The problem of man and society introduction. Essay-argument on the thematic area “kindness and cruelty”

The theme of the relationship between man and the community of people is one of the most relevant, both in classical Russian literature and in modern world. Society is a part of the world that lives, develops, has certain time frames, values ​​and traditions. And the unit of society is none other than man. He cannot choose an association of people specifically for himself: he becomes part of society from birth. It is he who subsequently shapes the personality, its interests and way of thinking. But is a person capable of turning the lives of the people around him around? Can it develop outside its structure? How does social pressure affect individuals? In this collection, we have collected arguments from the literature for the final essay in the direction of “Man and Society” that can help answer these questions.

1. In his epic novel War and Peace, L.N. Tolstoy reveals the duality of the nature of Russian high society at the beginning of the 19th century. On the one hand, the reader observes the life of the high society of St. Petersburg and sees the whole world, with its own laws and moral principles, oriented towards Europe. However, in all high relationships, Tolstoy emphasizes one striking detail - unnaturalness. Sugary, forced smiles, ladies in the most beautiful dresses, but cold and deathly pale, as if created from marble, and behind all this imaginary splendor is hidden emptiness and indifference. Discussing foreign news at high-society receptions quickly became boring for a thinking person, and he soon became disillusioned with the external splendor of pompous gentlemen. On the other hand, Tolstoy paints portraits of such noble and sensitive representatives of the upper class as Pierre Bezukhov, Andrei Bolkonsky, Natasha Rostova and others. They have a lively mind, an interest in the world and people, they are opposed to the dead from St. Petersburg salons. However, they all felt like strangers in high society, and were even deceived and disgraced by it more than once. Their individuality, which contrasted favorably with the dullness and hypocrisy of society, was able to form only at a distance from it, thanks to exceptional families or upbringing abroad.
2. M. Gorky sang his romantic ideal in his work “The Old Woman Izergil”. He was embodied in the beautiful young man Danko, to whom the author contrasted the image of the young man Larra. Larra, the son of an eagle and a woman, incapable of true love, pity, and self-sacrifice. Life, a great value kept by a person, becomes a living hell for him. He is unable to understand its fragility and transience. Selfish Larra can only receive, but not give in return. And Gorky emphasizes that Larra will never gain freedom, since true freedom must be shared with other people in order to establish harmony. Danko, on the contrary, spares nothing for society. He is open to the world and, without hesitation, sacrifices his life to save his native tribe. He obviously does not expect gratitude, because his entire existence is aimed at human good. Gorky saw the meaning of life in serving society.
3. M.A. Bulgakov in the novel “The Master and Margarita” acutely raises the issue of the relationship between society and the individual. His hero is a true genius who wrote an amazing novel. However, after publication, the Master does not gain popular love, but, on the contrary, is persecuted in the press. And from whom does he receive these rage-filled reviews and pamphlets? From the society of pathetic graphomaniacs from MASSOLIT, pseudo-writers and envious people. The author presents the group of “people of art” as caustic and insidious, knowing about it firsthand. And in the end, this very society, with endless attacks and bullying, forces the Master to destroy his beautiful creation and drives him to a madhouse. He is no longer part of this nasty gathering, and his beloved Margarita becomes his entire society, and his soul finds eternal peace.
4. Any society must certainly develop. In the comedy A.S. Griboedov's "Woe from Wit" demonstrates the ossified Famus society - a gathering of high-born people, pitiful and ignorant. Famusov's guests, like hyperbolic Westerners, are dumbfounded with delight when Frenchmen from Bordeaux, Parisian milliners and rootless foreign crooks come to visit them. They are contrasted with Chatsky, who denounces their destructive worship of the Western world and failure to accept their own path. He is bright, ardent, eager to learn something new, impatient and passionate. It is he who comes to the defense of freedom, art, intelligence and brings a new high morality to Famusov’s world, but Famusov’s prim world does not accept change and cuts off any beginnings of the new, bright and beautiful in the bud. This is the eternal conflict between the progressive individual and the crowd that gravitates towards conservatism.
5. Full of rebellious spirit main character novel by M.Yu. Lermontov "Hero of Our Time". Pechorin does not accept many established social rules, but still tries to find mutual language with the world around him. His personality, like the personalities of many others, is formed under the influence of several forces: the first is his will, the second is the society and era in which he exists. Internal torment forces Pechorin to seek harmony among other people. He tears off their masks, gives them inner freedom, but invariably each of them fails. That is why the hero is left alone every time, immersed in deep introspection and the search for his own “I”. In such a society, he simply cannot find himself and realize his inner potential.
6. In the novel M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin's "Gentlemen Golovlevs" uses the example of one wealthy family to show the life of the noble class. The Golovlev family, as a direct unit of high society, reflects all its most monstrous vices: greed, idleness, ignorance, laziness, hypocrisy, stupidity, inability to work. Arina Petrovna Golovleva managed the estate all her life, thoughtlessly accumulated wealth, and at the same time morally and morally corrupted her offspring. She constantly used the word “family” in her speech, but when she saw how all the goods she had acquired were snatched up by her treacherous children, Arina Petrovna realized that she lived for the sake of a ghost, and there had never been a real family in her life. So the “higher” society, greedy, helpless and lazy, will certainly find its destruction in its own sins, as history has shown.
7. The world of A. And Solzhenitsyn’s story “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich” is joyless, stingy in color, and hopeless. Here people no longer have names; the main identifier is the camp number. Human life has lost its value, and the habits of the camp’s inhabitants are more like those of animals: all they think about is satisfying their biological needs so as not to die. Among them, Ivan Denisovich Shukhov himself should have gone brutal long ago, lost his human qualities. However, despite all the difficulties of fate, he rejoices at every day he lives on Earth. His small successes turn into big ones in the enclosed space of the camp. Prisoner number eight hundred and fifty-four has not become callous or bruised. He is still capable of sympathy and pity for his neighbor. In opposition to Ivan Denisovich, camp guards were placed, who secured a wonderful life for themselves by turning prisoners into slaves. They place themselves above the inhabitants of the camp, thereby violating human laws, excluding themselves from human society.
8. Contrastes the hero with society and A.P. Chekhov in the story “Ionych”. At the beginning of the work, Dmitry Ionych Startsev, a zemstvo doctor, appears before us, who is contrasted with the heroes of the city of S., gray and ignorant people. This is especially clearly seen in the example of the Turkin family, whom Startsev visits. The whole family strives to show off their imaginary “talents,” which in fact do not exist, and each of them revels in their stupidity. Turkins are static, there is no development in their images. But Startsev is not trying to change anything, but on the contrary, he himself is slowly beginning to adapt to the world. Under the influence of external forces, he also degrades, sinks to the moral bottom, gets carried away by hoarding, gets fat, becomes stupid, and ceases to be interested in anything. And in the end we see just Ionych, a man without a name and without a core, reshaped to suit the low standards of society in the city of S.
9. In the novel M.A. Sholokhov's "Quiet Don" the main character goes a long way in search of his place in the turbulent society of revolutionary times. Grigory Melekhov is rushing about, trying to figure out which camp to join and who to support in a brutal fratricidal war. “Mad World” frightens the hero, internal torment torments him. In addition to this, love twists and turns appear. His feelings for Aksinya, forbidden but deep, push Melekhov to take serious actions - he leaves his family, goes against generally accepted norms in order to finally resolve all the troubles and storms of his soul. He, tired of constant thoughts and discord, wants peace and tranquility. That is why, upon returning home, Melekhov throws his gun into the water. However, a short-sighted society does not accept his search, labels him a “traitor” and persecutes an already unarmed and broken man, without knowing compassion.
10. F.M. Dostoevsky in his novel “Crime and Punishment” shows what the decline of society pushes its ordinary citizens to do. There are several reasons for the fact that Rodion Raskolnikov decided to kill the old pawnbroker. One of them, of course, has roots in Rodion’s personality. But significant role A society mired in poverty and sin also played a role in the student’s decision. Raskolnikov himself was stifled by lousy poverty, and he, sensitive to the suffering of others, committed a terrible crime. Nothing makes sense anymore in a society where main value there were money, simple pieces of paper, and everyone had long forgotten about high morality. A simple girl Sonya Marmeladova takes the path of a prostitute to earn money for her family. And her father, not thinking about his family, drinks everything away in taverns that stink of the rot of human souls, while weighty moneybags revel in their wealth earned from their lives ordinary people. This is how the author shows that it is impossible to live in society and be free from it: its problems automatically become yours.

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All arguments for the final essay in the direction of "Man and Society".

Man in a totalitarian society.

A person in a totalitarian society, as a rule, is deprived of even those freedoms that are given to everyone from birth. For example, the heroes of E. Zamyatin’s novel “We” are people devoid of individuality. In the world described by the author, there is no place for freedom, love, true art, or family. The reasons for this arrangement lie in the fact that a totalitarian state implies unquestioning submission, and for this it is necessary to deprive people of everything. Such people are easier to manage; they will not protest and question what the state tells them.

In a totalitarian world, a person is trampled by the machine of the state, grinds all his dreams and desires, and subordinates him to its plans. A person's life is worth nothing. But one of the important levers of control is ideology. All residents One State serve one main mission - to send spaceship"Integral" to talk about their ideal device. Mechanically verified art and free love deprive a person of genuine connections with others like him. Such a person can completely calmly betray anyone who is next to him.

Main character In the novel, D-503 is horrified to discover a terrible illness: he has developed a soul. It was as if he had woken up from a long sleep, fell in love with a woman, and wanted to change something in the unjust system. After that, he became dangerous for the totalitarian state, because he undermined the usual order and disrupted the plans of the head of state, the Benefactor.

This piece shows tragic fate personality in a totalitarian society and warns that a person’s individuality, his soul, family are the most important things in everyone’s life. If a person is deprived of all this, then he will turn into a soulless machine, submissive, not knowing happiness, ready to die for the sake of the unsightly goals of the state.

Social norms. Why are social norms and orders needed? What does violating social norms lead to?

Norms are rules that exist to maintain order in society. What are they for? The answer is simple: in order to regulate relations between people. There is one very famous saying, it says: the freedom of one person begins where the freedom of another begins. So social norms serve precisely to ensure that no one can encroach on the freedom of another person. If people begin to violate generally accepted rules, then a person will begin to destroy his own kind and the world around him.

Thus, the novel “Lord of the Flies” by W. Golding tells the story of a group of boys who find themselves on a desert island. Since there was not a single adult among them, they had to arrange their own lives. There were two candidates for the leadership position: Jack and Ralph. Ralph was chosen by vote and immediately proposed establishing a set of rules. For example, he wanted to divide responsibilities: half of the guys should look after the fire, half should hunt. However, not everyone was happy about the order: over time, society splits into two camps - those who personify reason, law and order (Piggy, Ralph, Simon), and those who represent the blind force of destruction (Jack, Roger and other hunters).

After some time, most of the guys find themselves in Jack's camp, where there are no norms. A pack of crazy boys shouting “cut your throat” mistake Simon for an animal in the dark and kill him. Piggy becomes the next victim of the atrocities. Children are becoming less and less like people. Even the rescue at the end of the novel looks tragic: the guys were unable to create a full-fledged society and lost two comrades. It's all due to the lack of standards of behavior. The anarchy of Jack and his “tribesmen” led to a terrible result, although everything could have turned out differently.

Is society responsible for every person? Why should society help the disadvantaged? What is equality in society?

Equality in society should concern all people. Unfortunately, in real life it's unattainable. Thus, in M. Gorky’s play “At the Lower Depths” the focus is on people who find themselves “on the sidelines” of life. The company consists of a hereditary thief, a card sharper, a prostitute, a drunken actor and many others. These people are forced to live in a shelter for various reasons. Many of them have already lost hope for a bright future. But are these people pitiable? It seems that they themselves are to blame for their troubles. However, in the shelter appears new hero- old man Luka, who shows sympathy for them, his speeches produce strong effect for the residents of the shelter. Luke gives people hope that they can choose their own life path that all is not lost yet. Life in the shelter changes: the actor stops drinking and seriously thinks about returning to the stage, Vaska Pepel discovers a desire for honest work, Nastya and Anna dream of better life. Soon Luka leaves, leaving the unfortunate inhabitants of the shelter with their dreams. His departure is associated with the collapse of their hopes, the fire in their soul goes out again, they cease to believe in their strength. The climax of the moment is the suicide of the Actor, who has lost all faith in a life different from this one. Of course, Luke lied to people out of pity. A lie, even for salvation, cannot solve all problems, but his arrival showed us that these people dream of changing, they did not choose this path. Society should help those who need help. We are responsible for every person. Among those who find themselves on the “day of life” there are many people who want to change their lives, they just need a little help and understanding.

What is tolerance?

Tolerance is a multifaceted concept. Many people do not understand the true meaning of this word, narrowing it down. The basis of tolerance is the right to expression of thoughts and personal freedom of every person: both children and adults. To be tolerant means to be caring, but not to show aggression, but to be tolerant of people with different worldviews, customs and traditions. Conflict in an intolerant society is the basis of the novel To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee. The story is told on behalf of a nine-year-old girl, the daughter of a lawyer defending a black guy. Tom is accused of a brutal crime that he did not commit. Not only the court, but also local residents are against the young man and want to carry out reprisals against him. Fortunately, lawyer Atticus is able to look at the situation sensibly. He defends the accused to the last, tries to prove his innocence in court, and rejoices at every step that brings him closer to victory. Despite substantial evidence of Tom's innocence, the jury convicts him. This means only one thing: the intolerant attitude of society cannot be changed even by weighty arguments. Faith in justice is completely undermined when Tom is killed while trying to escape. The writer shows us how much the opinion of an individual is influenced by public consciousness.

By his actions, Atticus puts himself and his children in a dangerous position, but still does not give up the truth.

Harper Lee described Small town the beginning of the 20th century, but, unfortunately, this problem does not depend on geography and time, it is deep inside a person. There will always be people who are different from others, so tolerance must be learned, only then will people be able to live in peace with each other.

What kind of person can be called dangerous to society?

A person is part of society, so he can succumb to its influence or influence it. A person dangerous to society can be called one who, by his actions or words, violates laws, including moral ones. So, in the novel by D.M. Dostoevsky has such heroes. Of course, first of all, everyone remembers Raskolnikov, whose theory led to the death of several people and made his loved ones unhappy. But Rodion paid for his actions, he was sent to Siberia, while Svidrigailov was not accused of crimes. This vicious, dishonest man knew how to pretend and appear decent. Under the mask of decency was a murderer, on whose conscience were the lives of several people. Another character dangerous to people is Luzhin, a fan of the theory of individualism. This theory says: everyone should take care only of themselves, then society will be happy. However, his theory is not as harmless as it seems at first glance. In essence, he justifies any crime in the name of personal benefit. Despite the fact that Luzhin did not kill anyone, he unfairly accused Sonya Marmeladova of theft, thereby putting himself on a par with Rakolnikov and Svidrigailov. His actions can be called dangerous for society. The described characters are a little similar in their theories, because they believe that for the sake of “good” one can commit a bad act. However, crimes cannot be justified by good intentions; evil only gives rise to evil.

Do you agree with the statement of G.K. Lichtenberg: “In every person there is something of all people.”

Of course, everyone is different. Everyone has their own temperament, character, destiny. However, in my opinion, there is something that unites us - the ability to dream. M. Gorky's play “At the Bottom” shows the life of people who have forgotten how to dream; they simply live their lives day after day, not understanding the meaning of their existence. These unfortunate inhabitants of the shelter are at the “bottom” of life, where no ray of hope breaks through. At first glance, it may seem that they have nothing in common with other people; they are all thieves and drunkards, dishonest people who are only capable of meanness. But reading page after page, you can see that everyone’s life was once different, but circumstances drove them to the Kostylevs’ shelter, who themselves were not far from the guests. With the arrival of a new tenant, Luka, everything changes. He feels sorry for them, and this warmth awakens a glimmer of hope. The residents of the shelter remember their dreams and goals: Vaska Pepel wants to move to Siberia and live an honest life, the Actor wants to return to the stage, even stops drinking, the dying Anna, tired of suffering on earth, is encouraged by the thought that after death she will find peace. Unfortunately, the heroes' dreams are crushed when Luka leaves. In reality, they did nothing to change their situation. However, the very fact that they wanted to change cannot but rejoice. The night shelters have not ceased to be people, despite the trials that befell them in life, and somewhere in the depths of their souls they live ordinary people who just want to enjoy life. Thus, the ability to throw unites such different people, who by the will of fate ended up in one place.

Onegin's personality was formed in the St. Petersburg secular environment. In the prehistory, Pushkin noted the social factors that influenced the character of Eugene: belonging to the highest stratum of the nobility, the usual upbringing, training for this circle, the first steps in the world, the experience of a “monotonous and motley” life, the life of a “free nobleman” not burdened with service - vain, carefree, full of entertainment and love affairs.

Conflict between man and society. How does society influence a person? What is the conflict between man and society? Is it difficult to maintain individuality in a team? Why is it important to maintain individuality?

Onegin's character and life are shown in motion. Already in the first chapter you can see how a bright, extraordinary personality.

Onegin's seclusion - his undeclared conflict with the world and with the society of noble landowners - only at first glance seems to be a quirk caused by “boredom”, disappointment in the “science of tender passion”. Pushkin emphasizes that Onegin’s “inimitable strangeness” is a kind of protest against social and spiritual dogmas that suppress a person’s personality, depriving him of the right to be himself.

The emptiness of the hero's soul was a consequence of the emptiness and emptiness of secular life. is looking for new spiritual values, a new path: in St. Petersburg and in the countryside, he diligently reads books, communicates with a few like-minded people (the author and Lensky). In the village, he even tries to change the order, replacing corvee with light rent.

Dependence on public opinion. Is it possible to become free from public opinion? Is it possible to live in society and be free from it? Confirm or refute Stahl’s statement: “We cannot be sure of our behavior or our well-being when we make it dependent on people’s opinions.” Why is it important to maintain individuality?

Often a person finds himself deeply dependent on public opinion. Sometimes you have to go through a long way liberation from the shackles of society.

Onegin's search for new life truths lasted for many years and remained unfinished. frees himself from old ideas about life, but the past does not let him go. It seems that you are the master of your life, but this is only an illusion. All his life he is haunted by mental laziness and cold skepticism, as well as dependence on public opinion. However, it is difficult to call Onegin a victim of society. By changing his lifestyle, he accepted responsibility for his destiny. His further failures in life can no longer be justified by dependence on society.

What is the conflict between man and society? What happens to a person cut off from society?

Do you agree that society shapes a person?

A conflict between a person and society appears when a strong, bright personality cannot obey the rules of society. So, Gregory, the main mountain of the novel by M.Yu. Lermontov “Hero of Our Time” is an extraordinary personality who challenges moral laws. He is the “hero” of his generation, having absorbed its worst vices. The young officer, endowed with a sharp mind and attractive appearance, treats the people around him with disdain and boredom; they seem pitiful and funny to him. He feels useless. In vain attempts to find himself, he brings only suffering to people who care about him. At first glance, it may seem that Pechorin is an extremely negative character, but, consistently plunging into the thoughts and feelings of the hero, we see that it is not only he himself who is to blame, but also the society that gave birth to him. In his own way, he is drawn to people, unfortunately, society rejects his best impulses. In the chapter “Princess Mary” you can see several such episodes. The friendly relationship between Pechorin and Grushnitsky turns into rivalry and enmity. Grushnitsky, suffering from wounded pride, acts vilely: he shoots at an unarmed man and wounds him in the leg. However, even after the shot, Pechorin gives Grushnitsky a chance to act with dignity, he is ready to forgive him, he wants an apology, but the latter’s pride turns out to be stronger. Dr. Werner, who plays the role of his second, is almost the only person who understands Pechorin. But even he, having learned about the publicity of the duel, does not support the main character, only advises him to leave the city. Human pettiness and hypocrisy harden Gregory, making him incapable of love and friendship. Thus, Pechorin’s conflict with society was that the main character refused to pretend and hide his vices, like a mirror showing a portrait of the entire generation, for which society rejected him.

Can a person exist outside of society? There is safety in numbers?

A person cannot exist outside of society. Being a social creature, man needs people. Thus, the hero of the novel M.Yu. Lermontov's "Hero of Our Time" Grigory Pechorin comes into conflict with society. He does not accept the laws by which society lives, feeling falsehood and pretense. However, he cannot live without people, and, without noticing it, he instinctively reaches out to those around him. Not believing in friendship, he becomes close to Dr. Werner, and while playing with Mary’s feelings, he begins to realize with horror that he is falling in love with the girl. The main character deliberately pushes away people who care about him, justifying his behavior with his love of freedom. Pechorin does not understand that he needs people even more than they need him. Its ending is sad: a young officer dies alone on the road from Persia, having never found the meaning of his existence. In pursuit of satisfying his needs, he lost his vitality.

Man and society (how does society influence a person?) How does fashion influence a person? How do social factors influence the formation of personality?

Society has always dictated its own rules and laws of behavior. Sometimes these laws are simply wild, as we can observe in O. Henry's story "". “A savage of our day, born and raised in the wigwams of the Manhattan tribe,” Mr. Chandler tried to live according to the laws of a society where the main criterion for assessing a person was “meeting by clothes.” In such a society, everyone tried to show others that he was worthy of being in high society, poverty was considered a vice, and wealth was an achievement. It didn’t matter how this wealth was achieved, the main thing was to “show off.” Pretense, vanity and hypocrisy reigned around. The ridiculousness of such laws of society is shown by O. Henry, showing the “failure” of the main character. He missed out on the opportunity to be loved by a beautiful girl just because he tried to prove himself to be something he was not.

What is the role of personality in history?Can a personality change history? Does society need leaders?

The higher a person stands on the rungs of the social ladder, the more obvious is the predetermination and inevitability of his fate.

Tolstoy comes to the conclusion that “the tsar is a slave of history.” Tolstoy's contemporary historian Bogdanovich primarily pointed to the decisive role of Alexander the First in the victory over Napoleon, and completely discounted the role of the people and Kutuzov. Tolstoy set himself the task of debunking the role of kings and showing the role masses and people's commander Kutuzov. The writer reflects in the novel the moments of Kutuzov’s inaction. This is explained by the fact that Kutuzov cannot dispose of his own will. historical events. But he is given the opportunity to understand the actual course of events in which he participates. Kutuzov cannot understand the world-historical meaning of the war of 12, but he is aware of the significance of this event for his people, that is, he can be a conscious guide to the course of history. Kutuzov himself is close to the people, he feels the spirit of the army and can control this great force (Kutuzov’s main task during the Battle of Borodino was to raise the spirit of the army). Napoleon lacks understanding of the events taking place; he is a pawn in the hands of history. The image of Napoleon represents extreme individualism and selfishness. The selfish Napoleon acts like a blind man. He is not great person, he can't determine moral meaning events due to their own limitations.

How does society influence the formation of goals?

From the very beginning of the story, all the thoughts of Anna Mikhailovna Drubetskaya and her son are directed towards one thing - the arrangement of their material well-being. For this sake, Anna Mikhailovna does not disdain either humiliating begging, or the use of brute force (the scene with the mosaic briefcase), or intrigue, etc. At first, Boris tries to resist his mother's will, but over time he realizes that the laws of the society in which they live are subject to only one rule - the one with power and money is right. Boris begins to “make a career.” He is not interested in serving the Fatherland; he prefers serving in those places where he can quickly move up the career ladder with minimal impact. For him there are neither sincere feelings (rejection of Natasha) nor sincere friendship (coldness towards the Rostovs, who did a lot for him). He even subordinates his marriage to this goal (description of his “melancholy service” with Julie Karagina, declaration of love to her through disgust, etc.). In the war of 12, Boris sees only court and staff intrigues and is only concerned with how to turn this to his advantage. Julie and Boris are quite happy with each other: Julie is flattered by the presence of a handsome husband who has made a brilliant career; Boris needs her money.

Can a person influence society?

A person can undoubtedly influence society, especially if he is a strong, strong-willed person. The main character of the novel I.S. Turgenev's "Fathers and Sons" Evgeny Bazarov is an excellent example that confirms my position. He denies social foundations, strives to “clear a place” for a future, properly organized life, and believes that the old rules are not needed in the new world. Bazarov comes into conflict with representatives of the “old” society - the Kirsanov brothers, whose main difference is that they both live in the world of feelings. Evgeny denies these feelings and ridicules them in others. Accustomed to struggling with everyday difficulties, he is unable to understand either Pavel Petrovich or Nikolai Petrovich. Bazarov does not obey social laws, he simply denies them. For Evgeniy, the possibility of unlimited personal freedom is indisputable: the “nihilist” is convinced that in his decisions aimed at remaking his life, a person is not morally bound by anything. However, he does not even try to change society, he does not have any plan of action. Despite this, his exceptional energy, strength of character and courage are infectious. His ideas become attractive to many representatives of the younger generation, both the noble class and the class of commoners. At the end of the work, we see how the ideals of the main character are crumbling, but even death is not able to stop the power that he and others like him awakened.

What does inequality in society lead to? Do you agree with the statement: “Inequality humiliates people and creates disagreement and hatred among them”? What kind of person can be called dangerous to society?

Inequality in society leads to a split in that very society. A striking example, confirming my position is the novel by I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons". The main character of the work, Bazarov, is a representative of the commoner class. Unlike all nobles, he has the nature of an activist and fighter. Through tireless work he acquired fundamental knowledge in the natural sciences. Accustomed to relying only on his own mind and energy, he despises people who received everything only by birthright. The main character stands for a decisive break in the entire state and economic system of Russia. Bazarov is not alone in his thoughts; these ideas are beginning to dominate the minds of many people, even representatives of the nobility, who are beginning to realize the problems that are brewing in society. Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov, Evgeniy’s opponent in the dispute between the warring parties, calls people like him ignorant “morons” who do not have popular support; he believes that their number is “four and a half people.” However, at the end of the work, Pavel Petrovich leaves Russia, thereby retreating from public life, admitting defeat. He is unable to fight the spirit of revolutionary populism, with its hatred of the existing order. Representatives of the “traditional way” of life can no longer deny the existence of a problem, the split has already occurred, and the only question is how the warring parties will coexist in the new world.

In what situations does a person feel lonely in society? Can an individual win a fight against society? Is it difficult to defend your interests before society?

A person may feel lonelier when surrounded by people than when alone. This happens if the feelings, actions and way of thinking of such a person differ from the generally accepted norm. Some people adapt, and their loneliness is not noticeable, while others cannot come to terms with this state of affairs. Such a person is the main character of the comedy A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit". smart, but he is characterized by excessive ardor and self-confidence. He excitedly defends his position, which turns everyone present against him, they even declare him crazy. It cannot be said that he is surrounded by stupid people. However, Famusov and the characters in his circle represent the ability to adapt to existing living conditions and extract maximum material benefit from them. but he feels lonely in a society of people who live by such laws and are capable of making a deal with their conscience. The caustic remarks of the main character cannot make people think that they may be wrong; on the contrary, they turn everyone against him. Thus, what makes a person lonely is his difference from others, his refusal to live according to the established rules of society.

How does society treat people who are very different from it? Can an individual win a fight against society?

Society rejects people who are different from it in one way or another. This happens to the main character of the comedy A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit". Unable to put up with the norms of public life, he pours out his indignation at the “rotten society of insignificant people”, boldly expresses his position in relation to serfdom, state structure, service, education and upbringing. But those around him do not understand or do not want to understand him. It’s easiest to ignore people like this, which is what Famus society does, accusing him of madness. His thoughts are dangerous for their usual way of life. Having agreed with the position in life, those around you will either have to admit that they are scoundrels or change. Neither one nor the other is acceptable to them, so the easiest way is to recognize such a person as insane and continue to enjoy their usual way of life.

How do you understand the phrase “little man”? Do you agree that society shapes a person? Do you agree with the statement: “Inequality degrades people”? Can any person be called a person? Do you agree that “there is nothing more dangerous in society than a person without character?

The main character of the story A.P. Chekhov's "Death of an Official" Chervyakov exposes himself to humiliation and demonstrates a complete rejection of human dignity. Evil is presented in the story not in the form of a general who brought a person to such a state. The general is depicted in the work quite neutrally: he only reacts to the actions of another character. Problem little man not in evil people, it is much deeper. Reverence and servility have become such a habit that people themselves are ready to defend their right to demonstrate respect and their insignificance at the cost of their lives. Chervyakov suffers not from humiliation, but from the fact that he fears an incorrect interpretation of his actions, from the fact that he may be suspected of disrespect for those who are higher in rank. “Do I dare laugh? If we laugh, then there will be no respect for people... there will be..."

How does society influence a person's opinion? Can any person be called a person? Do you agree that “there is nothing more dangerous in society than a person without character?

Society, or rather the structure of society, plays a decisive role in the behavior of many people. A striking example of a person who thinks and acts according to the standard is the hero of the story by A.P. Chekhov's "Chameleon".

We usually call a chameleon a person who is ready to constantly and instantly, to please circumstances, change his views to the exact opposite. For the main character in life, there is the most important rule: the interests of those in power are above all. The main character, who adheres to this rule, finds himself in a comical situation. Having witnessed a violation, he must take action and fine the owner of the dog that bit the person. During the proceedings, it turns out that the dog may belong to the general. Throughout the story, the answer to the question (“whose dog?”) changes five or six times, and the reaction of the police officer changes the same number of times. We don’t even see the general in the work, but his presence is felt physically, his mention plays the role of a decisive argument. The effect of power and force is more clearly revealed in the behavior of subordinate figures. They are the guardians of this system. The Chameleon has a conviction that determines all his actions, his understanding of “order”, which must be protected with all his might. Thus, we can conclude that society has a huge influence on a person’s opinion; moreover, a person who blindly believes in the rules of such a society is a building block of the system, preventing the vicious circle from breaking.

The problem of confrontation between personality and power. What kind of person can be called dangerous to society?
M.Yu. Lermontov. "A song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich, the young guardsman and the daring merchant Kalashnikov."

Conflict in “Song...” M.Yu. Lermontov takes place between Kalashnikov, whose image reflected the best features of a representative of the people, and autocratic power in the person of Ivan the Terrible and Kiribeevich. Ivan the Terrible himself violates the rules of fist fighting that he himself announced: “Whoever beats someone will be rewarded by the Tsar, and whoever is beaten will be forgiven by God,” and he himself executes Kalashnikov. In the work we see the struggle of a sensible individual for his rights, impossible for the era of Ivan the Terrible, defending his interests in the name of justice. This struggle is not only between Kalashnikov and Kiribeevich. Kiribeevich violates the general human law, and Kalashnikov speaks on behalf of the entire “Christian people” “for the holy mother truth.”

Why is an individual dangerous for the state? Do the interests of society always correspond to the interests of the state? Can a person devote his life to the interests of society?

The Master's novel, which is a story about the duel between the beggar philosopher Yeshua Ha-Nozri and the powerful procurator of Judea Pontius Pilate. Ha-Notsri is the ideologist of goodness, justice, conscience, and the procurator is the idea of ​​statehood.

Ha-Nozri, with his preaching of universal human values, love for one’s neighbor, and personal freedom, in the opinion of Pontius Pilate, undermines the sole power of Caesar and thereby turns out to be more dangerous than the murderer of Barrabas. Pontius Pilate sympathizes with Yeshua, he even makes weak attempts to save him from execution, but nothing more. Pontius Pilate turns out to be pitiful and weak, afraid of the informer Caiaphas, afraid of losing the power of the governor of Judea and for this he paid with “twelve thousand moons of repentance and remorse.” calls it “Oblomovism.”

Life for Oblomovites is “silence and imperturbable calm,” which, unfortunately, are sometimes disturbed by troubles. It is especially important to emphasize that among the troubles, on a par with “illnesses, losses, quarrels,” labor is for them: “They endured labor as a punishment imposed on our forefathers, but they could not love. Thus, Oblomov’s inertia, lazy vegetation in a dressing gown on the sofa of his St. Petersburg apartment in Goncharov’s novel are fully generated and motivated by the social and everyday way of life of the patriarchal landowner.

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What is an individual person in the endless network of social relations? This is the main element of society that constantly interacts with it. From childhood we are socialized, adapt and live according to the rules that society dictates to us. It is no coincidence that the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle called man a “social animal.” But society does not always have a beneficial effect on the individual; sometimes, under its influence, he loses his individuality and more.

Thus, in Kuprin’s story “Olesya,” the heroine becomes a victim of social prejudice. The peasants believe that she is a witch because she lives in the forest and collects medicinal herbs. People hate the poor girl just because she is different from them. In an attempt to get closer to the team for the sake of her lover, she leaves the secluded region and goes to church. Then the crowd attacked her and almost killed her. This is how an attempt to enter the system of social relations almost ended in tragedy for the heroine, and such treatment often forces a person to submit to pressure and become the same as everyone else. Flight saved Olesya from such a fate, but not everyone can use this radical method.

The inhabitants of the shelter, the heroes of Gorky’s play “At the Lower Depths,” have nowhere to run. If we consider each of them separately, then we have before us a good person, and nothing in his life foreshadowed such a fate. But all together the people of the bottom formed a cesspool from which none of them could escape. For example, Satin was a successful and prosperous person until he punished his sister’s offender, resulting in a prison sentence. Even there, the man retained his dignity, served his sentence, but when he was free, he discovered that he was no longer considered a human being, and the society of normal people turned away from him. In order not to die of hunger, he could only continue to walk along the crooked path. So, one social group ruined him with its indifference, and the other pulled him into its vicious nets, not allowing him to cleanse himself. Satin is a victim of a society that thinks in prejudices and stereotypes.

So, situations often arise when a person is not able to live normally in the existing system of social relations. Sometimes he struggles with the point of view and behavior of the majority, but most often he forgets about personal opinion and broadcasts collective attitudes. However, of course, people should strive to change society in better side, while not being afraid of reproaches and censures on his part. Only then can progress be made.

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Approximate topics that may be included in the final essay (in 11th grade) in the direction of “Man and Society”.

• What is the conflict between man and society?
• Do you agree with Plautus’ statement: “man is a wolf to man”?
• What do you think the thought of A. De Saint-Exupery means: “All roads lead to people”?
• Can a person exist outside of society?
• Can a person change society?
• How does society influence a person?
• Is society responsible for every person?
• How does society influence an individual's opinion?
• Do you agree with the statement of G. K. Lichtenberg: “In every person there is something from all people.
• Is it possible to live in society and be free from it?
• What is tolerance?
• Why is it important to maintain individuality?
• Confirm or refute the statement of A. de Staël: “You cannot be confident either in your behavior or in your well-being when we make it dependent on human opinion.”
• Do you agree with the statement: “Inequality humiliates people and creates disagreement and hatred among them”?
• Does it seem fair to you that strong people are often lonely?
• Is Tyutchev’s opinion true that “any weakening of mental life in society inevitably entails an increase in material inclinations and vile egoistic instincts”?
• Are social norms of behavior necessary?
• What kind of person can be called dangerous to society?
• Do you agree with V. Rozanov’s statement: “Society and those around us diminish the soul, not add it. “Adds” only the closest and rarest sympathy, “soul to soul” and “one mind”?
• Can any person be called a person?
• What happens to a person cut off from society?
• Why should society help the disadvantaged?
• How do you understand I. Becher’s statement: “A person becomes a person only among people”?
• Do you agree with the statement of H. Keller: “The most beautiful life is a life lived for other people”
• In what situations does a person feel lonely in society?
• What is the role of personality in history?
• How does society influence a person's decisions?
• Confirm or refute I. Goethe’s statement: “A person can know himself only in people.”
• How do you understand F. Bacon’s statement: “Whoever loves solitude, either wild animal, or the Lord God"?
• Is a person responsible to society for his actions?
• Is it difficult to defend your interests before society?
• How do you understand the words of S.E. Letsa: “Zero is nothing, but two zeros already mean something”?
• Is it necessary to express your opinion if it differs from the majority opinion?
• There is safety in numbers?
• What is more important: personal interests or the interests of society?
• What does society's indifference to people lead to?
• Do you agree with the opinion of A. Maurois: “You should not rely on public opinion. This is not a lighthouse, but will-o'-the-wisps"?
• How do you understand the expression “little man”?
• Why does a person strive to be original?
• Does society need leaders?
• Do you agree with the words of K. Marx: “If you want to influence other people, then you must be a person who really stimulates and moves other people forward”?
• Can a person devote his life to the interests of society?
• Who is a misanthrope?
• How do you understand the statement of A.S. Pushkin: “The frivolous world mercilessly persecutes in reality what it allows in theory”?
• What does inequality in society lead to?
• Are social norms changing?
• Do you agree with the words of K. L. Berne: “A person can do without many things, but not without a person”?
• Is a person responsible to society?
• Can an individual win a fight against society?
• How can a person change history?
• Do you think it is important to have your own opinion?
• Can a person become an individual in isolation from society?
• How do you understand G. Freytag’s statement: “In the soul of every person there is a miniature portrait of his people”?
• Is it possible to violate social norms?
• What is the place of a person in a totalitarian state?
• How do you understand the phrase: “one head is good, but two is better”?
• Are there people whose work is invisible to society?
• Is it difficult to maintain individuality in a team?
• Do you agree with W. Blackstone’s statement: “Man is created for society. He is unable and does not have
  courage to live alone"?
• Confirm or refute the statement of D. M. Cage: “We need communication more than anything else”
• What is equality in society?
• Why are public organizations needed?
• Is it possible to say that a person’s happiness depends solely on the characteristics of his social life?
• Do you agree that society shapes a person?
• How does society treat people who are very different from it?
• How do you understand the statement of W. James: “Society degrades if it does not receive impulses from individuals”?
• How do you understand the phrase “social consciousness”?
• What is missing in modern society?
• Do you agree with I. Goethe’s statement: “Man cannot live in solitude, he needs society”?
• How do you understand T. Dreiser’s statement: “People think about us what we want to inspire them with”?
• Do you agree that “there is nothing more dangerous in society than a person without character”?

Based on project materials

FIPI comment: "For topics this direction the view of man as a representative of society is relevant. Society largely shapes the individual, but the individual can also influence society. Topics will allow you to consider the problem of the individual and society from different sides: from the point of view of their harmonious interaction, complex confrontation or irreconcilable conflict. It is equally important to think about the conditions under which a person must obey social laws, and society must take into account the interests of each person. Literature has always shown interest in the problem of the relationship between man and society, creative or devastating consequences this interaction for the individual and for human civilization."

So, let's try to figure out from what positions these two concepts can be viewed.

1. Personality and society (in agreement or in opposition). Within this subsection, you can talk about the following topics: Man as part of society. The impossibility of human existence outside of society. Independence of judgment of an individual. The influence of society on a person’s decisions, the influence of public opinion on a person’s tastes, his life position. Confrontation or conflict between society and an individual. A person’s desire to become special, original. Contrasting human interests with the interests of society. The ability to devote one’s life to the interests of society, philanthropy and misanthropy. The influence of the individual on society. The place of a person in society. The attitude of a person to society, to his own kind.

2. Social norms and laws, morality. The responsibility of a person to society and society to a person for everything that happens and the future. A person's decision to accept or reject the laws of the society in which he lives, to follow the norms or to break the laws.

3. Man and society in historical, state terms. The role of personality in history. The connection between time and society. Evolution of society.

4. Man and society in a totalitarian state. Erasing individuality in society. The indifference of society to its future and a bright personality capable of fighting the system. The contrast between the “crowd” and the “individual” in a totalitarian regime. Diseases of society. Alcoholism, drug addiction, lack of tolerance, cruelty and crime.

HUMAN- a term used in two main senses: biological and social. In a biological sense, a person is a representative of the species Homo sapiens, the family of hominids, the order of primates, the class of mammals - the highest stage of development organic life on the ground.

In a social sense a person is a being that arose in a collective, reproduces and develops in a collective. Historically established norms of law, morality, everyday life, rules of thinking and language, aesthetic tastes, etc. shape human behavior and mind, make an individual a representative of a certain way of life, culture and psychology. A person is an elementary unit of various groups and communities, including ethnic groups, states, etc., where he acts as an individual. “Human rights” recognized in international organizations and in the legislation of states are, first of all, individual rights.

Synonyms for "Man": face, personality, person, individual, individuality, soul, unit, biped, human being, individual, king of nature, someone, working unit.

SOCIETY- in a broad sense - a large group of people united by a common goal with stable social boundaries. The term society can be applied to all of humanity (human society), to historical stage development of all humanity or its individual parts (slave society, feudal society, etc. (see Socio-economic formation), to the inhabitants of the state (American society, Russian society etc.) and to individual organizations of people (sports society, geographical society, etc.).

Sociological concepts of society differed primarily in the interpretation of the nature of the compatibility of human existence, the explanation of the principle of education social connections. O. Comte saw such a principle in the division of functions (labor) and in solidarity, E. Durkheim - in cultural artifacts, which he called “collective representations.” M. Weber called mutually oriented, i.e. social, actions of people the unifying principle. Structural functionalism considered the basis of the social system social norms and values. K. Marx and F. Engels considered the development of society as a natural historical process of changing socio-economic formations, which are based on a certain method of people’s production activity. Its specificity is determined by production relations independent of people’s consciousness, corresponding to the achieved level of productive forces. On the basis of these objective, material relations, systems of corresponding social and political institutions, ideological relations, and forms of consciousness are built. Thanks to this understanding, each socio-economic formation appears as an integral concrete historical social organism, characterized by its economic and social structure, value-normative system of social regulation, characteristics and spiritual life.

For modern stage The development of society is characterized by an increase in integration processes against the background of an increasing diversity of economic, political and ideological forms. Scientific, technical and social progress, having resolved some contradictions, gave rise to others, even more acute ones, and confronted human civilization with global problems, on the solution of which the very existence of society and the paths of its further development depend.

Synonyms for "Society": society, people, community, herd; crowd; public, environment, environment, public, humanity, light, human race, human race, brotherhood, brethren, gang, group.