The peoples inhabiting Africa presentation. The material culture is characteristic of the tropical forest zone and is close to. They build and repair huts

Africa is home to more than 200 peoples belonging to 16 different language families. Representatives of all the main races of our planet live here, but most of all representatives of the equatorial (Negroid) race

Semitic-Hamitic peoples

Semitic-Hamitic peoples live in northern Africa. They belong to the Caucasian race. They entered Africa in the 5th – 7th centuries during the Arab conquests. The most numerous of them are Arabs.

Arabs are the largest people in North Africa. They make up the majority of the populations of Egypt, Libya, Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia and Mauritania. Some Arabs still roam the Sahara with herds of camels. They are called Bedouins

On a narrow strip of coast Mediterranean Sea, where there is no such heat and drought as in the Sahara, the Arabs raise flocks of sheep.

Traditionally, Arab women wear a special veil - the burqa. Although lately this is no longer necessary.

Most Arabs live in cities. The largest of them is the capital of Egypt - Cairo. Cairo – modern city with hotels and skyscrapers.

Berbers live in northwest Africa, mainly in Morocco. This people was formed as a result of the mixing of Arabs and the ancient population of the Atlas Mountains. Their main occupation is animal husbandry.

The Tuaregs are nomadic inhabitants of the Sahara. They speak Arabic, but outwardly very different from the Arabs. Traditionally they wear blue clothes. Although now many Tuaregs prefer other colors.

The Cushitic peoples were formed as a result of the mixing of the Caucasian and Equatorial races. Their skeletal structure resembles white man, but their skin is brown. They inhabit the Ethiopian Highlands and the Somali Peninsula

Several peoples live in Ethiopia. The largest of them is Amhara. These people have been living here for several thousand years. He is genetically close to the ancient Egyptians. At the beginning of our era, the Aksumite kingdom was formed here. In the 4th century, the local population adopted Orthodoxy in the form of Monophysitism.

There were two forms of farming:

appropriating – hunting, gathering and fishing (Bushmen, Pygmies and Hottentots),

producing . The classification depends on the predominance of pastoralism or agriculture. The development of a classification of modern productive forms of economy of the African aborigines was carried out by the Soviet researcher Yu.D. Dmitrievsky.

Pastoralists-hunters of the savannas of the hot zone (Fulbe-Borro, Masai), semi-sedentary and semi-nomadic pastoralists-farmers of the hot zone (Fulbe, Galla), nomads and semi-nomads of the arid zone of the hot zone (Tuareg, Tubu).

Arable farming with household farming (Amhara, Tigre; Egypt and South Africa); settled hoe farming in the tropical hot zone (Yoruba, Hausa); hoe farming, fishing, hunting in the hot zone (sorko, balunda).

Today, 14 HCTs are distinguished, taking into account the modern development of livestock breeding and agriculture.

Hunters, gatherers, fishers. The HCT of wandering hunter-gatherers of savannas and forests of the hot zone and wandering hunters of deserts and dry savannas included Bushmen and Pygmies .

Bushmen were pushed out of Central Africa to the south at the beginning of the 1st millennium AD. Now they live in Namibia, Botswana, South Africa, Tanzania. The Bushmen do not have a single identity 7. Their number is about 85 thousand people (40 thousand of them are in Namibia). There are three groups of Bushmen: Heikum (eastern Ovambo territory), Auen (southern Kalahari), Kung (northwest and central Kalahari).

The Bushmen maintain a sexual division of labor.

Among the male population they were common as passive forms hunting on birds (with snares), and active on large animals (rutting hunting, hunting with the organization of an ambush). But the main form of hunting remained the driven form of hunting. The main object of hunting was antelope. In hunting, they used bone arrowheads poisoned with nerve-paralyzing poisons. The bow was simple with a string made from animal tendons.

Hunting spoils belonged to the entire group and were divided equally.

The women were engaged in tanning animal skins, which they then dried, and then rubbed and kneaded with their hands for several hours. The remaining parts of the animal's body were also used. The tendons were rubbed with ash and stretched, making straps from them. The bones were used to make blanks for future tools. In addition, women were engaged gathering using a digging stick. The Bushmen did not know metal. All this is strikingly reminiscent of the Australian aborigines, since here, as there, about 80% of the Bushmen's food is gathered products. They collected wild onions, prickly cucumbers, juicy and sweet grass seeds, root vegetables, wild melons and watermelons, wild honey, and small insects. The feeding territory, as in Australia, was located around the totem source.

Blood mixed with liquid from the antelope's stomach was used as a drink, and antelope milk was also drunk. Melons were used as a drink " tsama"and watery roots. The Bushmen also extracted groundwater: they tied a bunch of grass around the end of a long hollow stem, stuck it into the sand and sprinkled it along the edges, and compacted the sand with the palm of their hand. They then sucked air through the stem with all their might, creating a vacuum. The water began to rise up the stem, and then it was spat into the shells of ostrich eggs. They stored water on hunting trails, burying it in ostrich eggs and plugging the holes with a bunch of grass.

The traditional shelter of the Bushmen is a windbreak, and clothing is a loincloth.

Currently, Bushmen live in the territory national parks(in South Africa and Botswana) at a state boarding school. In some areas, they work in mines because they have keen eyesight and sensitive fingers.

In Southeast Africa, some Bushmen, under the influence of other peoples, switch to an agricultural and pastoral culture.

Pygmies 8 indigenous inhabitants of the savannahs in the center of the continent, pushed aside by the Bantu into the tropics. They do not have a common self-name or a common language. They are distributed very scatteredly. There are a significant number of pygmy names: Batwa, Bambuti, Babinga, Kwi, Bongo, Koa and others. Pygmies are settled in the area of ​​modern Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Burundi, Rwanda, and Uganda.

Pygmies were also known in Ancient Egypt like dwarf dancers.

But only Europeans truly discovered the world of this people.

The main occupations of the pygmies are hunting, gathering and all kinds of hunting. Fishing was very limited.

Women always carried a wicker basket or a bag woven from leaves and reeds on their heads. Gathering provided 70% of the food, and the diet of the pygmies included: mushrooms, caterpillars, honeycomb, edible roots, grass, leaves, nuts, etc.

Hunting was a purely male activity. But among the pygmies, women had the right to take part in driven hunts. A form of chasing with dogs was known. Among the devices for passive forms of hunting, traps and snares have become especially widespread. During the hunt, bows and arrows were used. Food was cooked on coals.

Clothing consisted of a loincloth, bone jewelry, and the custom of grinding down the front teeth.

The lifestyle of the pygmies was nomadic in nature, and their movement was determined by the search for new hunting territories that provided not only hunting products, but also gathering. In a social sense, the whole society was divided into groups consisting of 6-7 families living and wandering together. The products of the hunt were distributed evenly among all members of the group. The account of kinship was patrilineal in nature, and the settlements of all groups of pygmies were virilocal. Already at the age of 10, children live separately and build their own children's huts.

There was an institution of elders. All major issues were considered at the council of the hunting group. It should be noted that there was customary law with its own justice system. The most severe punishment was the prohibition to hunt with the entire group, expulsion.

Pygmies have had contacts with Negroid peoples for quite a long time. The objects of exchange were agricultural products, handicrafts, arrowheads and spearheads.

Hottentots (endoethnonym tonnard). They hunted whales, seals, and small animals, but their main occupation was breeding humpbacked long-horned zebu. With the development of technogenic civilization and changes in the ecology of the region of the southwestern coast of Africa (modern Namibia), changes also occurred in the fishing activities of the Hottentots, who almost completely moved away from whaling (since whales left the coast of Africa) and switched to fishing.

Cattle breeders. There were several types of cattle breeding:

Nomadic pastoralism typical for West Africa(Tuaregs, Fulbe-Bororo, Tedda), North-East Africa (Somali, Beja, Galla, Masai, Nuer, Baccarat), parts of the East (Karamojin, Suk, Nandi, Masai), as well as for some peoples living in the South- Western and Southern (part of the Zulu, Herero, Hottentots). They bred cattle - bulls, humpbacked zebu, goats, sheep, camels, and among the Tuaregs - horses. Livestock products provided food, clothing, musical instruments (for example, snuff boxes were made from hooves), and were used as transport. Seasonal migrations depended on rain, tsetse flies across the territory of several states (for example, the Galla wandered throughout Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya; the Tuaregs - across Western Sahara, Mali, Nigeria). Camel farming provided a caravan route through the Sahara, but there was intense competition for pastures. The nomadic society had a strict military organization, there were “imkhars” - warriors and imgads - “shepherds”.

A combination of cattle breeding and agriculture was observed among the Zulus. Moreover, women were engaged in manual farming, and men were engaged in transhumance. The Tuaregs hired the Haratins (the population of the oases) in the form of "hammaset", i.e. as 1/5 of the harvest or “aril” – 1/2 of the harvest. Part of the Fulani go south in November (dry season), while women and children remain at home; in March, the men return and engage in agricultural work. The Galla of Ethiopia migrated to the valleys during dry times, where they bred and sold zebu, sheep, horses, and pigs for Europeans.

Farmers Manual farming was developed throughout Africa except in the deserts. Among the local crops, grains (millet-sorghum, several varieties of wheat, barley) and root crops (yams, legumes, peas), oilseeds (sesame, palm trees), citrus fruits, coffee, and pepper have been cultivated since ancient times. Bananas, onions, sugar cane, pomegranates, and rice were brought from Asia with the Arabs. From America - corn, sweet potatoes, cocoa, tomatoes, peanuts.

Geographically, agriculture is divided into savannah (cereals, cotton) and tropical (root crops, legumes, melons, citrus fruits). Crop rotation with fallow soil was practiced to restore fertility. In the villages of Tropical Africa there were usually 2 types of plots - vegetable gardens near the house and fields far from the village with seasonal camps. The tools used were an axe, a knife, and a hoe. Tilling the soil and sowing was the domain of men, and cultivating seedlings and harvesting were the domain of men. The work alternated according to the seasons. One of the most famous agricultural peoples was the HAUSA, who combined it with livestock raising (small cattle and horses). Terrace farming predominated in Rwanda and Burundi.

Plow farming. It was widespread in Sudan, Ethiopia and Egypt. The plow (saban) was without a moldboard due to the thin fertile layer, while the grain entered through a channel in the handle. Bulls, horses, mules, donkeys and even camels were used as draft animals. The slash-and-burn two-field farming system with crop rotation prevailed. Harvesting twice a year - September-October and February-March. Industrial crops such as sunflowers, peppers and citrus fruits were also grown. There are large coffee plantations in Congo and banana plantations in Uganda.

Material culture Food . The most common in Africa are all kinds of porridges and stews (millet, corn, cassava), peanuts, peas, fish. Meat food played a smaller role in the diet (poultry, goat meat, game), and it was not canned; it was fried in palm or peanut oil. Vegetables in use were pumpkin, root vegetables, and fruits - bananas. Africans love hot spices and sauces, which they use to season porridges and stews. Cottage cheese and sour milk are made from milk. The fish is usually boiled or dried. Drinks include millet or barley beer and palm wine. They usually ate twice a day, in the morning and in the evening after finishing field work, and pounded flour or cereal only once a day.

Millet porridge was a common agricultural food product. truck" with milk and " Tuva” porridge made from sorghum or rice. They always ate porridge with seasonings and sauces made from leaves with garlic, tomatoes, spices and salt. The Yoruba favorite was soup with peppers, fish and corn. Bread, flatbreads, cooked rice balls. Ethiopia had a wide variety of food. For the rich, these are thick meat soups with pepper, garlic, eggs, fresh meat, charcoal-grilled meat, lamb in sauce. Curdled milk, sour cream, cottage cheese with garlic, bee honey, barley beer. Root crops predominate - yams, cassava, which are soaked in water, chopped in a trough and ground, then kneaded, twisted into bundles, which are wrapped in banana leaves and steamed. Bread is also made from cassava. Cassava flour is used for porridge with chicken or fish. African farmers usually do not eat eggs. Cattle breeders usually ate sour milk, cheese, butter (except for the Maasai), and dates. During migrations, they took with them meat powder mixed with millet flour, which was diluted in water. They loved to drink bull's blood with milk.

The Bushmen baked meat in ashes or fried it in cauldrons and ate it right away. In addition, they ate insects (caterpillars, snails, grasshoppers, termites), which were baked in palm leaves. Instead of expensive salt, they used plant ash and did not know seasonings like neighboring peoples. Halluciogens loved to chew plants.

Housing . In the north of Africa, in old cities there are crooked streets with blank walls and always a square in the center with a mosque and a caravanserai near the bazaar. The villages of farmers and herders had a clearing in the center with workshops, a shed where all public affairs were decided, a ritual hut with drums and masks. Among pastoralists, the main type of settlement was frame dwellings arranged in a circle with an entrance opening into which livestock were driven at night. The young men had their own separate settlements. Hunters only had seasonal ones.

The dwelling of the African farmers had a round plan, made of a frame and adobe with a reed conical roof, as if hanging on pillars above the walls.

In the savannah, the building materials were palm trees, straw, and bamboo; in the desert, clay, stone, bushes, and grass. Sometimes several settlements with an entrance to the courtyard, separate. granary in the form of a barn made of poles coated with clay on pillars. At the entrance of the hotel. Drawings of hunting scenes and carvings on the stands were painted on the clay-coated walls. There are colorful mats inside. Public buildings included sanctuaries, temples, ritual hotels, and palaces in Ethiopia.

Cloth. She wore a social sign and differed in set, cut, and material in different parts of Africa. In Central Africa, men had an unsewn knee-length skirt (bakuba) made of bast with an embroidered pattern, a wicker hat with feathers, a cross-shaped bandage on the chest with a leather apron and shell jewelry, bracelets on the arms and legs, an ax and a fan on the belt. A leopard skin was draped over the shoulders, a symbol of nobility and power. In Sudan, men wore fezzes, turbans, trousers, in Congo, trousers and boots... Among the Nilotes, headdresses were even made from dried liquid manure. The Bushmen and Hottentots used leather aprons decorated with colored insect wings, beads, and feathers. In West Africa, Ethiopia, and Madagascar, sewn tapa was more common among the Polynesians).

Cattle breeders' clothing was made from skins. Men have a triangular piece of material between their legs and a “karosa” cape in the form of a cloak made of bull or jackal skin. For women, an apron with a fringe of lambskin was used. Farmers usually wore a skirt made of dry grass, leopard skin and decorations in the form of amulets and amulets, predator teeth, snake skin and grass. Or a cotton fabric made of several strips was used, knotted at the left shoulder. Men wore “kente,” a body-hugging piece of cloth 4 m long and 2.5 m wide with numerous stripes or a pod-shaped ornament for warriors. For women, clothing consisted of 3 pieces, one on the hips, the second in the form of a bra, and the third to cover the head. In Sudan they had sewn clothes with a belt. Among the Tuaregs and Yorubas, they dressed in wide trousers, a long sleeveless shirt and a second shirt with a hooded cape on the head. Shoes were sandals, mules and boots.

Hairstyles were of particular importance: a bun at the forehead spoke of reverence for elders; on the top of the head, 2-3 buns indicated orphanhood; if at the back of the head, it meant that he did not trust his wife with his secrets. Tuft of hair above right ear Foster-son quarrels with his stepfather, and if the left one, then this is a sign of kinship with the leader of the village. They cut the hair of a sick man, a widow, or a handsome Malay woman. Shaggy hair is a sign of mourning. Sometimes the hair is smeared with clay and the hairstyle is made in the form of a pancake on the top of the head, which means a sign of friendship and kinship. There are hairstyles in the form of horns, in the shape of a hat, in the form of an oiled tuft on the top of the head for a talisman or a sign of marriage for women.

Crafts . 1. Metallurgy and blacksmithing have been known to African peoples since the Middle Ages. For smelting, they used earthen furnaces or termite mounds up to 80 cm high and 50 cm in diameter with bellows. Melted copper, iron, alloys, damask steel, various decorations, rings, bracelets, wire inlay, bas-relief, weights for weighing. When casting jewelry, they used the lost wax technique. Arrowheads, hoes, and throwing knives were known. There were castes of blacksmiths (on the contrary, among Muslims, blacksmiths were considered despicable).

2. Weaving of colorful materials among farmers. There were castes of male dyers who used plant sap. Two types of machines were used: vertical (for women's clothing) and horizontal. In the jungle, raffia palm mbuga was used instead of cotton. We used “bading” fabrics with a pattern. Cattle breeders bought fabrics from farmers.

3. Wood carving is an exclusively male occupation, mainly in forest areas where there is no Islam. Knives and chisels were used to make masks, headrests, bowls, stupas, drums, and boats. Images of fetishes of signs of power.

4. Weaving is mainly a women's activity, mats with patterns, wicker dishes made of dyed straw. They wore special hats on their heads for carrying jugs.

5. Pottery was also a woman's occupation, done by hand in a simple form without firing.

Africa is a place where people live, adhering to the rules of life, traditions and culture that developed several centuries ago, have reached the present day almost unchanged and are a clear guide to the everyday life of the population. The inhabitants of Africa still successfully exist through fishing, hunting and gathering, without feeling any need or urgent need for items modern civilization. This does not mean that they are not familiar with all the innovations of civilization, they simply know how to do without them, leading a secluded lifestyle, without making contact with the outside world.

Peoples inhabiting Africa

The African continent is home to many different tribes with different levels of development, traditions, rituals and outlooks on life. The largest tribes are Mbuti, Nuba, Oromo, Hamer, Bambara, Fulbe, Dinka, Bongo and others. Over the past two decades, tribal residents have been gradually adapting to a commodity-money system, but their priority is to provide themselves and their families with the necessary food products in order to prevent prolonged famine. We can say that the tribal population has practically no economic relations, which is why various conflicts and contradictions often arise, which can even end in bloodshed.

Despite this, there are also tribes that are more loyal to modern development, entered into economic relations with other large nations and are working to develop public culture and industry.

The population of Africa is quite large, so on the continent, from 35 to 3000 people live on one square kilometer, and in some places even more, since due to the lack of water and the unfavorable climate of the deserts, the population here is unevenly distributed.

In northern Africa live Berbers and Arabs, who, over ten centuries of living in this territory, passed on their language, culture and traditions to the local residents. Arab ancient buildings still delight the eye, revealing all the subtleties of their culture and beliefs.

There are practically no inhabitants in the desert area, but there you can meet a large number of nomads who lead entire caravans of camels, which is their main source of life and an indicator of wealth.

Culture and life of the peoples of Africa

Since the population of Africa is quite diverse and consists of more than several dozen tribes, it is very obvious that the traditional way has long lost its primitiveness and in some aspects borrowed culture from neighboring inhabitants. Thus, the culture of one tribe reflects the traditions of another and it is difficult to determine who was the founder of certain rituals. Most important value In the life of a tribal people, the family is important; it is with it that most beliefs, traditions and rituals are associated.

In order to marry one of the girls of the tribe, the guy must compensate his parents for the damage. Often these are domestic animals, but recently ransom has also been accepted in monetary terms. It is believed that this tradition helps families unite, and also in the case of a good ransom amount, the bride’s father is convinced of the wealth of his son-in-law and that he will be able to properly provide for his daughter.

The wedding should only take place on the night of the full moon. It is the moon that will indicate what the marriage will be like - if it is bright and clear, then the marriage will be good, prosperous and fertile, if the moon is dim - this is a very bad sign. The family in the tribes of Africa is characterized by polygamy - as soon as a man becomes financially wealthy, he can afford several wives, which does not bother the girls at all, since they equally share the responsibilities of housework and childcare. Such families are surprisingly friendly and direct all their efforts for the benefit of the tribe.

Upon reaching a certain age (it is different for each tribe), young people must undergo an initiation rite. Boys and sometimes girls are circumcised. It is very important that the guy does not scream or cry during the ceremony, otherwise he will forever be considered a coward.

Traditions and customs of the peoples of Africa

Africans spend a lot of time trying to protect themselves from evil spirits and get closer to good gods. To do this, they perform ritual dances (making rain, fighting pests, receiving blessings before hunting, etc.), getting tattoos, carving masks that are supposed to protect them from evil spirits.

Sorcerers and shamans play a special role in the life of the tribe. They are considered servants of spirits, it is to them that tribal leaders listen and common people come to them for advice. Shamans have the right to bless, heal, they conduct weddings and bury the deceased.

Residents of Africa are especially enthusiastic about honoring their ancestors, performing a number of rituals to worship them. Often this is the worship of deceased ancestors, after whose death more than a year has passed; with the help of certain ritual actions, they are invited back to the house, allocating them a separate place in the room.

Girls are taught before marriage special language for married people who only they know and understand. The bride must come to the groom's house on foot and bring her dowry. Marriage can be concluded from the age of 13.

Another feature of tribal culture is the application of scars to the body. It is believed that the more there are, the better the man is as a warrior and hunter. Each tribe has its own drawing techniques.

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