There is a misconception that before the arrival of European colonists, only savages in loincloths lived in Africa, who had neither civilization nor states. IN different times there were strong ones there state entities, which sometimes surpassed the countries of medieval Europe in their level of development.

Today little is known about them - the colonialists roughly destroyed all the beginnings of an independent, unique political culture of black peoples, imposed their own rules on them and left no chance for independent development.

Traditions have died. The chaos and poverty that is now associated with black Africa did not arise on the green continent due to European violence. Therefore, the ancient traditions of the states of black Africa are known to us today only thanks to historians and archaeologists, as well as the epic of local peoples.

Three gold-bearing empires

Already in the 13th century BC. The Phoenicians (then masters of the Mediterranean) traded iron and exotic goods, such as elephant tusks and rhinoceroses, with tribes who lived in the territories of modern Mali, Mauritania and the greater Guinea region.

It is unknown whether there were full-fledged states in this region at that time. However, we can say with confidence that by the beginning of our era there were state formations on the territory of Mali, and the first undisputed regional dominant had emerged - the Empire of Ghana, which entered the legends of other peoples as the fabulous country of Vagadou.

It is impossible to say anything concrete about this power, except that it was a strong state with all the necessary attributes - everything that we know about that era, we know from archaeological finds. A person who owns writing first visited this country in 970.

It was the Arab traveler Ibn Haukal. He described Ghana as richest country, drowning in gold. In the 11th century, the Berbers destroyed this possibly thousand-year-old state, and it broke up into many small principalities.

The Empire of Mali soon became the new dominant of the region, ruled by the same Mansa Musa, who is considered the richest man in history. He created not only a strong and rich, but also a highly cultural state - at the end of the 13th century, a strong school of Islamic theology and science was formed in the Timbuktu madrasah. But the Mali Empire did not last long - from about beginning of XIII V. to the beginning of the 15th century. It was replaced by a new state - Songhai. He became the last empire of the region.

Songhai was not as rich and powerful as its predecessors, the great gold-bearing Mali and Ghana, which provided half of the Old World with gold, and was much more dependent on the Arab Maghreb. But, nevertheless, he was the continuer of that one and a half thousand-year tradition that puts these three states on a par.

In 1591, the Moroccan army, after a long war, finally destroyed the Songhai army, and with it the unity of the territories. The country splits into many small principalities, none of which could reunite the entire region.

East Africa: the cradle of Christianity

The ancient Egyptians dreamed of the semi-legendary country of Punt, which was located somewhere in the Horn of Africa. Punt was considered the ancestral home of the gods and Egyptian royal dynasties. In the understanding of the Egyptians, this country, which, apparently, actually existed and traded with later Egypt, was represented as something like Eden on earth. But little is known about Punt.

We know much more about the 2500-year history of Ethiopia. In the 8th century BC. The Sabaeans, immigrants from the countries of southern Arabia, settled on the Horn of Africa. The Queen of Sheba is precisely their ruler. They created the kingdom of Aksum and spread the rules of a highly civilized society.

The Sabaeans were familiar with both Greek and Mesopotamian culture and had a very developed writing system, on the basis of which the Aksumite letter appeared. This Semitic people spreads across the Ethiopian plateau and assimilates the inhabitants belonging to the Negroid race.

At the very beginning of our era, a very strong Aksumite kingdom appeared. In the 330s, Axum converted to Christianity and became the third oldest Christian country, after Armenia and the Roman Empire.

This state existed for more than a thousand years - until the 12th century, when it collapsed due to acute confrontation with Muslims. But already in the 14th century, the Christian tradition of Aksum was revived, but under a new name - Ethiopia.

South Africa: little-known but ancient traditions

States - namely states with all the attributes, and not tribes and chiefdoms - existed in southern Africa, and there were many of them. But they did not have writing and did not erect monumental buildings, so we know almost nothing about them.

Perhaps the hidden palaces of forgotten emperors await explorers in the jungles of the Congo. Only a few centers of political culture in Africa south of the Gulf of Guinea and the Horn of Africa that existed in the Middle Ages are known for certain.

At the end of the 1st millennium, a strong state of Monomotapa emerged in Zimbabwe, which fell into decline by the 16th century. Another center of active development of political institutions was the Atlantic coast of the Congo, where the Congo Empire took shape in the 13th century.

In the 15th century, its rulers converted to Christianity and submitted to the Portuguese crown. In this form, this Christian empire existed until 1914, when it was liquidated by the Portuguese colonial authorities.

On the shores of the great lakes, in the territory of Uganda and Congo in the 12th-16th centuries, there was the Kitara-Unyoro empire, which we know about from the epic of local peoples and a small number of archaeological finds. In the XVI-XIX centuries. In modern DR Congo there were two empires, Lunda and Luba.

Finally, in early XIX century, a Zulu tribal state emerges on the territory of modern South Africa. His chief Chaka reformed everything social institutions of this people and created a truly effective army, which in the 1870s spoiled a lot of blood for the British colonists. But, unfortunately, she was unable to oppose anything to the guns and cannons of the whites.

A report about Africa will help you prepare for the lesson. Descriptions of the continent of Africa are presented in this article. Brief message You can add interesting facts about Africa.

Brief information about continent Africa

Africa is the hottest continent on Earth. It is the second largest continent after Eurasia.

Area of ​​Africa- 29.2 million km 2, and together with the islands it is 30.3 million km 2.

The highest peak is Mount Kilimanjaro, and the deepest depression is Lake Assal. Most of the territory is occupied by plateaus and hills. By the way, in Africa there are much fewer mountainous areas, unlike other continents.

Geographical location of continent Africa

The mainland belongs to the group southern continents. It was formed after the split of an ancient continent called Gondwanaland. Africa has the smoothest coastline. The largest bay on the mainland is the Gulf of Guinea. There are also a large number of small bays in the Mediterranean Sea. But the only large peninsula is Somalia. It is worth noting that there are quite a few islands off the mainland - their area is 1.1 million km 2, the largest coastline belongs to the island of Madagascar.

Relief of Africa

The terrain of Africa is predominantly flat, this is because the base of the continent is represented by an ancient platform. Over time, it slowly rose, which is why high plains were formed: plateaus, plateaus, mountain basins and ridges. In the north and west of Africa, plates predominate, and in the eastern and southern parts, on the contrary, shields. Here the altitudes are above 1000 m. The continental East African faults stretch through the eastern part of the continent. Faults led to the formation of grabens, horsts, and highlands. It is here that volcanic eruptions and strong earthquakes constantly occur.

African climate

The climate of the continent is determined by its position in tropical and equatorial latitudes, as well as the flatness of the topography. From the equator to the south and north, climate zones successively change from equatorial to subtropical. Tropical areas have the highest temperatures on the planet. In the mountains, temperatures drop below 0°C. It is paradoxical that on the hottest continent snow falls annually in the Atlas. And there are even glaciers on the top of Mount Kilimanjaro. The atmospheric circulation is also special in Africa - the amount of precipitation decreases from the equator, and in the tropics its amount is the smallest. And in the subtropics there are more of them. You can notice a decreasing trend in precipitation from east to west.

African water resources

The deepest river is the Congo River. TO large rivers belong to the Zambezi, Niger, Limpopo and Orange. Large lakes are Rudolf, Tanganyika and Nyasa.

Natural areas and riches of Africa

Africa has such natural areas– zone of equatorial forests, zone of variable-humid forests, zone of savannas and woodlands, zone of deserts and semi-deserts, evergreen forests and shrubs. Africa is considered the storehouse of the world. Here are the richest deposits of gold, diamonds, uranium, copper, and rare metals. Deposits of gas, oil, aluminum ores and phosphorites are common in western and northern Africa.

Brief message about the peoples of Africa

The northern part is inhabited by Arabs, Berbers, who belong to the Indo-Mediterranean race. To the south of the Sahara live the peoples of the Negrillian, Negro and Bushman races. Peoples of the Ethiopian race live in Northeast Africa. On southern territories Africa is home to South Asian and Negroid races.

• By the way, the largest mammals on land also live here.
• The name Africa comes from the name of the tribe that once lived in the north and was called the Afrigs.
• The continent accounts for half of the world's diamonds and gold.
• Lake Malawi contains the most species of fish on the planet.
• This is where the most long river in the world - Nile.
• Interestingly, the island of Chad has shrunk by 95% over the past 38 years.

We hope that brief information about Africa helped you. You can leave your story about Africa using the comment form.

It was in Africa that the remains of the oldest species were found human race, which suggests that the African continent is home to the first people and civilizations. For this reason, Africa is sometimes called the cradle of humanity.

The earliest history of the continent is associated with the Nile Valley, where the famous civilization of the ancient Egyptians developed. The Egyptians had well-planned cities and a developed culture, in addition, they also invented a writing system - hieroglyphs, through which they recorded their daily life. All this happened around 3000 BC.

For most of the time, the peoples of Africa were represented by kingdoms united by tribes. Each tribe spoke its own language. Even today, a similar social structure persists.

Middle Ages

After the death of the Prophet Muhammad, Islamic warriors repeatedly raided different areas of the continent, capturing most of North Africa by 711 AD. Then followed a series of internal strife over the question of the prophet's successor. These differences led to constant battles for power, and at different times different regions of Africa were led by different leaders. By the 11th century, Islam had spread to the southern part of the continent, as a result of which one third of the total population of Africa became Muslim.

Contact with Europe

Throughout the 19th century, various African kingdoms began to establish contact with Europe. It was during this period that there was a significant increase in the rate of colonization of Africa, and slaves from various regions were sent to work in the colonies and plantations, particularly in America. For the most part, Europeans controlled only the coastal regions of Africa, while in the interior regions of the continent control remained with local rulers and Islamists.

The peoples of Africa took part in both world wars. After World War II, European power weakened and African colonies began to demand freedom. A strong catalyst in this issue served as India's successful struggle for its independence. But even after many states achieved freedom, more severe trials awaited them ahead, in the form of mass famine, civil wars, epidemics, and political instability. Even today many African countries experience the same difficulties.

Ifriqiya is the Arabic name for the Roman province of Africa (roughly corresponding to present-day Tunisia without the Sahara). The capital of Ifriqiya was Kairouan. The name of this small territory became the name of an entire continent (in Arabic, modern Africa is Ifriqiya). There is a version that the Roman “Africa” is also. And the Arabic “Ifriqiya” goes back to the name of the aboriginal Berber tribe Ifren (Ifran), who lived in the Atlas.

Or: The name "Africa" ​​probably comes from the Latin "afrigus", which means frost-free, not knowing the cold, which was the name the Romans gave to a small tribe and its habitat south of Tunisia.

Africa is the only continent that lies almost evenly in the northern and southern hemispheres. Cape Ras Engela is the northernmost point of continental Africa (37 0 21 /). It is often confused with Cape El Abyad (Cap Blanc), located 10 km to the east and less protruding to the north. (Ras – cape, protruding part).

The southernmost one is Cape Agulhas – 34 0 52 // S. Africa stretches from north to south for almost 8,000 km, lies between the tropics, and partly in the subtropics. Due to this geographical location, the sun stands high above the horizon all year round. As a result, Africa experiences more or less uniform lengths of day and night throughout the year and high temperatures throughout most of the continent.

From west to east in its widest part, Africa has a length of about 7400 km, its western point - Cape Almadi - 17 0 32 // W, and its eastern point - Cape Ras Hafun - 51 0 23 // E. in the south the continent narrows greatly.

Africa is second only to Asia in size and occupies 29.2 million km2, and with the adjacent islands about 30 million km2.

Africa is washed by the Indian Ocean in the east, the Atlantic in the west, in the north Africa is separated from Eurasia by the Mediterranean Sea, and in the northwest by the Strait of Gibraltar, which is 14 km wide. Africa is separated from Asia by the Gulf of Aden, the Red Sea, and the Bab el-Mandeb Strait. Only at the site of the Isthmus of Suez is the mother connected to Arabia. This isthmus was cut by a canal in 1869. However, the history of its development Africa is closely connected with Arabia and Southern Europe.

Coastline.

The coastline is poorly developed, the mainland has a fairly simple outline. Africa has one large Gulf of Guinea, which in turn, jutting into land, forms the Gulf of Benin and Biafra. The coastline is slightly dissected by such bays as Delagoa, Sidra, Gabes, and Tunisian.

The only major peninsula is the massive Somali Peninsula, connected to the mainland by a wide base.

The absence of bays protruding deep into the mainland and peninsulas protruding into the open sea determines the massiveness of Africa and the remoteness of its central parts from the coasts - 20% of the territory is 1000 km away from the coastline.

Africa includes a number of islands, the total area of ​​which is about 2% of the continent's area. With the exception of the island of Madagascar, which has an area of ​​about 590 km 2, all the islands are small, significantly removed from the mainland, only some have a common origin - Mafia, Zanzibar, Pemba, Socotra, and the islands of the Gulf of Guinea. The islands of Madagascar, Comoros, Mascarene, and Seychelles are part of the land that once connected Africa with other continents. The most distant islands from the mainland - the islands of Tristan da Cunha, Saint Helena, Ascension, Cape Verde, Canaries, Madeira - are mainly of volcanic origin.

The coasts of Africa are predominantly abrasive and steep. Especially where the mountains come close to the coast along the Atlas Mountains, where the Cape Mountains rise. Low accumulative shores stretch where the coastal lowlands reach their greatest width - the Nile Delta, on the coast of the Côte de Voire, in places on the coast of the Gulf of Guinea, the Mozambican lowland, on the Somali Peninsula, on the coast Indian Ocean.

Along the coast of the Red Sea and in the Indian Ocean, coral structures develop in warm tropical waters, sometimes rising in the form of coral reefs. The eastern shores of Africa, washed by the warm Mozambique Current, are framed by mangrove vegetation, which prevents ships from entering river mouths, where they form particularly dense thickets.

In the Mediterranean Sea, in addition to abrasive shores, there are bays, along the coasts of Gabes and Sidra - low-lying flat shores. The mountainous coast of the Red Sea belongs to the shores of the sherma type (shores characterized by the presence of short bays, angular outlines, separated from one another by straight sections). Lagoonal shores are characteristic of the Gulf of Guinea and the Bight of Biafra.

3. History of the formation of the territory of Africa.

The continent of Africa, with the exception of the Atlas Mountains in the northwest and the Cape Mountains in the extreme south, as well as the island of Madagascar and the Arabian Peninsula adjacent to Africa in the northeast form the African (African-Arabian) platform. Individual cores of this platform arose at the end of the Archean era (about 2 billion years), such cores are known in the Sahara, in the southern part of the continent.

Archean structures are also exposed in the eastern half of Madagascar. In the Sahara and along the northern coast of the Gulf of Guinea, the ancient Archean basement was broken into blocks.

At the beginning of the Proterozoic, the main contours of the African Platform, except for its marginal parts, had already emerged. However, soon a new geosynclinal belt arose within the newly formed platform, extending through Zaire, Uganda, Tanzania, i.e. almost through the middle of the continent. This (Karagwe-Ankoli) geosyncline was filled mainly with sandy-clayey sediments, later transformed into quartzites, partly limestones. Its development ended 1.4 million years ago with folding, metamorphism and the intrusion of granites.

In the Late Proterozoic, parallel to this geosynclinal belt, another one, the Katanga, developed, covering part of the territories of Zambia and Angola, closing at Kinshasa.

Geosynclinal formations of the Late Proterozoic (Baikal folding), which experienced folding and metamorphism, turn out to be widely developed along almost the entire periphery of the most ancient, post-Archean part of the African Platform. They are established in the Anti-Atlas Mountains, distributed on both sides of the Red Sea graben, appearing within the so-called Mozambican belt, forming a continuous strip along the western coast.

At this time, sediments accumulated in the already formed Taoudenny syneclises in the western Sahara and Sudan, the Kalahari depressions, and along the entire northern and eastern periphery of the Congo depression.

Caledonian folding. At this time, almost the entire platform, with the exception of the extreme northern and southern extremities, as well as the Archean massifs - Ahaggar and others, remained elevated and retained the continental regime. The seas covered northwestern Africa and the western half of the Sahara. At this time, the Atlas Gesyncline was actively developing.

Hercynian folding. At this time, the sea left the platform depressions. Folding and intrusion of granites occurred in the Atlas geosyncline. The Congo, Kalahari, and Karoo depressions took final shape. These depressions were filled with “karroo” deposits - glacial below, coal-bearing above, and even higher - desert red deposits and massive basalt outpourings.

In the Permian, the Mozambique Trough formed, separating the island of Madagascar from the mainland. The formation of a depression in the western Indian Ocean began. By the end of the Triassic, folding and uplift affected the Cape zone in the extreme south of the continent, where the Cape Mountains formed.

Mesozoic. Its beginning is characterized by the dominance of the continental regime and the gradual leveling of the relief. But from the beginning of the Jurassic, starting from the region of the Atlas Mountains, the territory was covered by transgression, the maximum of which occurred in the Late Cretaceous. At this time, the sea covers the northern part of the continent, penetrates deep into the Sahara and connects the Mediterranean basin with the Gulf of Guinea basin through the Benue depression in Nigeria. For a short time, the sea also intrudes into the Congo Trench. Large faults and subsidence marked the beginning of the formation of the depression Atlantic Ocean and designed the configuration of the western part of the continent.

Cenozoic. Starting from the end of the Paleogene (Oligocene), Africa entered a phase of general uplift, especially vigorous in the east, where it began earlier (at the end of the Cretaceous) and was associated with the subsidence of the Mozambique Strait and the western part of the Arabian Sea. The largest fault zone has finally taken shape, dividing into several branches with grabens located along them. The Red Sea, the Gulf of Aden and the largest lakes in Africa - Tanganyika, Nyasa, etc. are confined to these grabens. Movements along the faults were accompanied by intense volcanic activity - first of the fissure type (plateau-basalts of the Abyssinian Highlands), and then in the Neogene - central, with the formation of powerful volcanic cones - Kilimanjaro, Kenya, Meru, etc.

Young (Neogene-Quaternary) volcanism also manifested itself in the western half of the continent, in the strip following from the Gulf of Gabes through the Ahaggar massif to Cameroon and further to Angola. Young volcanoes are also known on the coast West Africa(Sinegal). Another strip of volcanoes follows from the volcanic islands of the Gulf of Guinea to the Tibesti volcanic massif.

During the Pliocene-Quaternary era, the Atlas was uplifted as a whole and split to form a graben system. At the same time, volcanic activity began, both effusive and intrusive. As a result, the volcanic Comoros and Mascarene Islands arose.

Among the geological events experienced by Africa, it is worth noting the glaciations that repeatedly affected the southern part of the continent, as evidenced by tillites - ancient glacial boulder clays. The question of the number of glaciations is controversial. In southern Africa, clear traces of continental glaciation that took place in the Proterozoic have been found. In the Lower Devonian, South Africa underwent secondary glaciation. The nature of the sediments from this time indicates the presence of a thick ice sheet. The third glaciation took place in the Carboniferous. This glaciation covered vast areas of Gondwana and spread throughout South Africa. In Quaternary times, glaciation in Africa apparently did not spread to any significant extent.

At the end of the Pleistocene, natural zoning acquired characteristic features on the African continent.

4.Minerals of Africa

The abundance and diversity of Africa's mineral resources is due to the peculiarities of the geological history and tectonics of the continent, due to which ancient rocks containing valuable minerals were exposed or lying close to earth's surface. The abundance of minerals is explained by active volcanic activity, accompanied by the release of lavas and the formation of mineral-rich metamorphic rocks.

Africa occupies an outstanding position in the production of diamonds, cobalt, gold, manganese ores, chromites, lithium, antimony, and platinum. Africa occupies far from the last place in the production of tin, zinc, lead, beryllium, iron ores, and graphite.

The largest gold deposits are concentrated in South Africa in the Transvaal, which are confined to Late Archean formations. Gold deposits are also known in the Congo Basin, in a number of countries on the Guinea coast, in Kenya, and on the island of Madagascar.

Africa produces more than half of the world's total diamond production. The largest diamond deposits are located in South Africa - in the vicinity of Kimberley. Here, diamond-bearing rock - blue rock - kimberlite, a type of volcanic breccia, fills channels - “explosion tubes”, penetrating the thickness of sandstones, clayey and quartzite shales included in the Karoo formation. But in addition to these primary deposits, diamonds in southern Africa are also found in placers - clay, sand and pebble deposits of river valleys. In addition to southern Africa, diamond deposits are found in equatorial Africa and the countries of Guinea.

Copper ores are confined to the Riphean deposits of Katanga, where the so-called “ore series” occurs, containing the richest deposits of copper and copper-cobalt ores in southern Katanga and the northern part of Zambia. The origin of these ores has not yet been fully elucidated: some scientists consider them sedimentary, others hydrothermal. Vein deposits of uranium and cobalt are also associated with the intrusion of granites into the Riphean in this area.

In the second half of the Paleozoic, folding and intrusion of granites occurred in the Atlas geosyncline, which created vein deposits of lead, zinc, and iron ores. Tin and tungsten deposits are associated with the development of the Karagwe-Ankoli geosyncline and are located mainly in Nigeria and the upper reaches of the Congo.

There are significant reserves of manganese and chromite ores. Manganese deposits are found in Morocco, South Africa, Equatorial and West Africa; chromite deposits - South Africa. The richest deposits of iron ore are located in the Atlas Mountains, in the countries of South Africa and Upper Guinea.

Of the energy deposits in Africa, there are coal reserves. The largest of them are in South Africa, Atlas, and Nigeria.

Deposits have been explored in the south of Algeria and the west of Libya, where oil and gas are confined to Paleozoic sandstones. Within the peripheral basins filled with chalk deposits, large oil fields were also discovered, especially in Libya, Nigeria, Gabon, and Angola.

Among non-metallic minerals, phosphorites should be noted, the extraction of which is of global importance. Their deposits are confined to shelf deposits of the Upper Cretaceous - Lower Eocene of northwestern Africa, especially Morocco and Tunisia.

In the newest and modern era In the tropical zone of Africa, especially along the northern coast of the Gulf of Guinea, as a result of intense chemical weathering, rich deposits of aluminum ores - bauxite - arose.

Graphite is mined on the island. Madagascar.

The history of Africa is a history of mysteries.

Modern African states appeared on the political map mainly after 1959, many of them were colonies of England, France, and Portugal. The colonial period left a strong imprint on African historical scholarship. The colonialists considered themselves the carriers of civilization to the “savage” African countries. Many ancient historical monuments were destroyed. Therefore, modern African historical scholarship begins from scratch (with the exception of Egypt and Ethiopia). Was it really true that before the advent of the British, Portuguese and French, there were only wild tribes in Africa? (by the way, Western scientists are constantly trying to convince Russians that history ancient Rus' began with the advent of the Varangians (Normans, Anglo-Saxons from Scandinavia, and before their appearance the Russians did not have any civilization or state).

Whether this was so, I will briefly explain in this article. I'll start with some unclear facts.

Iron metallurgy appeared in Africa much earlier than in Europe. In Africa, iron was smelted back in the 1st millennium BC. The ancient states of the East brought iron from Africa and this iron was of much higher quality than in the countries of the Ancient East (Egypt, Palestine, Babylonia and India). Even the Roman Empire brought iron and gold from West Africa (these countries were called the Gold Coast countries). And the ancient Egyptians called the countries of Africa the country of Ophir, from where many rare goods were brought.

There were many ancient states in Africa that are very poorly studied due to the activities of the colonial countries.

And now I will tell you my point of view on the ancient history of Africa (which will fundamentally not coincide with official historical science).

17 million years ago the continent of Africa did not yet exist; in place of Africa there were small islands (especially in its eastern part). The largest continent on Earth was Lemuria and it was inhabited by the first people (they can be called Lemurians or Asuras) and they had a very developed civilization.

4 million years ago - at that time the continent of Lemuria began to sink to the bottom of the Indian Ocean, and the continent of Africa (its eastern part) began to rise above the waters of the World Ocean. Some of the asuras from Lemuria began to move from Lemuria to East Africa. They later became Pygmies, Bushmen, Hottentots, Hadza, Sandawe.

1 million years ago - only one island remained from the mainland of Lemuria - Magadascar. The African continent rose even more strongly above sea level.

Approximately 800 thousand years ago, the continent of Lemuria completely disappeared at the bottom of the Indian Ocean, and the large continent of Atlantis and the Atlantean civilization appeared in the Atlantic. It is unknown who was the first to use Africa's natural resources (iron, non-ferrous metals, gold and silver). These could be the descendants of the Asuras, but they could also be Atlanteans. Their civilization also required a lot of iron, non-ferrous metals and gold. After all, it was the Atlantean civilization that began to lead all of humanity onto the wrong path of development (the path of enrichment, the path of conquest). It was the Atlanteans who invented a new status for subordinate people - slavery. It was at this time that man began to worship a new fetish (god) - money, luxury, gold.

Around 79 thousand years BC. The mainland of Atlantis suffered the fate of ancient Lemuria - the mainland went under the waters of the Atlantic, leaving only the island of Poseidonis, where the late Atlanteans lived. Some of the Atlanteans also began to move to Africa. The continent of Africa has mainly acquired modern look, but the Sahara territory was still under water.

Around 9500 BC, the island of Poseidonis completely disappeared into the Atlantic. Some of the descendants of the Atlanteans settled in northern Africa (tribes of the Oran and Sebilka archaeological culture). The rest of the territory was inhabited by tribes of pygmies and Khoisans (these are descendants of degraded asuras). It is likely that during these times the civilization of African metallurgists in South Africa (the territory of Zambia and Zimbabwe) continued to exist, because iron and gold were required by the new civilizations of the Ancient East (Egypt and Palestine, the State of Jericho).

By about 9000 BC, Africa was the same as it is now, only the Sahara was not a desert, humid subtropics, and the descendants of the Atlanteans (tribes of the Oran and Sebilian culture) lived there. To the south of the Sahara (at the junction of the northern tribes and the southern tribes of the Pygmies and Khoisans), Negroid peoples begin to take shape.

Around 5700, the Earth collapses in northern Africa a new group peoples - the Saharan peoples (these are tribes of the Capsian archaeological culture). Perhaps at this time the metallurgy of iron and other metals continued to exist in southern Africa. After all, new states in the Middle East continued to develop. It is also possible that on the basis of African metallurgy, the Asuras (not those who degraded, but those who continued to develop in the direction of conquering space - they lived in Tibet, the mainland of Mu) and Atlanteans (who also strove into space) built the first spaceships.

By the end of 4 thousand BC, the Sahara is becoming an increasingly arid region, the Sahrawi peoples are increasingly moving south of the Sahara, their place is taken by Libyan tribes (future Berbers). Due to the pressure of the Sakha people, the Negroid peoples also begin to move south and begin to push back the pygmies of the center of Africa. I think that during this period the metallurgy of southern Africa developed for the late Asuras and late Atlanteans (for space exploration), as well as for the rapidly growing states of the Ancient East (Egypt, the Middle East, Sumer, Northern India). At this time, small states began to appear in Europe (Crete, Greece).

By 1100 BC, a new group of peoples had formed in Africa - the Bantu. They first lived in the territory of modern Cameroon and Nigeria, from this territory they began an active movement to southern Africa, displacing and destroying the Pygmies and Khoisans. At the same time, a new people appeared on the northern coast of Africa - the Garamantes (these were former inhabitants of Ancient Greece, displaced from there by the Dorian Greeks). In my opinion, at this time, iron metallurgy in southern Africa began to develop weaker, since the asuras had already been able to conquer space by this time and no longer needed the products of African metallurgists; the Atlanteans may also have begun to take less iron and non-ferrous metals, since in the countries of the Ancient Iron metallurgy was mastered in the East.

By the beginning of our era, the Bantu peoples had already reached the territory of Zambia, where metallurgy by this time had fallen into decay, the civilization of metallurgists had almost disappeared, and the Bantu did not master this craft. At the same time, many new deposits of iron, non-ferrous metals and gold were discovered in East Africa, and metallurgy began to develop there. Perhaps this development occurred due to the appearance of the Garamantes there (after all, they were well-versed in the skills of metallurgists). It was from this time that Roman merchants (via the Sahara) began to visit West Africa and buy iron, non-ferrous metals and gold there.

The question of the emergence of the earliest states in Africa (not counting Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia and the coast Mediterranean Sea) is the most obscure in the study of African history. There could be no developed microthallurgy without civilization (without a state). But it is also possible that the metallurgists of southern Africa existed as part of the civilization of the later Asuras and Atlanteans. And after the services of metallurgists became unnecessary for the Asuras and Atlanteans (they had already become space civilizations), the metallurgy of southern Africa ceased to exist, although there existed the state of Mopomotale at the end of the 17th century, which disappeared at the end of the 17th century due to the appearance of new tribes there, those who do not know metallurgy (it was the Ravi tribes that destroyed this state).

According to modern historical science The first state (sub-Saharan) appeared on the territory of Mali in the 3rd century - it was the state of Ghana. Ancient Ghana traded gold and metals even with the Roman Empire and Byzantium. Perhaps this state arose much earlier, but during the existence of the colonial authorities of England and France there, all information about Ghana disappeared (the colonialists did not want to admit that Ghana was much older than England and France). Under the influence of Ghana, other states later appeared in West Africa - Mali, Songhai, Kanem, Tekrur, Hausa, Ife, Kano and other West African states.

Another hotbed of the emergence of states in Africa is the area around Lake Victoria (the territory of modern Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi). The first state appeared there around the 11th century - it was the state of Kitara. In my opinion, the state of Kitara was created by settlers from the territory of modern Sudan - Nilotic tribes, who were forced out of their territory by Arab settlers. Later other states appeared there - Buganda, Rwanda, Ankole.

Around the same time (according to scientific history) - in the 11th century, the state of Mopomotale appeared in southern Africa, which would disappear at the end of the 17th century (it would be destroyed by wild tribes). I believe that Mopomotale began to exist much earlier, and the inhabitants of this state are the descendants of the most ancient metallurgists in the world, who had connections with the Asuras and Atlanteans.

Around the middle of the 12th century, the first state appeared in the center of Africa - Ndongo (this is a territory in the north of modern Angola). Later, other states appeared in the center of Africa - Congo, Matamba, Mwata and Baluba. Since the 15th century, the colonial states of Europe - Portugal, the Netherlands, Belgium, England, France and Germany - began to intervene in the development of statehood in Africa. If at first they were interested in gold, silver and precious stones, then later slaves became the main product (and these were dealt with by countries that officially rejected the existence of slavery). Slaves were transported by the thousands to America's plantations. Only much later, at the end of the 19th century, did colonialists begin to be attracted to natural resources in Africa. And it was for this reason that vast colonial territories appeared in Africa. Colonies in Africa interrupted the development of the peoples of Africa and distorted its entire history. Until now, significant archaeological research has not been carried out in Africa (African countries themselves are poor, and England and France do not need the true history of Africa, just like in Russia, Russia also has good research on ancient history Rus' is not being carried out, money is spent on buying castles and yachts in Europe, total corruption deprives science of real research).

The ancient history of Africa (and Russia) still conceals many mysteries.

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