OGE Society reference materials. Theoretical material for preparing for the OGE in social studies on the topic “man and society.” Sphere of politics and social management

• Human and society

  Interaction between society and nature. Spheres public life. Personality. Human activity. Interpersonal relationships.

• Sphere of spiritual culture

  Science in the life of society. Education and its importance. Religion and freedom of conscience. Morality. Humanism. Patriotism.

• Economy

  The role of economics in the life of society. Goods and services. Resources and needs. Economic systems. Production and labor productivity. Exchange and trade. Market mechanism. Entrepreneurship. Money. Income. Taxes (this part of the program solves one of the main problems among schoolchildren - the inability to solve economic problems).

• Social sphere

  Social structure of society. Family. Social values ​​and norms. Social conflict. Interethnic relations.

• Sphere of politics and social management

  Power. Forms of the state. Political regime. Citizen participation in political life. Elections, referendum. Political parties and movements. Civil society and the rule of law.

• Right

  Rules of law. Offenses. Legal liability. Constitutional system of the Russian Federation. Federal structure of the Russian Federation. State authorities of the Russian Federation. Law enforcement. Protection of human rights and freedoms. Civil relations. Family legal relations. Labor relations. Administrative legal relations. Criminal law (in this section, schoolchildren have a lot of confusion about concepts - we provide information in a convenient diagrammatic form).

• Work with text

The reference book, addressed to graduates of the 9th grade of general education organizations, presents the material of the “Social Studies” course in the volume tested at the main state exam.
The structure of the book corresponds to the modern codifier of content elements on the subject, on the basis of which tests are compiled measuring materials OGE.
The content of the course is grouped into six module blocks: “Man and Society”, “Sphere of Spiritual Culture”, “Economics”, “ Social sphere", "The sphere of politics and social management", "Right".
Completeness, compactness, clarity and clarity of presentation ensure maximum efficiency in preparing for the exam.
Sample assignments different types and all levels of complexity (basic, advanced and high), answers to them and an indication of the approximate time for their completion will help to objectively assess the level of knowledge and skills.

Examples.
What is common to both humans and animals?
1) transformation of the world
2) accumulation of knowledge
3) need for rest
4) desire for beauty

Pavel is in second grade secondary school. IN free time he loves to play Board games. Compare the two forms of activity mentioned in the task conditions - learning and playing. Select and write down the serial numbers of the similarity traits in the first column of the table, and the serial numbers of the differences in the second column.
1) promotes personal development
2) imitates real actions
3) equips with system knowledge and skills
4) helps to understand the world around us

Content
Preface 6
BLOCK MODULE 1. PERSON AND SOCIETY
Topic 1.1. Society as a form of human life 12
Topic 1.2. Interaction between society and nature 14
Topic 1.3. Main spheres of public life, their relationship 16
Topic 1.4. Biological and social in man 17
Topic 1.5. Personality. Peculiarities of adolescence 19
Topic 1.6. Human activity, its main forms (work, play, learning) 23
Topic 1.7. A person and his immediate environment. Interpersonal relationships. Communication 30
Topic 1.8. Interpersonal conflicts, their constructive resolution 40
BLOCK MODULE 2. SPHERE OF SPIRITUAL CULTURE
Topic 2.1. The sphere of spiritual culture and its features 43
Topic 2.2. Science in life modern society 44
Topic 2.3. Education and its importance in the information society. Opportunities for obtaining general and vocational education V Russian Federation 48
Topic 2.4. Religion, religious organizations and associations, their role in the life of modern society. Freedom of conscience 52
Topic 2.5. Morale 58
Topic 2.6. Humanism. Patriotism, citizenship 61
BLOCK MODULE 3. ECONOMY
Topic 3.1. Economics, its role in the life of society 65
Topic 3.2. Goods and services, resources and needs, limited resources 68
Topic 3.3. Economic systems and property 72
Topic 3.4. Production, labor productivity. Division of labor and specialization 78
Topic 3.5. Exchange, trade 83
Topic 3.6. Market and market mechanism 85
Topic 3.7. Entrepreneurship. Small business and farming 92
Topic 3.8. Money 103
Topic 3.9. Wages and labor incentives 107
Topic 3.10. Income inequality and economic safety net measures 111
Topic 3.11. Taxes paid by citizens 115
Topic 3.12. Economic goals and functions of the state 119
BLOCK MODULE 4. SOCIAL SPHERE
Topic 4.1. Social structure of society 122
Topic 4.2. Family like small group. Relations between generations 124
Topic 4.3. Diversity of social roles in adolescence 127
Topic 4.4. Social values ​​and norms 130
Topic 4.5. Deviant behavior. The danger of drug addiction and alcoholism for individuals and society. Social significance healthy image life 134
Topic 4.6. Social conflict and ways to resolve it. 138
Topic 4.7. Interethnic relations 142
BLOCK MODULE 5. THE SPHERE OF POLITICS AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT
Topic 5.1. Power. The role of politics in the life of society 146
Topic 5.2. Concept and characteristics of the state 148
Topic 5.3. Separation of powers 151
Topic 5.4. Forms of State 153
Topic 5.5. Political regime. Democracy 157
Topic 5.6. Local government 162
Topic 5.7. Citizen participation in political life 167
Topic 5.8. Elections, referendum 169
Topic 5.9. Political parties and movements, their role in public life 173
Topic 5.10. Civil society and the rule of law 178
BLOCK MODULE 6. LAW
Topic 6.1. Law, its role in the life of society and the state 187
Topic 6.2. Rule of law. Regulatory legal act 188
Topic 6.3. The concept of legal relations 192
Topic 6.4. Signs and types of offenses. Concept and types of legal liability 195
Topic 6.5. Constitution of the Russian Federation. Fundamentals of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation 200
Topic 6.6. Federal structure of Russia 206
Topic 6.7. State authorities of the Russian Federation 209
Topic 6.8. Law enforcement agencies. Judicial system. Relationships between government bodies and citizens 219
Topic 6.9. The concept of rights, freedoms and responsibilities. Rights and freedoms of man and citizen in Russia, their guarantees. Constitutional duties of citizens 223
Topic 6.10. Children's rights and their protection. Features of the legal status of minors 227
Topic 6.11. Mechanism for the implementation and protection of human and civil rights and freedoms 230
Topic 6.12. International legal protection of victims armed conflicts 233
Topic 6.13. Civil relations. Ownership. Consumer rights 236
Topic 6.14. Family legal relations. Rights and responsibilities of parents and children 245
Topic 6.15. The right to work and labor relations. Employment of minors 254
Topic 6.16. Administrative legal relations, offenses and punishments 259
Topic 6.17. Basic concepts and institutions of criminal law. Criminal liability of minors 263
Training option exam paper in social studies 271
Replies 282
Literature 285.

Free download e-book in a convenient format, watch and read:
Download the book Social Studies, Complete reference book for preparing for the Unified State Exam, grade 9, Baranov P.A., 2016 - fileskachat.com, fast and free download.

• Social studies, Large collection of thematic assignments for preparing for the main state exam, Baranov P.A., 2018

Topic No. 1

Society and man

Plan

1. Society (broad and narrow understanding).

2.Structure of society

3. Spheres of social life.

4.Stages of development of society.

5. Development of society.

7. Globalization.

1.Society.

Society - it is a community of people that has historically developed within a certain territory and reproduces itself, having its own system of governance. A part of the world isolated from nature, but closely connected with it (in the broad sense).

The emergence of man and the emergence of society - it is a single process. No man - no society. If there is no society, there is no person.

Society (broad and narrow understanding)

2.Structure of society

Any society always has social structure, which refers to the entire set of classes, strata, social groups, etc.

The structure of society is complex. It includes large and small social groups of people.

Social group -a really existing community in which people are gathered together, united by joint activities or are in similar living conditions and therefore are aware of their belonging to this community.

Classification of social groups

Groups are divided into large and small.

Large groups

Large groups are divided into:

1. Unorganized, spontaneously arisen

The first includes spontaneously arising, short-term existing communities:

Examples: crowd, public, audience.

2.About organized, long-lasting

Examples: classes and social strata, various ethnic (nationalities, nations), professional and age and gender groups.

Small groups

M the scarlet group is calleda small group (from 2 to 20 people), whose members are united by common social activities. This is a group in which social relations take the form of direct personal contacts.

Small groups are divided into:

1.Primary formal groups:family, educational, work, etc.

2.Informal groups(friends company)

Public relations- these are the relationships and interdependence that people enter into in the process of activity.

Social relations are a characteristic feature of society. As society develops, social relations change.

Civilization – the integrity of the material and spiritual life of people in certain spatio-temporal traditions.

3. Main spheres of social life

All four spheres interact with each other.

Social norms are aimed at preserving the integrity of society and regulating relations between people.

Social norms- rules of behavior that were developed in accordance with the needs of society.

These standards may take the form:

• Permissions, i.e. permission to behave in a certain way.
• Prescriptions, i.e. instructions for required actions.
• Prohibition, i.e. instructions on actions that should not be performed

Social norms show what behavior society approves of and what it does not approve of. TO The most significant norms include moral and legal norms.Violation of any social norms condemned in society.

4.Stages of development of society.

5. Development of society.

Driving forces of the historical process

Society as a dynamic system

1.Society as a whole is changing and developing

2. Its elements change and develop

3.Elements of society are interconnected and influence each other

4. Some elements cease to exist, others appear

Two directions of development of society

• Progress

Movement of society: in an ascending line, from lower to higher; from less perfect to more perfect;

Towards greater sustainability of the vitality of society.

• Regression

The movement of society in a descending line from higher to lower;

from best to worst; to instability.

Basic forms of development of society

• Evolution. Gradual and smooth changes in social life occur naturally
• Revolution. Relatively rapid changes, a radical revolution in the life of society.
• Reform. A set of activities aimed at transformation and change in society.

6.Science and society. Scientific and technological revolution and its consequences.

Science and society

Science is a sphere human activity, the function of which is the development and systematization of true, objective knowledge about reality, which has its own subject and its own methodology of study.

Scientific and technological revolution and its social consequences

• Scientific and technological revolution (STR) is a revolution in science.
• Scientific and technical progress (NTP) is the interaction of technology and science in a single process of improving production.

Human labor and production activity is inseparable from technology. Moreover, as is easy to see, technology develops and improves over time.

Examples of technological progress

• A leap in the development of technology in the Neolithic era - the appearance of tools made of artificial materials (ceramics made from natural clay fired in fire);
• The transition from manual labor to machine labor during the industrial revolution;
• The emergence of control machines.

Technical innovations not only influenced the production process, but also changed the appearance of the working man himself, his relationships with other workers and consumers of the product produced.

• The emergence of certain technical innovations was often associated with the development of knowledge and the progress of science.
• However, only in the middle of the 20th century. technical innovations were a direct result of the development of scientific knowledge.
• It is associated with human penetration into the world of microparticles and entry into outer space, the emergence of a variety of artificial materials (including those with predetermined properties), and the widespread introduction of control machines into production processes.

Social consequences of scientific and technological revolution

• Positive achievements

Increasing role of scientific knowledge; development of education, turning it into a necessary and indispensable condition for full human existence; mastering by a person high speeds, relatively safe opportunities to work in hard-to-reach or harmful conditions; the use of new types of energy, artificial materials, which open up new possibilities for using natural resources, and so on.

• Negative consequences

It is enough to remember environmental problems.

Man is becoming more and more dependent on technology; man-made disasters (failures and disruptions in human technical and technological activities that cause irreversible processes in the biosphere) cause significant damage not only to nature - people also suffer from them.

Manufacturing is becoming more complex and placing ever more stringent demands on workers. The rapid updating of knowledge requires mobility from the employee, and the one who loses in this race for new knowledge and scientific and technical ideas turns out to be “superfluous.” Not all countries can bear the burden of implementation costs modern technologies and the development of science, which is becoming increasingly expensive. Many previously unknown diseases, the cause of which is stress, claim millions of lives. You can continue this list yourself.

And yet he can't modern man abandon the benefits of civilization created thanks to the achievements of scientific and technological revolution.

7. Globalization.

Globalization (problems appear in the 20th century)

This is a process of strengthening integration ties between individual peoples and states

Positive

• Promotes economic development
• Provides greater tolerance (tolerance)
• Warns states against extreme actions

Negative

• Not always focused on the development of domestic production (formed single standard consumption)
• Rules favorable to developed countries are dictated
• Far from being the best ideals and values ​​are imposed to the detriment of national cultures (mass culture)
• Global problems emerge

Global problems

They threaten all of humanity. They are planetary in nature. They can only be resolved through the joint efforts of all peoples and states.

The following global problems can be identified

• The threat of a new world war.
• Environmental problems (pollution and destruction natural environment habitat for humanity, climate change, extinction various types animals and plants become shallow large rivers and etc.).
• Uneven economic development of countries.
• Increase in the number of man-made disasters.
• The threat of global terrorism.
• Population problem (threat of famine).
• Diseases.
• Depletion of natural resources (search for new energy sources).
• Crisis of spirituality.

Topic: Society and man.

Scientists believe that social life began simultaneously with the appearance of man on Earth. Even ancient people united into a tribal community, a tribe. The unification and interaction of ancient people helped the human race to survive in difficult times. natural conditions, defend against enemies, explore new territories. This is where the concepts of “community” and “society” come from.

The concept of society is used in a broad and narrow sense.

In a broad sense:

Society- it is a part of the material world that is isolated from nature, but closely connected with it, and includes ways of interaction between people and forms of their unification.

In a narrow sense:

Society - this is a collection of people according to some characteristics.

The concept society has many meanings:

Stage in human history

(primitive society, slave society, etc.)

(Union)

Circle of people united

common goals, interests

(sport Club)

Region, country, state

(Russia, European Society)

All of humanity

(global community)

Question for students.

Tell me, can a person develop outside of society?

No, only in society can a person satisfy his material and spiritual needs. And also in society, social relationships develop between people.

Social relations are the relationships that develop between members of different social groups.

Society not only arises with the appearance of man, but also develops with him, which means societyit is a dynamic system.

Characteristic features of society as a dynamic system .

Self-development, self-regulation, the ability to adapt and integrate, the dying off of old parts, the emergence of new ones.

Society has subsystems (parts of the system)

Spheres of public life

Political

State and public authorities

(president, government, parties, army, police, tax and customs services)

Spiritual

(morality, culture, science, education, art and religion)

Economic

(goods, services, enterprises (firms), production process.

Social

Interaction of various social groups, segments of the population, personality.

All societies can be divided into 3 historical types:

Pre-industrial (traditional or agricultural) -people are busy in agriculture, manual labor predominates, primitive tools, communal way of life, low social mobility, cultural backwardness.

Industrial – people are engaged in industrial production, the development of private property, machine labor predominates, the growth of cities and urban populations, collective values, average social mobility, social life and cultural development.

Post-industrial – people are mainly employed in the service and information sector, information technology, computerization and automation of labor, the value of the individual, human rights and freedoms, high social mobility, and the influence of the media predominate.

(social mobility -change in the position of a person or group in society)

Interaction between society and nature

It is important to realize that society and nature are interconnected and influence each other.

Nature- this is the natural habitat of man.

Differences between society and nature

Creates culture

Develops under the influence of human activity.

The difference between nature and society

Capable of developing independently of humans

Has its own laws that do not depend on the will and desires of man

Human.

Human -biosocial being, i.e. it intertwines the social and the biological.

Individual is a representative of the human race with unique natural traits. (one of the people; single)

Individuality – uniqueness, originality, wealth inner world, traits that are characteristic only of a certain person.

Personality - this is a person as a social being with his inherent traits and relationships, manifested in interactions with people.

Socialization is a process of personality development

Agents of socialization

Family

Education

Professions

Social environment

State

mass media

Self-education

Stages of socialization

Elementary

Middle (adolescence)

Final

The main differences between humans and animals

Thinking and articulate speech

Conscious, purposeful creative activity

Man is a creator of culture

The ability to make tools and use them.

Human activity.

Activity is human activity aimed at achieving a goal. As a result of his activity, he transforms both nature and society.

Activity structure

1. Subject of the activity (the one who carries out the activity)

2. The object of the activity (what it is aimed at) or (what your attention is directed to.

The object can be not only objects, but also people (the teacher teaches students).

When starting any activity, a person sets a goal.

Target -what we expect as a result of our activities.

In order to achieve the goal we need :

1 .Facilities

2 .Actions

3 .Result

Motive- what motivates us to action. (Vasya reads the newspaper (action) to find out sports news (motive).

Human activity is aimed at satisfying needs.

Three groups of needs (or classification of needs):

Biological (food, sleep, air, water, etc.. They are innate, bring us closer to animals)

Social (communication, self-realization, self-affirmation)

Spiritual (needs for knowledge of the surrounding world and the person himself)

This classification is not the only one. American psychologist A. Maslow .

Physiological (food, breathing, movement)

Existential (safety, comfort, confidence in the future)

(1.2 – innate needs)

Social (in communication, in caring for others, in understanding)

Prestigious (selfish) - in self-esteem, achieving success, recognition

Spiritual (self-actualization, self-expression)

(3-5 – purchased)

Main activities - Work, play, learning.

Activities - practical, spiritual (associated with changing people’s consciousness), destructive (wars, acts of vandalism, deforestation), labor, educational, creative, etc.

Creative activity -aimed at creating something new.

(helps us create - imagination, fantasy, intuition)

Labor activity – this is an activity that is aimed at obtaining a obviously useful result.

Play or leisure activities - focused not so much on the result, but on the process itself - entertainment, relaxation.

Studies - this is a type of activity whose purpose is the acquisition of knowledge, skills and abilities by a person.

Social and interpersonal relationships person. Communication.

Social relations - It is a relationship between a leader and a subordinate.

Forms social relations: one-sided (hidden, open conflicts), mutual (accessible and clear social reality).

Interpersonal relationships - relationship between friends.

Society is a collection of social groups.

Social group - a group of people identified according to socially significant characteristics.

Functions of a social group

Instrumental - to perform any work (department, dean, team of workers)

Expressive – to satisfy social needs for respect, approval or trust (Alcoholics Anonymous)

Supportive – to ease unpleasant feelings. (protection of the interests of social groups (trade unions, etc.))

Communication - a connection between people as a result of which they exchange information.

Types of communication : speech (verbal), using words and sounds

non-verbal (non-verbal), using facial expressions and gestures

Forms of communication:

Official (business)

Everyday (household)

Persuasive

Ritual (the process of following prescribed behavior)

Intercultural

In terms of content and semantic orientation:

Story

Message

Talk

Report

Compliments

Opinion exchange

Interpersonal conflicts

Interpersonal conflicts - it is a clash of different points of view.

Methods for resolving conflicts

1.Dialogue - communication between people.

2. Compromise agreement based on mutual concessions.

3. Consensus is a form of expressing agreement with the opponent’s arguments in a dispute.

The presentation "Final lesson on the topic "Social Sphere" is intended both for current control students’ knowledge and skills on this topic, and for targeted preparation for.

Target audience: for 11th grade

The presentation “Final lesson on the topic “Sphere of Spiritual Culture” is intended both for ongoing monitoring of students’ knowledge and skills on this topic, and for targeted preparation for the OGE in social studies.

The tasks of the first part of different levels are presented. The answers are presented in the presentation itself. The work can be used in different teaching situations.

The presentation “Final lesson on the topic “Man and Society” is intended both for ongoing monitoring of students’ knowledge and skills on this topic, and for targeted preparation for the OGE in social studies.

The tasks of the first part of different levels are presented. The answers are presented in the presentation itself. The work can be used in different teaching situations.

The presentation “Final lesson on the topic “The Sphere of Politics and Social Management” is intended both for ongoing monitoring of students’ knowledge and skills on this topic, and for targeted preparation for the Unified State Exam in Social Studies, grade 9.

The tasks of the first part of different levels are presented. The answers are presented in the presentation itself. The work can be used in different teaching situations.

Target audience: for teachers

The presentation “Final lesson on the topic “Economics”” is intended both for ongoing monitoring of students’ knowledge and skills on this topic, and for targeted preparation for the OGE in social studies, grade 9.

The tasks of the first part of different levels are presented. The answers are presented in the presentation itself. The work can be used in different teaching situations.

Target audience: for teachers

The abstract and presentation “Final lesson on the topic “Man and his rights” are intended both for ongoing monitoring of students’ knowledge and skills on this topic, and for targeted preparation for the State Examination in Social Studies. Part A, B, C tasks of different levels are presented. Answers are presented both in the abstract and in the presentation itself. The work is focused on the textbook by A.I. Kravchenko, but nevertheless is of a universal nature and can be used in different educational situations.

Target audience: for 9th grade

The goals and objectives of the presentation are to effectively prepare 9th grade students for the State Examination in Social Studies and consolidate the material.
How to work with a presentation?
The presentation reveals in detail one of the sections of the State Academy of Social Sciences - “The Sphere of Spiritual Culture”.
The presentation contains 23 slides. 22 slides are devoted to the topics of this section, the 23rd slide contains literature and Internet resources for the section.
1 slide - title slide - contains information about the author of the presentation
Slide 2 - contains a list of elements (topics) tested by State Examination tasks in this section
Slides 3 to 22 clearly and easily explain the basic terms and contain practical tasks for parts A and B from the book by P.A. Baranova " Complete guide to prepare for the State Examination. AST. Astrel. M. 2013.

Target audience: for 9th grade

The presentation "Law, Part 2" is intended to prepare 9th grade students for the State Examination in Social Studies. The presentation has methodological support (tasks, goals, main content, test tasks, sources). The presentation reveals the following nine questions of the “Law” codifier in a clear and accessible way for students. Test tasks from official demo options FIPI 2009-2012 The presentation contains extensive illustrative material.