The Unified State Exam in Social Studies is an exam that graduates take at their choice, often paired with history if they plan to enter universities with a certain specialization: law, management, management and a number of similar areas. This item is also popular because it is considered one of the easiest. As part of the course, the features of sociology, social studies, and political science are studied - this knowledge will be useful not only in the exam, but also in ordinary life. After entering a university, thorough knowledge in this field allows you to quickly understand many specialized disciplines.

Like other tests, social studies tasks are divided into three types according to difficulty level: basic, advanced and high. The number of tasks may change every year, but this figure is in the range of 28-32 questions. All work is divided into 2 parts:

• To determine the level of basic knowledge and mastery of theory, test tasks when you need to choose the right option from several offered. The answer is entered on the form. Within this block there may also be tasks to establish correspondences and indicate a short answer to the question.
• The second part involves writing an essay on a given topic, detailed answers to questions, and formulation of terms and concepts. It is important to give answers with scientific justification, based on theoretical knowledge.
  The most valuable task is the last task - the essay. At its core, it is a small essay where you need to not just express an opinion, but back it up with facts, state your own position, structure the text logically and competently, and be concise. This skill must be practiced in preparation for the exam.
  To write an essay, the subject is offered several topics - you can choose according to your taste. Topics concern politics, social thought, culture, the development of science, sometimes aphorisms and proverbs are taken as a topic.

• Come on in online testing, to determine weak spots, knowledge gaps - this will help you focus on correcting these errors during the preparation process.
• Study the theory: terms, patterns, concepts.
• To prepare thoroughly, use textbooks, reference books, and recommended manuals.
• Beginning of preparation - familiarization with , it gives a clear outline of what to look for.
• Rationally distribute time to work on tasks of varying levels of complexity.
• Be careful! The reason for many mistakes is inattention to assignments - you should not be lazy to read the question to the end.
• Preparation should begin in advance - it is unlikely that you will be able to understand all the features of the course in a couple of months.
• Exercise

Unified State Examination in Social Studies 2018. Option 102. Part 1

The answers to tasks 1–20 are a word (phrase) or a sequence of numbers. Write down the answers in the answer fields in the text of the work, and then transfer them to ANSWER FORM No. 1 to the right of the numbers of the corresponding tasks, starting from the first cell, without spaces, commas and other additional characters. Write each character in a separate box in accordance with the samples given in the form.

№1 Write down the word missing in the table. Diversity of political parties

Answer: Liberal

Explanations: Liberal parties defend the idea of ​​individual freedom.

№2 In the row below, find a concept that is generalizing for all other concepts presented. Write it down phrase.
Unitary enterprise, production cooperative, legal entity, limited partnership, joint-stock company.

Answer: legal entity

Explanations: A legal entity is a general entity for all other concepts.

№3 Below is a list of functions performed by banks. All of them, with the exception of two, belong to the sphere of activity of commercial banks.
1) opening and servicing of plastic cards; 2) purchase and sale of currency; 3) sale of traveler's checks; 4) servicing company accounts; 5) setting the discount rate; 6) issue of money.
Find two functions that “fall out” from the general series and write them in the table
the numbers under which they are indicated.

Answer: 56

Explanations: Setting the discount rate and issuing money are the functions of the Central Bank.

№4 Choose the correct judgments about social institutions and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) A social institution is a historically established organization of social practice.
2) The structure of a modern social institution, as a rule, is characterized by simplicity of relations.
3) Some social institutions can act as agents of socialization.
4) The political institutions of society traditionally include the market economy and property.
5) Social institutions streamline, coordinate individual actions of people, give them an organized and predictable character.

Answer: 135

Explanations: The socializing function is the function of social institutions; the ordered actions of people create stability.

№5 Establish a correspondence between needs and their types: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column

NEEDS
A) in public recognition
B) in communication
B) in satisfying hunger and thirst
D) in self-preservation
D) at work

TYPES OF NEEDS
1) social
2) biological (natural)

Answer: 11221

Explanations: You can complete the task using logical reasoning.

№6 The State Symphony Orchestra performed a symphony by a modern composer for the first time. Critics unanimously praised the musical work as an example of elite (high) culture. What allowed them to come to this conclusion? Write it down numbers, under which the signs of works of elite culture are indicated.
1) use of technical means for listening
2) the entertaining nature of the work
3) lack of a clearly expressed commercial orientation of the activities of the composer and performers
4) setting to follow the model that is adopted from previous generations
5) excessive complexity of the form of a musical work
6) difficulty in perceiving the work by unprepared listeners

Answer: 356

Explanations: Elite culture claims to stand high above the “ordinary” Everyday life and takes the position of the “highest court” in relation to the socio-political problems of society.

№7 Choose the correct statements about the world economy and write down numbers, under which they are indicated.
1) Opening domestic markets for foreign producers, it contributes to increased competition between market participants.
2) Sales of goods and services abroad are called imports.
3) The subjects of the world economy are national economies, transnational corporations, and international integration associations.
4) The opening of domestic markets to foreign producers contributes to a decrease in the income of all trading firms.
5) The trade balance is the difference between the value of exports and imports for a certain period.

Answer: 135

Explanations: Judgments about the global economy: The opening of domestic markets to foreign producers increases competition between market participants. The subjects of the world economy are national economies, transnational corporations, and international integration associations. The trade balance is the difference between the value of exports and imports for a certain period.

№8 Establish a correspondence between the examples and types of taxes and fees in accordance with the Tax Code of the Russian Federation: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
EXAMPLES
A) corporate property tax
B) water tax
B) transport tax
D) trade fee
D) excise tax

TYPES OF TAXES
AND FEES IN THE RF
1) regional
2) local
3) federal
Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.

Answer: 13123

Explanations: Federal (VAT, excise tax, personal income tax, mineral extraction tax, water tax), regional (organizational property tax, gambling tax, transport tax), local (land tax, personal property tax, trade tax).

№9 The company provides services for external and internal cleaning of premises. Find in the list below examples of the firm's fixed costs in the short run. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) office security fee
2) purchasing detergents
3) payment for transport services
4) payment of piecework wages to workers
5) servicing a bank loan
6) rent for the company office

Answer: 156

Explanations: The company's costs in the short term: fees for office security, servicing a bank loan, rent for the company's office.

№10 The figure shows the change in demand for sailing yachts in the corresponding market: demand line D has moved to a new position - D1.
(P – price; Q – quantity.)

Find in the list below the conclusions that can be drawn from the diagram and write down numbers, under which they are indicated.
1) In 2007, the share of those who believe that the state should ensure a normal level of well-being for all citizens is greater than those who believe that the state should provide assistance only to those who find themselves in difficult life situations.
2) Equal shares of respondents from both groups found it difficult to answer.
3) In 2007 equal shares respondents answered that a citizen must provide himself with everything necessary, and found it difficult to answer.
4) In 2017, the share of those who believe that a citizen should provide himself with everything necessary is greater than the share of those who believe that the state should provide a normal level of well-being to all citizens.
5) The share of those who believe that the state should help only those who are unable to provide for themselves has decreased over 10 years.

Answer: 125

№13 Choose the correct judgments about the state and its functions and write down numbers, under which they are indicated.
1) The external functions of the state include determining the general direction economic policy states in accordance with the achieved level of economic development.
2) Environmental requirements established by the state form the basis of the country’s environmental security.
3) The state creates a regulatory and organizational basis for the effective and high-quality activities of government bodies.
4) A state of any type has a monopoly right to law-making activities and taxation of individuals and legal entities.
5) The fundamental feature of any type of state is the implementation in it of the principle of separation of powers.

Answer: 234

Explanations: Judgment: Environmental requirements established by the state form the basis of the country’s environmental security - very often found in Unified State Exam assignments, as the correct answer.

№14 Establish a correspondence between the powers and the subjects of state power of the Russian Federation exercising these powers: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

POWERS
A) management of federal property
B) announcement of amnesty
C) implementation of measures to combat crime
D) resolution of disputes about competence between the highest state bodies of the constituent entities Russian Federation
D) ensuring the execution of the federal budget

SUBJECTS OF STATE AUTHORITY OF THE RF
1) State Duma
2) Constitutional Court RF
3) Government of the Russian Federation
Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.

Answer: 31323

Explanations: Knowledge of the Constitution is used to carry it out.

№15 State Z has undergone electoral reform. What changes in election legislation indicate the approval of the proportional electoral system? Write it down numbers, under which they are indicated.

1) introduction of universal, equal and direct suffrage
2) reflection of the progress of the election campaign in the media
3) introduction of an educational qualification for candidates for deputies
4) distribution of seats in parliament in accordance with the number of votes received by parties in the elections
5) voting on lists of political parties
6) introduction of a 7% electoral threshold for political parties

Answer: 456

Explanations: The introduction of a 7% electoral threshold refers to the proportional electoral system.

№16 Which of the following refers to the constitutional duties of a citizen of the Russian Federation Write down numbers, under which they are indicated.
1) engaging in entrepreneurial activity
2) defense of the Fatherland
3) care of adult able-bodied children for disabled parents
4) preservation of historical and cultural heritage
5) appeal to government authorities

Answer: 234

Explanations: K constitutional responsibilities of a citizen of the Russian Federation: protection of the Fatherland, care of adult able-bodied children for disabled parents, preservation of historical and cultural heritage.

№17 Choose the correct judgments about civil law. Write it down numbers, under which the relevant provisions are indicated.
1) Civil law includes a system of legal norms defining crime and punishability of acts.
2) The basis of the relationship between partners is the private interest and autonomous will of each participant in the resulting legal relationship.
3) The rules of civil law regulate property and personal non-property relations.
4) Civil legal relations arising in connection with the creation and use of works of science, literature, art, etc. are regulated by copyright.
5) Methods of protecting civil rights established by the Civil Code of the Russian Federation include warning and disqualification.

Answer: 234

Explanations: Civil law regulates property and related non-property relations.

№18 Establish a correspondence between the examples and the grounds for termination of an employment contract in accordance with the Labor Code of the Russian Federation: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
EXAMPLES
A) Matvey Z. was declared completely incapable of working in accordance with a medical report.
B) Victoria K. found a more prestigious job.
C) The Occupational Safety and Health Commission found that Ivan Zh. violated labor safety requirements, which resulted in an industrial accident.
D) Irakli Z. did not perform his job duties without good reason and had several disciplinary sanctions.
D) 26-year-old Peter Ch. was sent to alternative civilian service.

GROUNDS FOR TERMINATION OF AN EMPLOYMENT CONTRACT
1) employee initiative
2) employer initiative
3) circumstances beyond the control of the parties
Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.

Answer: 31223

Explanations: The task can be completed by reasoning logically. Victoria K. found a more prestigious job. This benefits the employee.

№19 Leonid Vasilievich works as a notary. Find in the list of actions included in the terms of reference of a notary and write down numbers, under which they are indicated.
1) investigate crimes
2) make copies of documents and make extracts from them
3) provide explanations on issues related to the performance of actions within his competence
4) represent and defend the interests of the principal in court
5) exercise supervision over the implementation of laws by bodies carrying out inquiry and preliminary investigation
6) certify the marriage contract

Answer: 236

Explanations: Actions within the scope of the notary's powers: make copies of documents and make extracts from them, give explanations on the issues of performing actions within his competence, certify the marriage contract.

№20 Read the text below, in which a number of words are missing. Select from the list provided the words that need to be inserted in place of the gaps.
“According to the classical definition, ________(A) is a community of people based on marriage and (or) consanguinity, joint management of ________(B), moral mutual responsibility and spiritual attachment. It performs a whole range of functions that are essential for the existence of society: ________ (B) people; transfer from generation to generation of the most important social ________ (G), attitudes, knowledge. Its main functions also include organizing the household. The family carries out social ________(D). Family members provide each other with emotional support. The basis of the nuclear family is ________(E) - a state-sanctioned and regulated form of relationship between a man and a woman, defining their rights and responsibilities.”
The words in the list are given in nominative case. Each word can only be used once.
Choose one word after another, mentally filling in each gap. Please note that there are more words in the list than you will need to fill in the blanks.

List of terms:
1) marriage
2) reproduction
3) marriage
4) control
5) institute
6) farm
7) norm
8) family
9) mobility
The table below shows the letters representing the missing words. Write down the number of the word you chose in the table under each letter.

Answer: 862743

Part 2

To record answers to tasks in this part (21–29), use ANSWER FORM No. 2. First write down the task number (21, 22, etc.), and then a detailed answer to it. Write down your answers clearly and legibly.

Read the text and complete tasks 21–24.

In the process of development of society, its social structure does not remain unchanged. At the micro level, relationships, social connections, group composition, statuses and roles, and relationships between groups change. At the macro level quantitative composition the lower and middle layers are changed by the economic situation and political decisions of the authorities, legal and moral
norms.

In addition, every person strives to improve his status. All this creates not a frozen, not static, but a dynamic picture of society. One of the processes of social dynamics is social mobility. The intensity of social mobility depends on the level of development of society, economic conditions, democratic relations, and the standard of living of the population.

Post-industrial society is characterized by intense vertical mobility. In a democratic society, where a person’s position does not depend on his prescribed status, nationality, religion, channels of vertical mobility are open, and everyone who meets certain requirements has the opportunity to improve their social status.

According to P. Sorokin, in a democratic society “there are many holes and elevators for ascent and descent...” Excessive social mobility, for example big number people from the lower strata in management structures, speaks of some kind of abnormality, a social cataclysm (revolution, war, epidemic that destroyed many representatives of the upper strata at once).

In a democratic society, where there are no social, national and other restrictions, there is nevertheless a certain social mechanism that constrains mobility... This is a mechanism of competition, which manifests itself not only in economic struggle, but also in any struggle for increasing social status.

(B.A. Isaev)

№21 What changes in social structure at the micro level are noted in the text? What example of excessive social mobility does the author give? What indicators, in his opinion, do not affect a person’s position in a democratic society? (Name any two indicators.)

Answer:1) At the micro level, relationships, social connections, group composition, statuses and roles, and relationships between groups change. 2) The author gives an example of excessive social mobility: Excessive social mobility, for example, a large number of people from the lower strata in management structures. 3) Indicators, according to the author, that do not affect a person’s position in a democratic society: prescribed status, nationality.

Explanations: You can write your religion instead of your assigned status or nationality.

№22 Based on social science knowledge, explain the meaning of the concept of “vertical social mobility”. What conditions, according to the author, influence the intensity of social mobility? (Name any three conditions.) What social mechanism does he think holds back social mobility in a democratic society?

Answer: Vertical social mobility is the movement of an individual from one social level to another, with a change in social status. The intensity of social mobility depends on the level of development of society, economic conditions, and democratic relations. In a democratic society, social mobility is constrained by the mechanism of competition, which manifests itself not only in economic struggle, but also in any struggle to improve social status.

Explanations: You can write the standard of living of the population instead of the level of development of society or economic conditions, or democratic relations.

№23 Based on social science knowledge and facts public life, name and illustrate with examples any three “elevators for ascent and descent.” (First name the social elevator, then give a corresponding example.) (Each example should be formulated in detail.)

Answer: 1. Education (University graduate of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics Evgenia Sokolova entered graduate school and after graduating and defending her Ph.D. thesis became a candidate technical sciences). 2. Professional activity(the leading manager of the Equator company, Alexander Titov, hardworking and executive, received a promotion and was appointed director of the department). 3. Marriage (The girl Natalya Gorelova married the owner of the large shopping center "Karat" Oleg Borodin, Natalia's social status increased).

Explanations: In this task, you need to show specific illustrative examples, with names and titles.

№24 Experts believe that the artificial restriction of social mobility by the state leads to negative consequences. Based on social science knowledge and facts of social life, name any three such consequences.

Answer: 1) When social mobility is artificially limited, they are not updated social structures. Moving to a higher stratum, individuals bring innovation, strive for more advanced forms of life, and increase competition. 2) An individual, with artificial restrictions on social mobility, does not have the opportunity to reveal his talents and personal qualities; they can only be developed in higher strata of the population. 3) The negative consequence of artificial restrictions on social mobility will be expressed in the fact that due to the inaccessibility of certain specific benefits to lower social strata, social tension and aggressiveness will increase, and social conflicts will begin to grow.

Explanations: The answer must contain a specific cause-and-effect relationship.

№25 What meaning do social scientists give to the concept of “activity”? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, compose two sentences: one sentence containing information about the structure of the activity, and one sentence revealing any of the elements of the structure of the activity.

Answer: Activity is a form of a person’s active relationship to the world around him, which consists of its purposeful change and transformation. 1. The structure of activity includes subject, object, motive, goal, result, methods of achieving the goal. 2. A goal is an image of an anticipated result towards which the activity is aimed.

Explanations: It is recommended to learn definitions.

№26 Illustrate with three examples the effect of changes in the price of factors of production on the supply of goods and services. (First give an example, then name a factor of production.) (Each example should be formulated in detail.)

Answer: 1. Capital (The decrease in energy prices in the country of N. has made many energy-intensive industries profitable, the supply of goods for which has increased).

2. Labor (Trade unions in the country of N. achieved an increase in the minimum wage, so the costs of producers increased significantly. Consequently, some producers raised prices and reduced the supply of goods).

3. Land (In the country of N., due to the unstable economic situation, the owners of agricultural plots increased the price of their rent. As a result, producers of natural products increased prices and decreased the supply of goods).

Explanations: You could provide other examples in your answer; your own reasoning is very important. It was possible to show not a decrease, but an increase in prices.

№27 In state Z, legislative power is exercised by parliament, and the popularly elected head of state forms the government and heads the executive branch. Citizens have full rights and freedoms, and civil society institutions are developed. State Z includes eight territories that have a certain political and legal independence and the right to adopt their own constitutions that do not contradict the basic law of the country. What is the form of state (territorial) structure of state Z? Indicate the fact according to the problem conditions on the basis of which you established this. Name any two features of this form of state (territorial) structure that are not mentioned in the problem statement.

Answer: 1. The form of state (territorial) structure of state Z is a federation.

2. The fact on the basis of which it was established. State Z includes eight territories that have a certain political and legal independence and the right to adopt their own constitutions that do not contradict the basic law of the country.

3. Two features of a federation are not mentioned in the problem statement: Bicameral structure of parliament. The existence of two systems of government bodies: federal bodies and bodies of federal subjects.

Explanations: From the conditions of the problem, you need to select facts related to the state territorial structure.

№28 You have been instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic “Alternative civil service in the Russian Federation.” Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in subparagraphs.

Answer:

• 1. The concept of alternative civil service
  2. Term of alternative civil service
     • 21 months (including two holidays).
     • 18 months (for citizens undergoing this service in organizations of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations and organs).
  3. The main replacements for military service under conscription ACS
     • Carrying military service contradicts the citizen's beliefs or religion
     • The citizen belongs to a small indigenous people and leads a traditional way of life, carries out traditional farming and is engaged in traditional crafts
  4. Citizens are not sent to alternative civil service
     • Have grounds for exemption from conscription for military service
     • Not subject to conscription
     • I have grounds for granting a deferment from conscription for military service
  5. Place of alternative military service for citizens
     • In organizations subordinate to the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation
     • In organizations of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations and bodies as civilian personnel
     • In organizations of traditional economic sectors and traditional crafts
  6. Signs that are taken into account when determining the type of work in which a citizen sent to alternative civil service can be employed

Explanations: During preparation, it is recommended to be sure to learn the reasons for replacing conscription military service with alternative civilian service.

By completing task 29, you can demonstrate your knowledge and skills oncontent that is more attractive to you. To this endchoose only ONE of the statements below(29.1–29.5).

№29 Choose one of the statements below and write a mini-essay based on it.
Identify, at your discretion, one or more main ideas of the topic raised by the author and expand on it (them).
When revealing the main idea(s) you have identified, in your reasoning and conclusions, use social science knowledge (relevant concepts, theoretical positions), illustrating them with facts and examples from public life and personal social experience, examples from others educational subjects.
To illustrate what you formulated theoretical provisions, reasoning and conclusions, provide at least two facts/examples from various sources. Each fact/example cited must be formulated in detail and clearly related to the illustrated position,
reasoning, conclusion.

29.1 Philosophy“Progress only indicates the direction of movement, and it is indifferent to what awaits at the end of this path - good or evil.” (J. Huizinga)

29.2 Economics“Entrepreneurial activity serves the interests not only of the individual, but also of society as a whole.” (S.N. Kanareikin)

29.3 Sociology, social Psychology “True patriotism as a private manifestation of love for humanity does not coexist with hostility towards individual nations.” (N.A. Dobrolyubov)

29.4 Political science“The ruler must not only want and decide, but also systematically lead others to a consistent will or decision.” (I.A. Ilyin)

29.5 Jurisprudence“Laws are the most beautiful invention of reason, but, while providing peace to peoples, they diminish their freedom.” (L. Vauvenargues)

Secondary general education

Line UMK G. A. Bordovsky. Social Studies (10-11)

Social science

Unified State Exam in Social Studies: reviewing assignments with the teacher

My students, graduates of 2017, who successfully passed the Unified State Exam in social studies, claim that the recommendation to read the entire text of the work before starting assignments has a good effect when completing the work. When reading the work, emotional stress is relieved, brain activity is directed to analyzing the materials, and the graduate is involved in productive work. cognitive activity, resulting in high performance scores.

As materials for work, we use the 2017 version of the Unified State Exam in Social Studies ( early period), published by FIPI in the spring of 2017.

Part 1

Task No. 1

Write down the word missing in the table.

Factors of production and factor income

When completing task No. 1, you need to carefully look at the title of the table. In our case, the table is called “Factors of production and factor income.” One of the factors of production is indicated: entrepreneurship (entrepreneurial abilities) and its factor income is indicated: profit. Knowledge of the main factors of production: land, labor, capital (physical and monetary), entrepreneurial abilities of information is inextricably linked with knowledge of factor income as income that the owner receives from the use or application of factors of production. Labor - wages, land - rent, capital - interest, entrepreneurial abilities, information - profit. The table shows factor income - rent, which means that in the first column we can safely enter such a factor of production as Earth. The correct answer is earth. When preparing, it is important for the student to know the complete characteristics of all factors of production.

Task No. 2

In the row below, find a concept that is generalizing for all other concepts presented. Write it down word (phrase).

State form, form of government, unitary state, federation, republic.

Answer: ___________________________.

In task No. 2, it is always necessary to clearly define the generic concept (in the question it sounds like a generalizing concept). Our version presents: the form of the state, how device political organization of society (it is important to remember that this is also a certain set of characteristics by which we determine the method of organization and structure of the state); form of government, which is determined by the composition of the highest bodies of state power and the order of their formation, as well as by their interaction with the population of the state; a unitary state, which refers to one of the forms of state-territorial structure, like a federation; A republic is one of the forms of government. I always strongly recommend that my students, in a rough draft, immediately when they begin completing assignments related to the topic “Politics,” draw a diagram:

This is important because, typical mistake, which graduates allow when conducting test exams, is associated with confusion of concepts. And when the diagram is before your eyes, it will be more difficult to make a mistake.

Accordingly, based on the diagram, it becomes clear that the generic (generalizing concept for all others here will be the form of the state, i.e. its versatile characteristics presented in the answer options. The remaining concepts reflect these or other elements. For example, the form of government is given as part forms of state and republic, as one of the types of government.

Correct answer: form of state.

Task No. 3

Below is a list of characteristics. All of them, with the exception of two, belong to the elite culture.

1. complexity of the forms used;
2. the desire of the authors to implement their own ideas;
3. entertaining character;
4. strongly commercial orientation;
5. spiritual aristocracy;
6. Requires special training to understand.

Find two characteristics that “fall out” from the general series and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.

When completing task No. 3, we pay attention to the concept in question. In this case, this is “elite culture” and we are asked about the characteristics of this concept. Elite culture is discussed in the topic “The spiritual sphere of social life.” The generic concept is “Culture”. In our case, the question is in the plane of varieties of culture (material, spiritual; folk, mass, elite). The task presents the features of elite culture: the complexity of the forms used, the authors’ desire to embody their own ideas, spiritual aristocracy, the requirement of special training for understanding. Well, really, are we all ready to perceive Schnittke’s musical works, analyze highly intellectual literary works Kafka? What can you say about Rodin's sculptures? It is clear that this culture is designed for a narrow circle of consumers prepared to perceive complex works. Elite culture does not seek commercial gain; self-expression and the search for new forms in art are important for authors.

Two characteristics that remain outside our attention: entertaining nature and a pronounced commercial orientation are the most important characteristics popular culture. Therefore, in this case we will mark them as correct. Because in the task we are asked to remove unnecessary characteristics.

Task No. 4

Choose the correct judgments about society and social institutions and write down numbers, under which they are indicated.

1. Society is a constantly developing dynamic system.
2. Social progress is characterized by degradation, a return to outdated structures and relationships.
3. In a broad sense, society is understood as a part of the world separated from nature, but connected with it, including ways of interaction and forms of unification of people.
4. Social institutions perform the function of human socialization.
5. Society is a closed system that does not interact with external environment.

Answer: ___________________________.

In task No. 4 we must discover judgments about society and public institutions. Here you cannot do without knowledge of the concepts: “society” in the broad and narrow senses; society as a system; “social institution”, as a historically established stable form of organizing joint activities of people, and knowledge of the types of social institutions in the main spheres of social life.

The first judgment characterizes society as a dynamic developing system - this judgment is correct, since it is an axiom in the course of social science.

The second judgment is incorrect, since progress, which is one of the directions of social development, is characterized by the development of society from lower to higher. And the judgment indicates: degradation, a return to already outdated structures and relationships, which are qualitative characteristics of another direction of social development - regression.

The third judgment almost completely reproduces the concept of “society” in a broad sense, and therefore is correct. What is missing there is “consisting of individuals with consciousness and will.”

The fourth proposition is correct. During socialization, a person learns the experience of previous generations. We know that social institutions establish certain patterns of behavior for people. This is best confirmed by such a social institution as the family, which belongs to the social subsystem of society.

The fifth proposition is incorrect. Society is a dynamic, open, self-developing system. It is almost impossible to apply the concept of a “closed system” that does not interact with the external environment to society. No special evidence is needed here. It is enough to recall the concept of society in the broad sense of “a part of the material world isolated from nature, but closely connected with it.”

Thus, the correct judgments will be: 1, 3, 4.

Thematic planning in social studies

Task No. 5

Establish a correspondence between the characteristics and types (forms) of activity: for each element given in the first column, select the corresponding element from the second column.

Task No. 5 relates to the topic “Activities”. Types (forms of activity) are considered: play, learning, work, communication. For execution of this assignment It is enough to know the characteristics of each type (form of activity). The imaginary setting is a characteristic of the game (A 4), focus on achieving a practically useful result - to work (a person creates certain objects that satisfy needs) (B 2). Focus on acquiring new knowledge and skills - to study (AT 3). And not a single type (form) of activity is complete without communication. Therefore, the remaining two characteristics: the process of establishing and developing contacts between people and the focus on information exchange reflect the essence of communication (G 1, D 1). You just need to remember that in the process of communication people exchange not only information, but also emotions, influencing each other.

Despite the apparent ease of tasks, it is important to take your time and conduct an internal dialogue with yourself. Answer the question: why the chosen answer is correct, based on knowledge of concepts.

Task No. 6

Students conducted a study of motives educational activities primary schoolchildren. Find in the list below the methods they used that correspond to the empirical level of scientific knowledge. Write it down numbers, under which they are indicated.

1. description of observed phenomena
2. putting forward and justifying hypotheses
3. explanation of existing relationships
4. direct observation of individual facts and phenomena
5. fixation of generalizations in the form of laws
6. obtaining quantitative data about the object being studied

Answer: ___________________________.

In task No. 6 they ask about the empirical level of scientific knowledge and its methods. We immediately mentally turn to the generic concept - “science”, recall the structure of scientific knowledge, which includes levels: empirical and theoretical, and classify the methods related to each level. We remember that empirical methods include: observation, description, measurement, classification, systematization, i.e. with their help it is possible to identify specific properties of the objects being studied, in contrast to theoretical level aimed at identifying general trends, laws, etc.

This is how we found the correct answers: 1, 4, 6

Task No. 7

Choose the correct judgments about economic systems and write down numbers, under which they are indicated.

1. Private property is the basis of a command (planned) economy.
2. In a traditional economy, the main economic issues are resolved by central government agencies.
3. The main subjects of market relations are economically independent participants in economic life.
4. The incentive for enterprises to operate in a market system is profit.
5. Signs of a market economy include free pricing.

Answer: ___________________________.

Task No. 7 aims us at knowing the characteristics of economic systems as a way of organizing the economic life of society. Knowledge of the distinctive features of traditional, command (planned) or command-administrative, market and mixed economic systems is the basic knowledge of a graduate seeking to get a high score in the exam.

So, let's try. Private property is a prerequisite for the existence of a market model of an economic system. We are told in judgment that it is a command economy. This is not true, also because in a command economy state ownership dominates, and the main issues of the economy are decided by the central authorities. This means that the second judgment is also incorrect. The third judgment is correct, since in a market economy each owner has the right to freely and independently dispose of his factors of production.

The fourth and fifth judgments are also correct, since in a market economy freedom economic activity individual entities are aimed at making a profit in a competitive environment and market mechanisms determine the price.

Right answers: 3, 4, 5.

Task No. 8

Establish a correspondence between the examples and types of taxes and fees in the Russian Federation (in accordance with the Tax Code of the Russian Federation): for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.

Task No. 8 is related to financial literacy graduate, namely knowledge of the types of taxes and fees in the Russian Federation. The assignment defines the levels of taxes collected: federal, regional and local. When performing this task, it is important to clearly distinguish between types of taxes by level:

Thus, in our task we again use the empirical ranking method: A 3, B 3, C 1, D 3, D 2.

Authors: Vorontsov A.V., Koroleva G.E., Naumov S.A. The textbook covers the most important topics social science course: economics, politics and law. In accordance with modern scientific ideas, the authors reveal the features of the operation of the market mechanism and the role of the state in the economy, the fundamentals of political science, the functioning of the state and the development of democracy, the principles of law, the foundations of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation, the rights and freedoms of man and citizen.

Task No. 9

Company Y is a wedding dress sewing studio. Find in the list below examples of variable costs of firm Y in the short run and write down numbers, under which they are indicated.

1. interest repayment costs on a previously taken loan
2. costs for the purchase of fabrics, threads, accessories
3. costs of paying piecework wages to employees
4. rent for studio premises
5. payment for consumed electricity
6. insurance premiums

Answer: ___________________________.

Completing task No. 9 requires knowledge of the topic “Company” and its key concepts: revenue, costs and profit. The assignment should clearly state the firm's variable costs in the short run, as opposed to fixed costs.

To complete a task without error, you also need to remember that variable costs change when production volume changes.

The company's credit histories will always relate to fixed costs, so the first option is not correct. But the purchase of fabrics, threads, and accessories refers to consumables, which means they are variable costs, as are the payment of piecework wages to workers, in contrast to salaries, which are the company’s fixed costs. Rent and insurance premiums are fixed costs for any company. Here's the payment consumed electricity (depending on the volume of work of the company) will be a variable cost.

Right answers: 2, 3, 5 .

Social science. Grade 11. A basic level of. Textbook. Authors: Nikitin A.F., Gribanova G.I., Martyanov D.S. The textbook is included in the educational and methodological complex in social studies for grade 11 ( a basic level of). Corresponds to the Federal State Educational Standard (FSES) of secondary (full) general education, included in the Federal List. The textbook examines the most important issues of economics and law. The methodological apparatus of the textbook includes the headings “Thinking, comparing, drawing conclusions”, “Testing our knowledge”, “Researching, designing, discussing, arguing”.

The figure shows the change in the supply of chairs in the corresponding market: supply line S moved to a new position - S 1 . (P – price; Q – quantity.)

Which of the following factors could cause this change? Write it down numbers, under which they are indicated.

1. increase in the cost of materials for upholstery of chairs
2. increase in wages for workers at enterprises producing chairs
3. reducing the cost of materials for chair frames
4. reduction of taxes levied on furniture manufacturers
5. increase in electricity tariffs for furniture manufacturers

Answer: ___________________________.

Task number 10 requires a very careful reading of the question. It is necessary to understand what is being asked about: a change in the quantity of demand or the quantity of supply? In this case, the supply of chairs in the relevant market has changed. By observing the change in the supply curve, we can say that supply has decreased. When completing the task, you need to remember that changes in supply are affected by the cost of factors of production, technology, state tax policy, government support, price expectations, competition, etc.

Therefore, the first answer - an increase in the cost of materials for upholstering chairs will precisely contribute to a decrease in the supply of this product on the market. The answer is correct. An increase in wages for workers increases the cost of such a factor of production as labor, but at the same time reduces the supply of this product on the market. The answer is correct. The third option should lead to an increase in supply, since a decrease in the cost of raw materials leads to an increase in the supply of goods on the market (in our case, a decrease in the cost of material for the frame). The answer is not correct. Tax cuts will also increase supply. The answer is not correct. But an increase in electricity tariffs for furniture manufacturers will increase variable costs and reduce supply. So, an increase in the price of consumables, electricity tariffs, and wages for workers will force the company to either reduce production volumes or increase the cost of goods, which will lead to a decrease in supply on the market.

Right answers: 1, 2, 5 .

Task No. 11

Choose the correct statements about social stratification and social mobility and write down numbers, under which they are indicated.

1. Horizontal mobility involves moving to a social group located at a different level of the social hierarchy.
2. One of the criteria for differentiating social groups is income.
3. Personal qualities of a person act as a criterion for social stratification modern society.
4. Sociologists distinguish between individual and collective mobility.
5. One of the criteria for the social stratification of society is the amount of power.

Answer: ___________________________.

Carrying out task No. 11, we proceed from knowledge of the concepts of “social stratification” and “social mobility”, criteria for social stratification, types of social mobility.

Horizontal mobility involves moving from one social group to another, located at the same level of the social ladder. Therefore, the first judgment is not correct. Differentiation (separation) of social groups in society occurs according to many criteria, one of which is income. And also the amount of power, education, prestige of the profession. The second and fifth judgments are correct, unlike the third. A person's personal qualities are not a criterion for social stratification. The fourth proposition is correct, since sociologists do distinguish between individual and collective mobility. For example, under the influence of the events of the 1917 revolution, the position of social groups shifted.

Right answers: 2, 4, 5.

During sociological surveys of adult residents of countries Z and Y, they were asked the question: “Which direction of the state’s youth policy do you consider the most important?”

The survey results (as a percentage of the number of respondents) are shown in the diagram.

Find in the list below the conclusions that can be drawn from the diagram and write down numbers, under which they are indicated.

1. The share of those who note the importance of ensuring access to decision-making in the economy, public life, and politics is smaller in country Z than in country Y.
2. Equal shares of respondents in each country consider it necessary to carry out educational work.
3. In country Z, the opinion about the importance of ensuring access to decision-making in the economy, public life, and politics is less popular than the opinion about the importance of conducting educational work.
4. In country Y, equal shares of respondents note the creation of conditions for self-expression, self-realization of young people and carrying out educational work with them as the most important areas.
5. The share of those who consider the provision of social support most important is greater in country Z than in country Y.

Answer: ___________________________.

When completing task No. 12, you need to carefully read the terms of the sociological survey. In this case, the most important directions of the youth policy of the two countries were clarified. The chart shows data from these countries. Before reading the judgments presented, you should carefully study the diagram yourself. In each country, the leading position was taken by the answer “providing social support.” Further, in country Z, the position “conducting educational work” was in second place, and the minimum position was occupied by the judgment “ensuring access to decision-making...”. In country Y, equally minimal positions were occupied by the judgments “ensuring access to decision-making...” and “creating conditions for self-expression.” After we have independently tried to analyze statistical materials, we try to analyze judgments.

The first judgment is correct, since the diagram data demonstrates this position. The second judgment is not correct, since in country Z there are more people who consider “carrying out educational work” important compared to country Y.

The third judgment is correct, and we saw this during own analysis diagrams.

The fourth judgment is also correct; we also determined this during the analysis of the diagram and marked these positions as minimally identical.

The fifth proposition is not correct, this is clearly visible in the diagram. The indicators indicate the opposite result.

Right answers: 1, 3, 4.

Task No. 13

Choose the correct judgments about the state and its functions and write down numbers, under which they are indicated.

1. Environmental requirements established by the state form the basis of the country's environmental security.
2. The fundamental feature of any type of state is the implementation in it of the principle of separation of powers.
3. The state has a monopoly right to legally use coercion through law enforcement and security forces.
4. The external functions of the state include determining the general direction of the state's economic policy in accordance with the achieved level of economic development.
5. The state creates a regulatory and organizational basis for the effective and high-quality activities of government bodies.

Answer: ___________________________.

When completing task No. 13, it is important to remember the concept of “state”, its main features, external and internal functions. The first judgment directs us to such a feature of the state as exclusive right for lawmaking. Therefore, the proposition “environmental requirements established by the state ( lawmaking), form the basis of the environmental security of countries” is correct. The second judgment is not correct, because the principle of separation of powers is implemented in a democratic state, and, therefore, this feature is not fundamental for any type of state.

The third proposition, “the state has the monopoly right to legally use coercion through the forces of law enforcement and security agencies,” essentially takes us to the most important feature of the state – the monopoly legal right to coercion. The fourth judgment is erroneous, since it reflects the most important internal function of the state “determining the general direction of the state’s economic policy.” The fifth judgment combines two characteristics of a state: lawmaking and a system of bodies and mechanisms for the exercise of public power ( we're talking about about public authorities). We read: “the state creates normative And organizational basis for efficient and high-quality activities government agencies.

Right answers: 1, 3, 5 .

Task No. 14

Establish a correspondence between the issues and the subjects of state power of the Russian Federation, to whose jurisdiction these issues relate: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.

To correctly complete task No. 14, you must have a good knowledge of the basics of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation and the functionality of all branches of government in the Russian Federation. First, you need to carefully look at which subjects of state power of the Russian Federation are indicated in the task. In our case, they are not named directly, but the levels are indicated: only the federal center and jointly the federal center and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Knowledge of the principles of the federal structure of the Russian Federation will come to the rescue. Remember that in a federation the principle of the integrity of the state, the unity of state power, and the division of powers is realized, which is what we are asked about. Previously, we saw the separation of powers when completing a task about taxes. You need to remember what is within the exclusive competence of federal bodies: all issues international relations, defense and security, judicial system, federal property, etc.

The first competence is issues of ownership, use and disposal of land, subsoil, water and other natural resources is jointly managed A 2. Those. This is an issue on which the center and the subjects share responsibility in solving problems. Thus, it would be correct to include “implementation of measures to combat disasters” under the same position. AT 2. Federal funds for regional development implement the fundamentals of federal policy and federal programs, therefore B 1. Positions G and D fall within the exclusive competence of federal bodies, therefore G 1, D 1.

Task No. 15

In the democratic state Z, during the reform of the electoral system for parliamentary elections, a transition was made from a proportional electoral system to a majoritarian one.

Which of the following remained unchanged during this electoral reform? Write down the relevant numbers.

1. free and voluntary participation of citizens in elections
2. granting the right to vote to citizens over 18 years of age, regardless of nationality, gender, professional affiliation, level of education, income
3. secret voting procedure
4. voting in single-member constituencies
5. dependence of the number of deputy mandates received by a party on the number of votes
6. possibility of nominating independent non-party candidates

Answer: ___________________________.

Question No. 15 is related to the electoral process. Despite the fact that at the beginning of the question they explain to us the reform, during which there was a transition from a proportional electoral system to a majoritarian one. The essence of the question is not so much about the types of electoral systems and their reform, but about elections in general(topic “Political participation”). We need to remember the basic principles of elections in a democratic state: direct participation of citizens, universal, equal, direct suffrage, secret ballot, voluntary participation.

Accordingly, the first judgment is correct. The second judgment refers us to the principle of equality in suffrage, therefore it is also true. The third judgment is correct; one of the principles is also presented - secret voting.

The fourth judgment goes beyond the question: which of the following remained unchanged during this electoral reform? Voting in single-mandate constituencies takes us to the organization of the electoral process under a majoritarian system, as opposed to a proportional system, where the state acts as a single electoral district. This means that this judgment reflects a change in the electoral process. The answer is not correct in our case. The dependence of the number of deputy mandates received by a party on the number of votes also applies to the proportional electoral system, which is not true for our question. The sixth option also reflects the majoritarian electoral model.

Correct answer: 1, 2, 3 .

Task No. 16

Which of the following applies to the political rights (freedoms) of a citizen of the Russian Federation? Write it down numbers, under which they are indicated.

1. holding meetings and rallies
2. appeal to government agencies
3. payment of legally established taxes and fees
4. defense of the Fatherland
5. participation in the management of state affairs through their representatives

Answer: ___________________________.

Question No. 16 again takes us back to the basics of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation. Rights and freedoms of man and citizen. It is important to know four groups of rights and freedoms: personal (civil), political, socio-economic, cultural. Our assignment asks about political rights, which ensure the participation of citizens in the exercise of political power. Therefore, holding meetings and rallies is correct, appealing to government bodies is correct, participation in managing the affairs of the state through one’s representatives is correct. Payment of taxes and fees, protection of the Fatherland are among the constitutional responsibilities of a citizen, as well as compliance with the Constitution and laws of the Russian Federation, concern for the preservation of historical and cultural heritage, care for children and disabled parents.

Right answers: 1, 2, 5 .

Task No. 17

Choose the correct judgments about family law in the Russian Federation and write down numbers, under which they are indicated.

1. Family law regulates property and personal non-property relations between family members.
2. The marriage is suspended due to the civil registry office declaring one of the spouses dead.
3. Marriage takes place at the civil registry office (registry office).
4. The legal regime for the property of spouses is established only by a marriage contract.
5. Parents are required to provide maintenance for their minor children.

Answer: ___________________________.

Analyzing the materials of assignment No. 17, we highlight the basic concepts and norms related to family law. The first judgment will be correct, since it refers us to Article 2 of the Family Code. Key institution family law is a marriage concluded in the civil registry office (judgment 3), giving rise to mutual rights and obligations of the spouses. The second judgment confuses us a little; it is known that in connection with the death of one of the spouses, the second spouse needs to come to the registry office to obtain a certificate about his death, and as a consequence of this, dissolution of marriage. Our assignment states: the marriage is suspended due to the civil registry office declaring one of the spouses dead. The answer is not correct. The fourth and fifth options take us to the property rights and responsibilities of spouses. The fifth option is correct, since the wording is at the intersection of constitutional obligations and family law norms: parents are obliged to provide maintenance to their minor children. But the fourth option is erroneous because of its wording: the legal regime of the spouses’ property is established only marriage contract. This is not true because Not only a marriage contract, and also the norms of family law, i.e. The legal regime of the spouses' property is regulated by family law and established by the marriage contract.

Right answers: 1, 3, 5 .

Task No. 18

Establish a correspondence between the examples and measures of legal liability in the Russian Federation: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.

Task No. 18 relates to legal liability. When completing the task, it is important to remember the types of legal liability: criminal, administrative, civil and disciplinary. A reprimand is a disciplinary sanction - A 2. A warning refers to a type of administrative penalty - B 3. Dismissal for appropriate reasons (for example, absenteeism, one-time gross violation labor duties, repeated failure by the employee to fulfill labor duties, etc.) – AT 2. Remark – disciplinary action, G 2. Imprisonment - criminal liability for committing a crime - D 1.

Task No. 19

Joint Stock Company "Sweet Charm" produces confectionery products. Find in the list the features that distinguish a joint stock company from other organizational and legal forms of enterprises. Write it down numbers, under which they are indicated.

• division of the company's authorized capital into equal parts, each of which is issued by a security
• mandatory conclusion of an employment contract with employees
• obligation of employees to comply with labor discipline
• distribution of profits between employees in accordance with their labor participation
• bearing the risk of losses within the value of the securities owned by the participant
• payment of dividends to owners at the end of the year

Answer: ___________________________.

To complete task No. 19, it is necessary to distinguish between the organizational and legal forms of enterprises. In our case, select distinctive features joint stock company. We remember that joint stock companies, like limited liability companies, belong to business companies. These are commercial organizations, i.e. the purpose of their activity is to make a profit. The authorized capital is divided into a certain number of shares. Participants can be citizens legal entities and public legal entities. Therefore, answer option 1 – “dividing the authorized capital of the company into equal parts, each of which is represented by a security” will be correct. It is known that shareholders are not liable for the obligations of a joint-stock company, but bear the risk of losses from the company’s activities within the limits of the value of their shares. Therefore, option 5 – “bearing the risk of losses within the value of the securities owned by the participant” (share – security) will be correct, as well as answer 6 – “payment of dividends to the owners at the end of the year.” Judgments 2 and 3 – “mandatory conclusion of an employment contract with employees”, “obligation of employees to observe labor discipline” refer to general provisions of Labor Law. But “distribution of profits among workers in accordance with their labor participation” is a characteristic of such an organizational and legal form of an enterprise as a “production cooperative” (artel).

Right answers: 1, 5, 6 .

Task No. 20

Read the text below, in which a number of words are missing. Select from the list provided the words that need to be inserted in place of the gaps.

“A person who actively masters and purposefully transforms nature, society and himself is _________(A). This is a person with his own socially formed and individually expressed qualities: _________ (B), emotional-volitional, moral, etc. Their formation is due to the fact that the individual, together with other people _________ (B), learns and changes the world and himself. The process of this cognition in the course of assimilation and reproduction of social experience is at the same time a process of _________ (D).

Personality is defined as special form existence and development social connections, a person’s relationship to the world and with the world, to himself and with himself. It is characterized by _________(D) to develop, expand the scope of its activities and is open to all influences of social life, to all experience. This is a person who has his own position in life, who shows independence of thought, and bears _________ (E) for his choice.”

The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word can only be used one once.

Choose one word after another, mentally filling in each gap. Please note that there are more words in the list than you will need to fill in the blanks.

List of terms:

1. activity
2. intellectual
3. duty
4. everyday
5. responsibility
6. socialization
7. personality
8. pursuit
9. communication

The table below shows the letters representing the missing words. Write down the number of the word you chose in the table under each letter.

When completing task No. 20, I recommend that you first try to read the text and independently substitute words that, in your opinion, are suitable in meaning. This is how a semantic understanding of the content of the text is achieved. And when you read it again, select words from those on the list. You will have a situation of success when the words you selected coincide with those proposed from the list. So, we try to read, inserting words that are close in meaning, then select from those available in the task.

“A person who actively masters and purposefully transforms nature, society and himself is personality (A)(personality is a set of socially significant properties and qualities of a person. Where a personality is formed - in society. What a personality does is transform the world and himself). This is a person with his own socially formed and individually expressed qualities: intellectual (B), emotional-volitional, moral, etc. (in this case, socially significant qualities are listed). Their formation is due to the fact that the individual, together with other people, activities (B) cognizes and changes the world and himself (one of the definitions of activity is the conscious activity of a person, through which a person changes the world around him and changes himself; the process of human interaction with the world around him). The process of this cognition in the course of assimilation and reproduction of social experience is at the same time a process socialization (G).

Personality is defined as a special form of existence and development of social connections, a person’s relationship to the world and with the world, to himself and with himself. It is characterized desire (D) develop, expand the scope of its activities and is open to all the influences of social life, all experiences (again explained through the process of socialization, which lasts throughout a person’s life). This is a person who has his own position in life, who shows independence of thought, carries responsibility (E) for your choice (freedom and responsibility in human life).”

Part 2

Read the text and complete tasks 21–24.

In a broad sense, underemployment is a situation in which the work performed does not require the full use of the individual’s qualifications and professional training, does not meet his expectations and does not allow him to receive the salary that he could have had performing that work (and in that volume) , which I could claim...

Cyclical unemployment is associated with fluctuations in labor demand. A recession is a cyclical decline in business activity that causes people to lose their jobs until demand picks up again and business activity picks up. Seasonal unemployment occurs due to seasonal fluctuations in the demand for labor. It affects those involved in fishing, construction and agriculture. Those who change jobs and those who are not employed this moment in connection with the transition from one place to another, they are called functional (frictional) unemployed. Functional (frictional) unemployment is considered, although inevitable, but still an acceptable consequence of a healthy economy. It can be assumed that even with full employment, wage earners will move from place to place.

The structurally unemployed experience difficulties in obtaining work due to insufficient or insufficient qualifications, discrimination based on gender, ethnic background, age or disability. Even during periods of high employment levels, unemployment remains disproportionately high among the structurally unemployed.

Unemployment is not just a lack of work... Although unemployment can be a creative, will-mobilizing experience, most people who go through it report experiencing despair, powerlessness and confusion, especially if they have been out of work for longer than a few weeks. For most people, hired work is the main, and often the only, means of meeting their material needs for food, clothing, and a roof over their heads. Research shows that those who do not like their jobs still prefer to keep it even when given the opportunity to live on other incomes. Although working conditions can cause adverse consequences, being unemployed can lead to just as many problems: increased stress, family conflicts, addiction to alcohol and drugs.

(K.H. Brier)

When starting to complete tasks on texts 21-24, you should initially read the text very carefully and highlight the main semantic fragments of the text. Work through the text with a pen to ensure maximum absorption of the content. I do not recommend that my students immediately read the question and randomly, during a quick reading, look for answers. Typically, this practice leads to incorrect answers and lower scores on the exam.

Task No. 21

How does the text indicate the effect of a recession on cyclical unemployment? What sectors of the economy, according to the author, are affected by seasonal unemployment? (Indicate all industries mentioned in the text.) How does the author explain the inevitability of functional (frictional) unemployment?

Answer: “A recession is a cyclical decline in business activity that causes people to lose their jobs until demand picks up again and business activity picks up.” Those. labor demand fluctuates.

Task No. 22

It is also better to complete task No. 22 in parts.

Answer: “underemployment is a situation in which the work performed does not require the full use of the individual’s qualifications and professional training, does not meet his expectations and does not allow him to receive the salary that he could have had performing that work (and in that volume) , which I could claim..."

Hypothesize why some workers accept underemployment (make two hypotheses). When completing this assignment, I recommend that students write each guess on a new line.

In our case, we can model the answer using the text. We do not provide examples because this is not specified in the assignment.

Answer: workers agree to part-time work because it is important for a person to feel significant and needed. Even part-time work gives a person a sense of stability, relieves social tension, and gives the opportunity to participate in public life.

Workers agree to part-time work because in a crisis, even such work can be the only source of income for their families, protection from social upheavals, and allows them to maintain their way of life.

Task No. 23

The author notes that “even during periods of high employment levels, disproportionately high unemployment remains among the structurally unemployed.” Using social science knowledge, explain the reason for this level of unemployment among these categories of citizens. Name any two measures to prevent discrimination against the categories of citizens indicated by the author, provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

The author tells us the reasons for high unemployment among the structural unemployed: insufficient or insufficient qualifications, discrimination based on gender, ethnicity, age or disability. But the task also requires the use of social science knowledge. We recall that from the social studies course we know that structural unemployment is associated with the inability to employ people in certain professions and the discrepancy between supply and demand in the labor market.

Answer: A high level of structural unemployment, even during periods of high employment in the country, is usually associated with changes in production technologies, scientific and technological progress. Those. people of certain professions are no longer in demand in the labor market (examples are not required in the task, only an explanation of the problem).

Name any two measures to prevent discrimination against the categories of citizens indicated by the author, provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation. In this case, we are asked to turn to the norms of the Labor Law of the Russian Federation, since it regulates relations in the field of hired labor.

Answer: The Labor Code of the Russian Federation contains prohibitions on discrimination:

1. citizens of the Russian Federation have equal opportunities for workers to be promoted at work, taking into account labor productivity, qualifications and work experience in their specialty, as well as for training and additional professional education;
2. restrictions are prohibited labor rights or receiving advantages depending on gender, race, skin color, nationality, language, origin, property, family, social and official status, age, place of residence, attitude to religion, beliefs, membership or non-membership of public associations or any social groups, as well as from other circumstances not related to the employee’s business qualities.

The guarantee of non-discrimination of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation provides for the right of a person who considers himself discriminated against in the sphere of labor to apply to the court for the restoration of violated rights, compensation for material damage and compensation for moral damage.

Task No. 24

Why, according to the author, does unemployment cause a state of despair and confusion in a person? Using social science knowledge and facts of social life, make two assumptions about how the mobilizing effect of the unemployed state on a person is manifested.

Using social science knowledge and facts of social life, make two assumptions about how the mobilizing effect of the unemployed state on a person is manifested (in this case, we must give examples, because the question says “facts of social life”).

1. Unemployment provides an incentive for retraining if the profession is in little demand in the labor market. A break in employment for retraining and improving the level of education. Citizen N, after registering with the Employment Center, was sent to vocational training Electrical and gas welder by profession.
2. Unemployment provides an opportunity for self-employment. For example, after dismissal from his main job when an enterprise in Moscow was closed, citizen N moved to the Moscow region, submitted documents to the Moscow Employment Center, where he received advice on opening a farm, assistance in drawing up a business plan and one-time financial assistance.

Task No. 25

What meaning do social scientists give to the concept of “art”? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, compose two sentences: one sentence containing information about the types of art, and one sentence revealing the essence educational function art.

Task No. 25 can be successfully completed only if you know the basic concepts of the course. Art is a form of culture that reflects the surrounding reality in artistic images. An artistic image can be expressed in different types arts: music, painting, architecture, sculpture, literature. Works of art have big influence on the formation of a person’s personality.

Task No. 26

Name and illustrate with examples any three main responsibilities of an employer enshrined in the Labor Code of the Russian Federation.

In task No. 26, it is necessary to name and illustrate examples of any three main responsibilities of the employer enshrined in the Labor Code:

1. Ensure safety and working conditions in accordance with labor protection standards. At enterprise N, in order to improve the working conditions of workers, training sessions were held on injury prevention,
2. Pay wages in full on time. For delaying payment of wages, the management of enterprise Y was held accountable in the form of being forced to pay employees interest in addition to their wages.
3. Implement compulsory social insurance for employees. In the employment contract signed by citizen N with the company, a clause on compulsory social insurance of citizen N was included in the section of the employer’s responsibilities.

Task No. 27

A new political party was registered in State Z. It has central governing bodies and regional branches. The party proclaims as its basic principles traditionalism, stability, order, as well as the priority of the interests of the state, nation, and society over the interests of the individual. During the elections, the political party received the required number of votes and received seats in parliament. Determine the type of political party depending on its ideological affiliation. Give the fact that allowed you to draw this conclusion. Name any two other types of parties distinguished by this criterion, and briefly describe one of them.

• the party is registered;
• central government bodies and regional branches (a sign indicating a mass party);
• basic principles: traditionalism, stability, order, as well as the priority of the interests of the state, nation, society over the interests of the individual (a sign indicating ideological affiliation - conservative);
• entered parliament after the elections (participates in government - a sign indicating the ruling party);

Now the questions: Determine the type of political party depending on its ideological affiliation.

Answer: Conservative Party.

Give the fact that allowed you to draw this conclusion.

Answer: Because it defends the principles of tradition and stability of development (traditionalism, stability, order, as well as the priority of the interests of the state, nation, society over the interests of the individual).

Name any two other types of parties distinguished by this criterion, and briefly describe any one of them.

Answer: According to their ideological orientation, liberal and socialist parties can be distinguished. Signs of the liberal party: inalienability of natural human rights, their priority over the interests of society and the state, political pluralism, free market economy.

Task No. 28

You are instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic “Types of families.” Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in subparagraphs.

To write a plan for any social science topic, you must clearly understand the structure of studying the topic. Essentially, this task tests students' understanding of the structure of the topic. Therefore, writing a plan depends on the quality of assimilation of the topic material and understanding of its structure. In this case, the topic of the plan is “Types of families.”

1. The concept of family as a small group based on marriage or consanguinity.
2. Family functions (may not be indicated in this version of the plan)
3. Types of families according to the nature of relationships between members:
1. Traditional (patriarchal family), its features:
   A) cohabitation of several generations;
   B) male supremacy;
   C) economic dependence of family members on men;
   D) strict distribution of responsibilities
2. Partner (democratic) family:
   A) nuclearity;
   B) decision-making by all family members;
   C) women’s economic independence;
   D) fair distribution of household responsibilities
4. Types of families in relation to raising children:
1. Authoritarian;
2. Democratic;
3. Liberal (permissive)
4. Modern trends in family development

Task 29

Select one from the statements proposed below, reveal its meaning in the form of a mini-essay, indicating, if necessary, different aspects of the problem posed by the author (the topic raised).

When expressing your thoughts about the raised problem (designated topic), when arguing your point of view, use knowledge received while studying a social studies course, corresponding concepts, and data public life and one's own life experience.

(Give at least two examples from different sources for factual argumentation.)

29.1. Philosophy. “The privilege of fish, rats and wolves is to live by the law of supply and demand; the law of human life is justice.” (D. Ruskin)

29.2. Economy. “The types of businesses are different, but the business as a system remains the same regardless of its scale and structure, products, technologies and markets.” (P. Drucker)

29.3. Sociology, social psychology. “We need schools that not only teach, which is extremely important, that’s the most important thing, but schools that nurture the individual.” (V.V. Putin)

29.4. Political science. “The supreme power is worthy of veneration only insofar as it is the means of securing human rights.” (A. Custine)

29.5. Jurisprudence. “Protection of rights is a duty to society. He who defends his own right defends the right in general.” (R. Iering)

Exercise 29. 3. “We need schools that not only teach, which is extremely important, that’s the most important thing, but schools that nurture the individual.” (V.V. Putin)

When writing an essay, first of all, it is necessary to clearly understand the sphere of society to which the chosen topic relates. You should carefully read the proposed topics, analyze your “baggage of knowledge”, understand which of the topics you have clearer theoretical ideas on, which of the topics you can give the best examples that reveal the content of the topic.

In this case, we chose a topic from the section sociology, social psychology. We understand that a problem immediately arises modern school, education systems. The eternal question: the tasks of education, training and education, what is more important? The issue of socialization is also touched upon - “schools that educate the individual.” I note that we cannot go into the concept of the topic of the spiritual sphere of society here, because we are writing an essay from another section. So, let's try to write.

What social order should the school fulfill - to give students only a high level of education? Or fulfill an equally important mission – personal development?

As is known from the social studies course, education is a way of personality development through the acquisition of knowledge by people, the acquisition of skills and abilities, the development creativity through a system of social institutions, the most important of which is the school.

When we talk about school as an institution that provides education, we understand that we are talking about social institution, which has a number of elements: these are educational standards and programs, operating principles, including a network educational institutions and governing bodies.

To improve the quality of education, the state is taking a number of measures: lengthening the duration of training, increasing the requirements for the level of qualifications of teachers, using variability educational programs, individual educational trajectories for students are built, schools are equipped with modern equipment, and new forms of final certification are introduced.

As a result, we see school graduates demonstrating high scores on the Unified State Examination, giving the opportunity to take budget places in leading universities of the capital. According to the results international studies presented by the Higher School of Economics, in which 49 countries took part, Russian schoolchildren primary classes ranks top in the world in reading, math and science. And also 8th grade math. According to researchers, this result was achieved thanks to the introduction of new educational standards and a unified state certification system.

But are educational results enough for society and individuals? The author of the quote clearly points us to the most important component of the educational process: the education of a person’s personality.

Based on the functions of education: economic, social and cultural, it becomes clear that exactly in cultural function– the use of previously accumulated culture for the purpose of educating a person, developing his creative abilities, this problem manifests itself.

In addition to lessons, grades, exams, there is also a richly eventful school life: cool watch, school festivals, hikes, joint trips with classmates around Russia and other countries.

In all this, the student learns to interact with other people, demonstrates his abilities and talents. It is in this atmosphere that it is realized social function education. Through the socialization of the individual, assimilation social norms, statuses and roles.

As an example, we can cite our favorite film from childhood, “Eccentric from 5 B,” which vividly demonstrates how the school community and class shape Bori’s personality. How he learns responsibility when he is assigned as a 1st grade counselor.

Thus, V.V. Putin in his statement once again emphasized the importance of society and school understanding of the inseparability of the two the most important processes related to the socialization of the individual – education and upbringing.”

The first preliminary results have been summed up Unified State Exam results 2017 in social studies. We, by tradition, invite you to familiarize yourself with the tasks that this year’s graduates had to solve, especially in the written part 2.

Unified State Exam 2017 in social studies took place

And, although the full results of this season passing the Unified State Exam have not yet been summed up, we are in a hurry to familiarize the coming generation of graduates who will take the 2018 Unified State Exam in social studies with the tasks encountered at the Unified State Exam.

Thus, through the mouth of the head of the department, Kravtsov, it was announced that last year it was 17.5% of graduates, this year - 13,8%. Still, a lot on average every sixth of those taking the test receives this “D” and loses the chance to enroll in their university.

At the same time, it is worth noting that some graduates still had hopes of increasing their score on the exam result.

Unified State Exam 2017 assignments in social studies

Now I propose to look at the work of a graduate of the Far Eastern Federal District and the tasks encountered in this work. Let us remind you that we cannot show the tasks of Part 1, the completion of which is impossible to appeal. The structure of tasks corresponds

Now the graduate answer forms themselves.

And points for completed tasks. It should be noted the high percentage of completion and huge losses in Overall score - 63, which roughly corresponds to the national average this year, but, when fighting for places on the budget prestigious universities, may not be wealthy.

Analysis of the completion of Unified State Exam 2017 tasks

On assignment 21 to the text, everything is written out very competently, in accordance with the theory. There is no need to be afraid of double-checking.

On assignment 22 removed for first position. Naturally, economic responsibility is not “...failure to comply with business ethics...” The logic is broken, any liability is measures for failure to fulfill obligations (responsibilities).

...the legal consequences established by acts of legislation of non-fulfillment or improper fulfillment by a business entity of the instructions provided for by acts of legislation in the field of economic relations.

For assignment 23. The examples in the first and second positions are not written out very correctly.

It is difficult to say for sure without the text whether the sources of economic growth themselves are written out correctly, unfortunately.

If they are written out correctly, then the examples are given CORRECTLY (!). It seems to me that 0 could have been set here only if the wording in the text itself was incorrect. In any case, this is worth bringing to the attention of the commission members during the appeal!

On assignment 23 YOU CAN challenge the scores, or at least ask to review and understand this task! The examples are correct!

On task 24. The graduate correctly describes ways to regulate economic policy, but the examples are completely lacking in specifics, which was clearly required in the terms of the assignment. The graduate simply explains what he means, and they will definitely point this out to you.

For example, it was required to write that 1) Antimonopoly policy. For example, in the Russian Federation, the FAS structure imposed a fine on a corporationGoogle, for abusing their market position.

You see, this is a HIGH level of difficulty task. , AND REQUIRES DEEP KNOWLEDGE ON THE PROPOSED TOPIC. IT IS NOT SHOWN IN THE RESPONSE.

It is worth drawing the attention of the commission members during the appeal that the essence of the explanation is conveyed correctly,

BUT, WITHOUT SPECIAL CHANCES FOR SUCCESS, unfortunately...

On assignment 25 You simply fell under the verification criterion, according to which an incorrect DEFINITION DOES NOT PROVIDE AN OPPORTUNITY to check the completion of the task further.

And indeed, the definition is not correct, because “a way of managing someone, something...” sounds extremely frivolous... The tutor had to explain that such vagueness in the definition is IMPOSSIBLE!

Here, for example, is the definition from my website

And here classic definition Max Weber:

Power- this is any opportunity, no matter what it is based on, to realize one’s own will in a given socially even in spite of opposition.

There is no point in appealing, it has been verified correctly.

On assignment 26 I have some big questions.

Labor Code of the Russian Federation, Article 81. Termination of an employment contract at the initiative of the employer

An employment contract can be terminated by the employer in the following cases:

1) liquidation of an organization or termination of activities by an individual entrepreneur;

(clause “b” as amended by Federal Law dated June 30, 2006 N 90-FZ)

I think that the graduate explained everything CORRECTLY and gave examples! Must stand maximum 3 points!

1 and 3 explanations are absolutely included in the Law, and in the second, the liquidation of the organization is replaced by the word bankruptcy, it is explained that the company is closing..

Article 3. Signs of bankruptcy of a legal entity

1. A legal entity is considered unable to satisfy the claims of creditors for monetary obligations, for the payment of severance pay and (or) for wages of persons working or who worked under an employment contract, and (or) to fulfill the obligation to make mandatory payments, if the corresponding obligations and (or) obligation not executed by him within three months from the date on which they should have been executed.

(as amended by Federal Law dated June 29, 2015 N 186-FZ)

IT DOES NOT NEED TO FIRED EMPLOYEES, but logically it is correct.

Task 27. IT IS ALSO ABSOLUTELY UNCLEAR WHY THEY TOOK THE POINT.

If the concept is used correctly (I cannot understand this from the wording of the assignment, unfortunately), then 2-3 criteria of progress for modern society (the so-called humanitarian), used CORRECTLY!

The wording “level of satisfaction” is very vague and will not be counted!

The problem is that the concept of CRITERIA for progress is very vague, some researchers even believe that there are NO CRITERIA (Korotaev A.V. Social evolution: factors, patterns, trends. M: Eastern literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2003. - p. 7.)

From the latest information and research:

The Social Progress Index is a combined indicator of international research project The Social Progress Imperative, which measures the achievements of the world's countries in terms of social well-being and social progress. Developed in 2013 under the leadership of Michael E. Porter, Chairman of The Social Progress Imperative, a Harvard University professor and expert in strategic management and international competitiveness. The Index's editorial board includes representatives from a number of leading universities and research centers, including Harvard Business School and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

The index covers countries for which reliable indicators are available and is based on a combination of data from public opinion polls (12%), assessments of development experts (25%) and statistical information from international organizations (61%).

When determining the success of a country in the field of social progress, over 50 indicators are taken into account, combined into three main groups:

1. Basic human needs - food, access to basic medical care, provision of housing, access to water, electricity and sanitation, level of personal safety. In general, this falls under what is written “life satisfaction” (!)

2. The foundations of human well-being are access to basic knowledge and the level of literacy of the population, access to information and means of communication, level of healthcare, environmental sustainability.

3. Opportunities for human development - the level of personal and civil freedoms, ensuring the rights and opportunities of a person to make decisions and realize their potential.

Even if experts considered that the level of health care and mortality follows one from the other, you need to pay attention that this is statistically DIFFERENT indicators, The level of healthcare development, for example, is measured by the UN by the number of doctors per 1000 population!

YOU NEED TO APPEAL, DEMAND 1 point!

According to task 28, I am sure that two “mandatory” points are hit – 2, 3. It is logical that paragraph 4 should have included examples of positive deviant behavior, but, in any case, there is at least 2 points here.

CRITERIA HAVE BEEN COMPLETED, NO ERRORS, MINIMUM 1 POINT NEEDS TO BE DISPUTED!

1. “Social stratification is the actual stratification of society”

   

   They took into account an example from India, although it is not very fully disclosed!

   So, let's summarize!

   For tasks 23 it is quite possible to ask for a revision of points, without the text I can’t say more precisely!

   ASSIGNMENTS 26, 27 and 28 can receive 1 point for revision.

   For essay 29 they can give 0 and subtract 2 points.

   The result of the appeal to the Unified State Examination

   What happened in the end? Like the vast majority of appeals, the appeal to the conflict commission ended in nothing, the result was abandoned. Here short story about the procedure itself:

   Evgeniy Sergeevich, hello.

   We didn’t “recapture” anything at all.

   There's a blank wall there.

   On those questions (to which you wrote about the “futility” of trying) or those where they suggested that Nikita’s initial formulation was incorrect, the commission gave exactly the same arguments as you, word for word. And they repeated after you in the essay (that you had to put 0).

   According to 26, 27, 28, none of our arguments were taken into account and were explained by the fact that the criteria were not met.

   By the way, I have a higher law degree and 15 years of practice, so I naturally got involved with her under Art. 81 Labor Code of the Russian Federation. But it was inflexibly stated that Nikita indicated a disciplinary violation as the third point, but it was necessary to write precisely that it should be a serious one-time violation. My arguments that the child specified in parentheses and revealed the meaning remained unheeded. When I tried to read the criteria from your tables and explain that they were met, I was told that Far East they are different 😳

   In general, we have what we have 😄

   In any case, I thank you very much. It's a pity that we met late. Good luck and all the best to you.