the direction from north to south. In the northern tundra, edible mushrooms grow from russula, boletus mushrooms, boletus mushrooms, dry milk mushrooms, aspen mushrooms appear to the south, in the forest-tundra and taiga - milk mushrooms, saffron milk caps, white milk mushrooms, and others.

The fauna is represented by inhabitants of the tundra, taiga, and arctic deserts. There are numerous aquatic invertebrates: ciliates, phytomonads, oligochaetes, nematodes, rotifers, lower crustaceans, mollusks, etc. The species composition of insects is diverse, a huge number of blood-sucking insects: mosquitoes, midges, botflies. Of the cyclostomes, the lamprey is found. There are more than 30 species of fish in rivers and lakes. Among the migratory species are salmon, omuli and others; semi-anadromous - nelma, whitefish, vendace; of the aquatic (local) species - pike, ide, sorog, perch, burbot, peled, grayling and others. In the coastal seas - herring, navaga, flounder, cod, smelt and others (about 50 species of marine fish).

Amphibians include the grass frog, Siberian salamander, and common toad, and reptiles include the viviparous lizard. The species composition of birds is diverse - about 160 species, including 110 species of birds nesting in the area. About 20 species overwinter. Geese, ducks, and also ptarmigan, one of the background species of the tundra and forest-tundra, are of commercial importance.

There are 31 species of land mammals. The most numerous rodents are lemmings and voles; squirrels are found in the taiga. Among other groups of mammals, arctic shrew and white hare are common; Among the predators are arctic fox, wolf, fox, wolverine, brown and polar bear, marten, otter, ermine, weasel; of the artiodactyls - wild reindeer and reindeer.

In the coastal seas, marine mammals are found: beluga whale, North Atlantic porpoise, narwhal, ringed seal, bearded seal, gray seal, Atlantic walrus. Among terrestrial mammals, the main hunting objects are the arctic fox, fox, brown bear, marten, and vydralos. Of the marine mammals, only the ringed seal and bearded seal continue to be fished. A number of species are acclimatized in the district. Of the rodents, it is the muskrat, which is widely distributed throughout the territory and was the object of fishing; Among the fish there is the sterlet, but its population remains very small. Single specimens of pink salmon acclimatized in the Barents Sea basin come to spawn.

However, despite all of the above, of all the polar territories of Russia, the district has the most advantageous geographical location, because is located closest to the European part of the country, characterized by high human potential, infrastructure provision, and a dynamically developing industrial complex.

The Nenets Autonomous Okrug has rich mineral reserves of great strategic importance for the country. First of all, these are oil fields. The potential of the Barents Sea shelf, together with the Timan-Pechora province, forms a single super province, which is a unique base of hydrocarbon raw materials. Of no small importance for the development of the region is the high degree of exploration of oil and gas-bearing areas and at the same time the low degree of their depletion, their fairly compact location and proximity to European markets, as well as the good physical and chemical properties of oil. All of the above significantly increases the competitiveness of the district.

Population characteristics

Due to its natural and climatic conditions, the Nenets Autonomous Okrug belongs to underdeveloped territories with low population density. The permanent population of the district as of 01/01/2007. amounted to 41.9 thousand people, which accounted for 0.3% of the total number in the North-West. The population density was 0.2 people/km2, which is 40 times lower than in the Northwestern Federal District (8.0 people/km2).

At the same time, the level of urbanization of the district is quite high and amounts to 64% (about 27 thousand people, of which 12,702 are men, 7,845 are women), which is explained by the high concentration of the living population in the only city of the district - Naryan-Mar, although this figure and lower than the indicators for Russia (73.1%) and the Northwestern Federal District (82.2%). Rural population The district is inhabited by 42 rural settlements and their population is about 15 thousand people. 7845 men and 7459 women.

The number of pensioners is 11 thousand people, of which 5 thousand are working.

Born in 2008: 691 people, 16.4 per 1000 population.

Deaths in 2008: 537 people, 12.8 per 1000 population.

The natural increase per thousand people in 2008 was 3.6.

The Russian population predominates among the residents of the district; Other nationalities also live on its territory. In the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, the Nenets are 12% of the population.

General results of population migration to the Nenets Autonomous Okrug in 2008:

- arrived - 548 people, of which within Russia - 515 (including within the regions - 320, from other regions - 195), from foreign countries - 33;

Those who left – 698 people, of which 696 within Russia (including within regions – 352, to other regions – 344), to foreign countries – 2.

The migration balance as of January 1, 2009 was (-)150 people.

The distribution of the population by main age groups in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug and the average age of the population as of January 1, 2009 are presented in Appendix A (Tables 3, 4).

Despite the fact that in the Autonomous Okrug, tuberculosis incidence rates are lower than the Russian average among the rural and nomadic population of the Autonomous Okrug, these indicators are 3-5 times higher. This is facilitated by the extreme living conditions in the plague, problems with isolating patients and carrying out sanitary, anti-epidemic, treatment and diagnostic measures.

The territory of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug is the ancestral land of residence of the Nenets, who belong to the tundra group.

According to the State Statistics Committee of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, the number of Nenets living in the district is 6.381 thousand people, or 15.2%.

Over thousands of years of habitation, the peoples of the region have created a vibrant and distinctive culture, maximally adapted to the natural conditions of the harsh Arctic.

The main sphere of activity of the Nenets are traditional sectors of the economy - reindeer husbandry, hunting and fishing.

The Nenets people are represented in government and local government bodies. The Administration of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug has a department for the affairs of indigenous peoples of the North.

According to Rosstat, the district ranks first in Russia in terms of income levels. In the Nenets Autonomous Okrug in 2009, the maximum per capita monetary income of the population was recorded - 48 thousand 146 rubles - despite the fact that the average figure for Russia is about 16 thousand rubles. The highest wages are in the extractive industries, financial activities, transport and construction. Since 2005, public sector employees' wages have been increasing. In 2009, a novice doctor or teacher received from 40 thousand rubles a month.

A positive point is that the growth rate of cash income is faster than the growth rate of the cost of living in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Today, the cost of living per person is about 10 thousand rubles. This figure, as in previous years, is almost 2 times higher than the average for the Russian Federation, which is due to the high level of prices in the district due to the cost of transportation costs when importing goods into the district.

The unemployment rate in the district is slightly higher than the Russian average - 3.5 percent versus 2.5.

Characteristics of the economy (industry, transport, agriculture)

The main industries of the district are fuel (96.5%) and food (2.3%) (fish, dairy, meat canning). The region also has developed Agriculture- crop farming: potatoes and turnips, livestock farming: reindeer husbandry, hunting: fishing, hunting and sea hunting.

On the territory of the district, on the basis of the development of oil, gas and coal deposits, the Timan-Pechora fuel and energy complex is being formed. Currently, 12 hydrocarbon deposits are being developed. During recent years The district has acquired the significance of an important energy region, which is associated with the discovery of significant hydrocarbon reserves in the district. Also, 81 oil and gas fields have been discovered in the region.

State Unitary Enterprise "Naryan-Mar Power Plant" is the largest enterprise in the electrical power industry of the district. It accounts for about 80% of all electricity generated in the district. The remaining settlements are provided with electricity from local diesel power plants.

The volume of industrial production in 2006 amounted to 77,300.9 million rubles, an increase of 64%.

Goods of own production were shipped in 2006 by type of activity:

Mining extraction - in the amount of 76,188.0 million rubles (production index - 106% compared to 2005);

Manufacturing industries – 473.1 million rubles;

Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water – 639.8 million rubles.

Over 1,028 enterprises and organizations operate on the territory of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug. In the structure of industrial production of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, 98.6% is occupied by the fuel industry.

The largest oil producing companies as of January 1, 2007 are Lukoil-Komi LLC (43% of oil produced), Polar Lights Company LLC (9% of oil produced), Severnaya Neft OJSC (NK Rosneft OJSC ) (32% of oil produced), JSC Total Exploration Development Russia (7% of oil produced).

Land resources and pastures

Area of ​​land fund of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug is 17,681 thousand hectares. The structure of agricultural land (73.5 percent) is dominated by reindeer pastures (99.8 percent).

Biological resources

Among aquatic biological resources Fish stocks are of greatest economic importance. There are 32 species of waterfowl recorded in the county. The main object of personal hunting is the white partridge, which lives in the bush tundra; its population in these places reaches 30–60 nesting pairs per 1 square kilometer.

Main commercial mammals in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug represented by arctic fox, mountain hare and ermine. Much less common are brown bear, fox, wolf, marten, weasel, otter, and muskrat. On Novaya Zemlya and in the mainland tundra of the district, wild reindeer live (from 7 to 12 thousand heads). The polar bear is found along the coast of the Barents Sea to the Czech Bay. The main economically valuable game species is the Arctic fox. The main fishing areas are in the north of the Bolshezemelskaya tundra and the Yugorsky Peninsula.

Transport development.

The road network of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug includes public roads (federal and territorial) and departmental roads built at the expense of various ministries and departments. Since the 1960s For the transportation of goods in winter, temporary and permanent roads are built - the so-called winter roads. The length of public roads is 229 km, of which the length of federal roads is 4 km (1.7%), territorial roads are 225 km (98.3%). The length of paved roads is 179 km (76.7%). To transport goods in winter, so-called “winter roads” are used. The length of departmental roads and winter roads in the district is more than 1000 km.

Prospects for the development of road transport are associated with the completion of the construction of the Naryan-Mar – Usinsk road. It will connect the centers of hydrocarbon production with the district center, and the district will also have the opportunity to have land transport access to the Komi Republic and the all-Russian transport system.

Air transport

Air transport plays a vital role in the district's transport network. The two main enterprises are JSC Naryan-Mar United Aviation Squad and Federal State Unitary Enterprise Amderma Airport. Through aviation, the district center of Naryan-Mar is connected with all settlements districts, and through Arkhangelsk, Moscow and St. Petersburg with almost all regions of Russia.

The Naryan-Mar airfield belongs to class “B” and meets modern requirements, which allows you to receive AN-24, AN-26, TU-134, TU-152, IL-76 and Boeing-737 aircraft. The squadron's own fleet of vehicles consists of AN-2 aircraft, MI-8T, MI-8 MTV-1 helicopters and is used for local air transportation.

Water transport

The length of navigable river routes is over 240 km. The main seaports are Naryan-Mar, Amderma, as well as 16 port points located at the mouths of rivers flowing into the White, Barents and Kara Seas.

The port of Naryan-Mar simultaneously receives sea and river vessels. The port is freezing, the duration of sea navigation is 135 - 150 days a year. The main carriers by sea are JSC Nenets International Freight Forwarding Company TRANS-NAO and JSC Northern River Shipping Company.

The Amderma seaport of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug is located on the Northern Sea Route and is an Arctic roadstead port, where unloading is carried out in an open roadstead.

Regular river passenger traffic between settlements located along the Pechora River is carried out by motor ships of the State Unitary Enterprise NAO Naryan-Mar Transport Company. Freight transportation is carried out by OJSC SK Pechora River Shipping Company and OJSC Pechora River Port. In 2005, a river station was built at the expense of the district budget.

Pipeline transport

The development of pipeline transport in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug began in 1978 with the commissioning of the local gas pipeline Vasilkovskoe field - Naryan-Mar with a length of 63 km.

Currently, the export of oil from the territory of the district to south direction carried out from the largest of the developed Kharyaga fields via the Kharyaga - Usinsk oil pipeline, 149 km long, with a diameter of 530 mm, and further along the Usinsk - Ukhta oil pipeline, 406 km long, with a diameter of 720 mm. Inside the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, the most significant oil pipeline connects the Ardalinskoye and Kharyaginskoye fields (length 64 km, diameter 325 mm).

In the northern direction, oil supplies are carried out by OJSC Lukoil through marine terminal in the area of ​​the village. Varandey, whose throughput capacity in 2005 was 1.5 million tons, and by 2010 should reach 12-14 million tons.

Nenets Autonomous Okrug- a subject of the Federation in the northeast of the European part of Russia. The district is located on the northeastern edge of the East European Plain. The terrain of the territory is mostly flat; The Timan Ridge and the Pai-Khoi Ridge stand out, between which the swampy Bolshezemelskaya and Malozemelskaya tundras are located.

The Nenets Autonomous Okrug, being an independent federal subject within the Northwestern Federal District, is part of the Arkhangelsk Region. The administrative center is Naryan-Mar.

The region's territory is 176,810 km2, the population (as of January 1, 2017) is 43,937 people.

Surface water resources

The territory of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug belongs to the basin of the Arctic Ocean, most of it belongs to the basin of the Barents and Pechora seas, the extreme western part belongs to the basin of the White Sea, the extreme eastern part belongs to the basin of the Kara Sea.

The river network of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug is represented by 1,854 rivers with a total length of 47,144 km (the density of the river network is 0.27 km/km 2), most of which are small rivers and streams. The rivers of the Autonomous Okrug are predominantly of riverine nature. They are characterized by a mixed diet with a predominance of snow (up to 75%). The rivers of the region belong to the Eastern European type of water regime, they are characterized by spring floods with a sharp increase in water level, summer-autumn low water, occasionally interrupted by rain floods, and low winter low water. The duration of freeze-up on the rivers of the Autonomous Okrug is 7–8 months; many rivers freeze over in winter. The territory of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug contains the lower parts of the Pechora, Kara and Korotaikha basins, as well as a number of medium and small rivers flowing into the Barents and Kara Seas. Also largest rivers, partially or completely flowing through the territory of the Autonomous Okrug, are the first and second order tributaries of the Pechora - Sula, as well as Adzva and Kolva (tributaries of the Usa River). Among the regions of the federal district, the Nenets Autonomous Okrug ranks last in terms of river network density.

The area and number of lakes and artificial reservoirs, swamps and wetlands are variable; they depend on natural (water regime, climatic phenomena, swamping, etc.) and anthropogenic (drainage of territories, etc.) factors.

Groundwater resources

Functions for providing public services and the management of federal property in the field of water resources in the region is carried out by the Department of Water Resources of the Dvinsko-Pechora BVU for the Arkhangelsk Region and the Nenets Autonomous Okrug.

The powers in the field of water relations transferred to the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the functions of providing public services and managing regional property in the field of water resources in the region are carried out by the Department of Natural Resources, Ecology and Agro-Industrial Complex of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug.

On the territory of the Autonomous Okrug, the State Program “Environmental Protection, Reproduction and Use of Natural Resources” is being implemented, aimed at protecting and rational use water bodies, ensuring the protection of the population and economic facilities from the negative impact of water and solving other problems.

When preparing the material, we used data from the State reports “On the state and protection of the environment of the Russian Federation in 2015”, “On the state and use of water resources of the Russian Federation in 2015”, “On the state and use of land in the Russian Federation in 2015”, “On the state of the environment in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug in 2015”, collection “Regions of Russia. Socio-economic indicators. 2016". In regional rankings for surface and underground water resources