The Kingdom of Norway is a country with a strong economy. The state, thanks to rich natural reserves, managed to fully compensate for the lack of opportunities for farming. Residents of other parts of the world know Norway as a country with beautiful nature and numerous fjords surrounded by inaccessible cliffs.

Geographical characteristics

Norway - country Northern Europe, located in the western part of the Scandinavian Peninsula. The territory of the state includes adjacent small islands and an overseas possession in the Atlantic Ocean, Bouvet Island.

The country borders Finland, Sweden and Russia. Its total area is 324,200 square km.

The majority of the population is Norwegian. Of the total population they are 86%. The remaining residents are representatives of European countries and refugees.

Nature

Mountains and rocks

Norway is a country with mountainous terrain. The highest peak is Mount Gallhepiggen. Its height is 2,469 m.

In the list of Norwegian mountain ranges:

• Jotunheimen
• Hardangervidda;
• Finnmarksvidda;
• Sunnmer Alps;
• Dovrefjell;
• Lyngsalpene;
• Troll tongue and others.

Most of the mountains are covered with tundra vegetation and forests, there are waterfalls, lakes and glaciers that do not melt throughout the year. The ridges off the coast are cut by deep fjords...

Rivers and lakes

Large rivers flow through Norway, irrigating green valleys: Glomma, Tana, Paz, Otra, Alta, Namsen, Logen and others. Mountain rivers, deep, with rapids. They are fed by precipitation and glaciers. Due to the country's topography, many rivers have waterfalls. The highest reach 600 meters. Their beds are rich in fish, in particular salmon.

There are more than 400 lakes in the country. Deep reservoirs with branches are located in mountainous areas; on the plains, lakes are characterized by a larger area and are the sources of many rivers...

The seas surrounding Norway

The territory of Norway is washed by the waters of three seas at once:

• from the south by Northern;
• from the northeast by the Barents;
• from the northwest by Norway.

Despite its northern location, there is a swimming season in Norway. The coast owes its warm waters to the warm Gulf Stream.

The sea affects the life of the entire kingdom. Most of the population lives in coastal settlements. The sea is an important route for Norway's trade exchanges with other countries...

Forests

Much of Norway's mountains are covered with forests. Depending on climatic conditions, there are taiga forests, represented by conifers such as spruce and pine, deciduous with oak, birch, alder and beech.

An incomplete amount of cutting allows forests to renew themselves, without outside interference. In areas with poor soils, additional artificial care is carried out with the creation of a reclamation system and the application of mineral fertilizers.

Most of the forests, 5.5 million hectares, are privately owned, a fifth of this area is state land, and about 0.2 million hectares are public forests...

Plants and animals of Norway

Due to the terrain and harsh climate, vegetable world countries is interesting. Coastal areas are an area of ​​forests with small shrubs; to the north and higher above sea level there are deciduous and coniferous forests, followed by plantings of dwarf birch trees. At the highest altitudes, only lichens, mosses and grasses can be found.

The most common animals in the kingdom are the hare, squirrel, elk and fox. Brown bears and wolves live in the forests. Their population is relatively small. In the south, near the coast, you can find red deer...

Climate of Norway

The Gulf Stream has a powerful influence on the climate of the kingdom. Along the coast of the country, temperatures reach 25 degrees Celsius in summer. Winters here are mild and warm, the average January temperature is 1.7 degrees Celsius plus, summers are cool with heavy rainfall.

In the interior of the country the temperature is slightly lower. In January, the average is -3.5 degrees Celsius. Warm masses from the Atlantic do not arrive here due to mountain ranges that create obstacles...

Resources

Natural resources

There are few mineral resources on the mainland. The main share of resources important for the economy is represented by oil, gas and iron ore, and is concentrated on the islands or in the territorial waters of the state.

Norway is famous for its fish stocks, both river and sea, as well as seafood. Forests provide the country with timber and make it possible to export it...

Industry and Agriculture

Norway's main economic sectors are the oil and gas industry. Exactly these Natural resources, mined in the territorial waters of the country, are sent by Norwegians for export. Since the 90s, Norway has been firmly among the top ten world leaders in oil export volumes.

Mechanical engineering and a huge merchant fleet are also closely related to the oil industry, and for the most part, are aimed at servicing it. Chemical industry enterprises are engaged in the production of urea, saltpeter, and nitrate fertilizers.

Climatic conditions and a small number of fertile soils do not create conditions for the development of agriculture. Only fodder varieties of cereals are grown. Agriculture is represented mainly by livestock farming. The population raises cattle and other meat and dairy animals...

Culture

People of Norway

Norwegians honor their traditions and folk art. They value musical talents, hand-painted wood products, paintings, etc. Norwegians treat handmade jewelry with special respect; jewelry is passed on from generation to generation, by inheritance.

The population of the country approaches the preservation of the nature around them with trepidation and responsibility. The streets and outdoor recreation areas are always clean and well-groomed. Smoking and drinking alcoholic beverages in in public places forbidden. The Norwegians themselves are hospitable...

Introduction

Relevance. The topic discussed in the course work reveals the essence and features of Norway's tourism resources, the economic conditions for the development of Norway's tourism and a comparison of the tourism resources of Norway and the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia).

Norway is a country of amazing nature, combining mountains and waterfalls, tundra and glaciers, forests and seas. The nature of Norway is so diverse and changes so dramatically from north to south that it’s hard to believe that all this can be in one country. The Norwegians managed to preserve their nature and create an oasis of prosperous life in difficult northern conditions. Norway has unique natural, cultural and historical attractions that annually attract a large flow of tourists.

Purpose of the study: to study the economic conditions for the development of tourism in Norway, the characteristics of its tourist resources and their comparison with the resources of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia).

Object of study: tourist resources of Norway.

Subject of the study: comparison of tourism resources in Norway and the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia).

Research hypothesis: good infrastructure plays a role main role in the implementation of tourism business.

Research objectives:

Explore features geographical location and natural and climatic conditions of Norway;

Economic conditions for tourism development;

Characteristics of industries and industries related to tourism;

Norwegian culture;

Norway Tourist Resources;

Compare tourism resources of Norway and the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia).

The scientific novelty lies in the comparison of the tourism resources of Norway and the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia).

The theoretical and practical significance of the course work lies in the possibility of using the information contained in it to study the characteristics of the tourist resources of Norway, the possibility of considering a comparison of the tourist resources of Norway and the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia).

The structure of the course work. Course work contains a total of 38 pages, consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion, and a list of references of 19 titles.

NORWAY TOURIST RESOURCES

Peculiarities of the geographical location and natural and climatic conditions of Norway

Norway is located close to the prime meridian and not far from north pole, in the northern part of the eastern hemisphere. Norway is located in western Europe, in the western and northern parts of the Scandinavian Peninsula. It is washed by the Atlantic and Arctic oceans, the North, Norwegian, Greenland and Barents seas. Jutland is separated from the peninsula by the Skagerrak and Kattegat straits. Most of Norway's territory is occupied by the Scandinavian Mountains. Almost the entire territory of the country has a temperate climate, except for its northern regions, where a subarctic climate prevails. Most of the country is located in the altitudinal zone; only in the north-west of Norway there are zones of taiga and mixed and deciduous forests. Norway is bordered in the east by Switzerland, Finland and Russia.

Spitsbergen is an archipelago beyond the Arctic Circle. Territory - 62 thousand square meters. km. There are over 1 thousand islands in the archipelago. Spitsbergen, together with Bear Island located to the south, form administrative District Norway Svalbard is governed by a governor appointed by the King of Norway.

Norway is located in two climate zones. In the far north there is a very narrow strip of the subarctic zone. The predominant territory is occupied by the temperate zone. Within the temperate zone, moderate air masses dominate. In the subarctic zone, air masses change: in summer - moderate, in winter - arctic air masses. The temperate zone is dominated by a temperate climate, and the subarctic zone is dominated by a subarctic climate. The temperate zone is influenced by two subtypes of air masses: maritime in the west, and continental air masses in the central part.

In Norway, in the middle of winter there are polar nights, and in the middle of a short summer the sun shines even at midnight. These lands are known as the Land of the Midnight Sun.

Assessment: the climate is favorable for the development of tourism, since there is little precipitation, the weather in summer is not hot, and winter is not too cold.

Norway occupies the western, mountainous part of the Scandinavian Peninsula. This is a large block, composed mainly of granites and gneisses and characterized by rugged relief. The block is asymmetrically raised to the west, as a result the eastern slopes (mainly in Sweden) are flatter and longer, while the western slopes, facing the Atlantic Ocean, are very steep and short. In the south, within Norway, both slopes are represented, and between them there is a vast highland.

To the north of the border of Norway and Finland, only a few peaks rise above 1200 m, but towards the south the heights of the mountains gradually increase, reaching maximum heights of 2469 m (Mount Gallhöppigen) and 2452 m (Mount Glittertinn) in the Jotunheimen massif. Other elevated areas of the highlands are only slightly inferior in height. These include Dovrefjell, Ronnan, Hardangervidda and Finnmarksvidda. Bare rocks, devoid of soil and vegetation cover, are often exposed there. Externally, the surface of many highlands more closely resembles slightly undulating plateaus, and such areas are called “species”.

The country's topography is very favorable for tourism. Of particular interest are not only the coastal areas of the coast, but also the mountainous areas of the country. Thanks to the variety of landforms, it is possible to develop various types of tourism, such as ski tourism, surfing, camping, yachting and many others.

The Barents Sea is a marginal water area of ​​the Arctic Ocean on the border with Atlantic Ocean, between the northern coast of Europe in the south and the Vaigach Islands, New Earth, Franz Josef Land in the east, Spitsbergen and Bear Island in the west.

The area of ​​the sea is 1.405 thousand km2, the average volume of water is 282 thousand km3, the average depth is 200 m.

The Barents Sea is rich various types fish, plant and animal plankton and benthos. Seaweed is common along the southern coast. Of the 114 species of fish living in the Barents Sea, 20 species are the most commercially important: cod, haddock, herring, sea bass, catfish, flounder, halibut, etc. Mammals include: polar bear, seal, harp seal, beluga whale, etc. . Seal fishing is underway. Bird colonies abound on the coasts (guillemots, guillemots, kittiwake gulls).

From a tourism point of view, the Barents Sea is not favorable. Since most of the year its part is covered with ice. And the water does not warm up above 9°C.

Norway's inland waters are represented by rivers and lakes. Most large river- Glomma, whose length is 611 km. It originates from Lake Eurosunden in the southeastern part of the Scandinavian Mountains, near the border with Sweden, and flows into Oslofjord. Glomma with its tributaries has a drainage basin that occupies about a third of the country's area.

River flow is often naturally regulated by lakes. There are 200 thousand lakes in Norway, and they occupy 4.7% of the country's area. The largest - Mjøsa has an area of ​​369 sq. km.

Landscape

This whole country is extremely mountainous; it forms a huge highland consisting of gneiss, granite and other formations of the Archean and Paleozoic periods; in the eastern part it is indented by large valleys, and in the western and northern parts by sea bays or fjords protruding deeply into the land. In many places the mountains have a rounded shape and the landscape has predominantly the appearance of a large undulating plateau, on which the valleys and bays seem to be only completely insignificant cracks.

A quarter of the country's entire area is covered with forests. Fertile soils cover only 4% of the entire territory of Norway and are concentrated mainly in the vicinity of Oslo and Trondheim. Since most of the country is covered by mountains, plateaus and glaciers, opportunities for plant growth and development are limited.

Political structure

Norway's population is 5,006,000 people (2011), 114th in the world. The average population density is 16 people per 1 sq. km. Over 1/5 of the population is concentrated in southern Norway, on a narrow coastal strip around the Oslofjord (1/2) and Trondheimsfjord. The urban population is 80%, including over 1/5 in the metropolitan agglomeration.

The largest cities are the capital Oslo (906,681 people), Bergen (252,051 people), Trondheim (169,343 people), Stavanger (122,602 people). Norway is one of the countries with the highest life expectancy in the world. Average life expectancy increases every year for both sexes. The population increases mainly due to natural increase. Newborn boys can live up to 77 years, and newborn girls can live up to almost 82 years. The most common causes of death in Norway are diseases of the heart and blood vessels (cardiovascular disease) and cancer. Norway ranks first on the Human Development Index. In terms of per capita income, Norway is in 4th place in the world ($84,290), in terms of life expectancy it is 13-14th (80.2 years, according to UN data 2005-2011), the level of education of the population is 100%. (data as of 2011)

Mono-ethnic country: Norwegians make up more than 90%.

National minorities are the Sami (about 40 thousand people), Kvens (Norwegian Finns), Swedes, Russians and Ukrainians (on Spitsbergen), Gypsies, Jews.

In recent decades, a significant number of immigrants have appeared in the country, including Russians.

The official language is Norwegian..

The dominant religion is Evangelical Lutheranism (82.7% of believers).

Form of government - constitutional monarchy, form government structure-- unitary. King - Harald V, Prime Minister - Jens Stoltenberg. Norway is divided into 19 counties (counties), which are grouped into 5 main unofficial regions. The capital of Norway and the seat of government is Oslo.

The Storting is the supreme government authority in Norway. The Storting consists of 165 representatives from many political parties. Norwegians elect representatives to the Storting for a term of 4 years.

Norway also has the Sameting (Sami Parliament), which is designed to strengthen the political position of the Sami people.

Despite its northern location, Norway is characterized by favorable climate with cool summers and relatively mild winters - the result of the Gulf Stream. Average annual precipitation varies from 3330 mm in the West, where moisture-carrying winds primarily arrive, to 250 mm in some isolated river valleys in the east countries. Average January temperature 0°C typical for the southern and western coasts, while in the interior regions it drops to -4° C and less. Average temperatures in July on the coast approx. 14° C, and in inland areas - approx. 16° C, but there are also higher ones.

Visas, entry rules, customs rules

Norway is included in the countries Schengen Agreement.

When applying for a visa for a tourist trip, the applicant must provide the following documents:

Two copies of the completed application form. The form must be completed in English or Norwegian.
- Two color photographs pasted onto visa forms (light background, size 3x4 cm)
- A foreign passport valid for at least three months from the date of return.
- Reservation of a hotel, camping, etc.
- Ticket reservation (round trip).
- Medical insurance, as well as car insurance "green card" and a copy of the driver's license if the tourist visa applicant plans to travel by private car.
- Confirmation that the visa applicant has funds to cover travel-related expenses (bank statement).
- Certificate from the employer.
- Description of the route with daily indication of overnight stays.
- When applying for a visa for children (under 18 years of age), the package of documents is the same as for an adult.

Consular fee for processing a visa application is 1250 Russian rubles for citizens of Russia and Ukraine.

Children under 17 years old are released from paying the consular fee

In addition to general documents necessary present:

For children accompanied by one of the parents - a notarized permission to travel abroad from the other parent. For children traveling unaccompanied by their parents - a notarized permission to travel abroad from both parents.

Document submission deadline- no less than 10 working days before the start of the trip.

Import and export of foreign currency is not limited. Import of national currency limited in the amount of 25 thousand crowns. Import of larger amounts necessary accompanied by filling out a special customs declaration. Regarding traveler's checks no restrictions.

Duty free up to 2 liters of beer, up to 1 liter of strong alcoholic drinks (up to 60%), up to 1 liter of wine (up to 22%) or up to 2 liters of wine if strong alcoholic drinks are not imported, as well as up to 200 pieces of cigarettes or 250 grams of tobacco are imported (provided that the importing person reaches the age of 18), household items and items - within the limits of personal needs, food - up to 10 kg, motor gasoline - no more than 200 liters (including no more than 10 liters in a canister). Total cost of imported items and products should not exceed 5 thousand crowns. Import of strong alcoholic beverages allowed only to persons over 20 years of age, beer and wine - over 18 years of age. Import of medicines for personal use is only possible with written permission(prescription) from a doctor.

Prohibited transit of weapons, drugs, some medicines without the appropriate permits from customs authorities and prescription support, as well as the import of raw meat, fresh vegetables and dairy products. Prohibited export of protected species of animals and birds, objects of artistic, cultural and historical value. Violation of customs rules leads to visa cancellation and ban on entry into the country for a sufficiently long period of time.

Population, political status

Apart from Iceland, Norway - least populated country in Europe. In addition, the distribution of the population is extremely unevenly. In the capital of the countryOslo lives 495 thousand people, A in the Oslofjord area concentrated approximately a third of the country's population. Other big cities - Bergen, Trondheim, Stavanger, Boerum, Kristiansand, Fredrikstad, Tromso And Drammen.

Capital city located at the top of the Oslofjord, where ocean-going ships dock close to the town hall. Bergen also enjoys an advantageous position at the top of the fjord. Almost all large cities are located either on the shores of the sea or fjord, or close to them.

The strip, confined to the winding coastline, has always been attractive for settlements due to its access to the sea and temperate climatic conditions. With the exception of large valleys in the east and some areas in the west of the central highlands, all the interior highlands are sparsely populated. However certain areas are visited in certain seasonshunters, Sami nomads with herds of reindeer or Norwegian farmers grazing cattle there. After the construction of new and reconstruction of old roads, as well as with the opening of air traffic, some mountainous areas became accessible for permanent residence.

Norse- extremely homogeneous people of Germanic origin. special ethnic group make up Sami, of which there are approx. 20 thousand. They live in the far north at least 2 thousand years old, and some of them still lead a nomadic lifestyle.

Despite the ethnic homogeneity of Norway, there are clear differences two forms Norwegian language . Bokmål, or book language, which is used by most Norwegians, derived from Danish-Norwegian language, common among educated people at a time when Norway was under Danish rule. Nynoshk, or New Norwegian language, received formal recognition in the 19th century. He was created by linguist I. Osen based on rural, predominantly Western, dialects with an admixture of elements of the medieval Old Norse language.

Form of government - a constitutional monarchy. Head of State - King. Supreme legislative body Storting (parliament), consisting of 2 chambers: lagtinga And Odelsting elected for a term of 4 years. Supreme executive body - State Council.

What to see

The first place in Norway in terms of the number of visitors is Museum of Norwegian Glory, which was discovered on the peninsula Byugdai. They are carefully stored in its various pavilions. ships of the great Norwegian navigators; viking ships with a sharp and curved nose proudly raised upward. Black oak shines like coal. The prow of one ship ends in a thin curl, the other is crowned with the head of a dragon with an open mouth. Another museum - " Fram». Its main exhibit- eponymous egg-bottomed keelboat, which was built to withstand the ice compression of the Arctic. In general, there are many museums in Oslo. In the city center, next to the old university buildings, rises Historical Museum.

Beautiful city Alta. Here, in 1991 open Rock Art Museum. Rock art, displayed here in the open air, by decision of UNESCO classified as objects of the world cultural heritage . These are the most widespread cave paintings in Northern Europe, made 2500-6000 years ago, that is, dating back to the end of the Neolithic (Stone Age).

Along approximately 5 km of well-maintained trails with wooden footbridges, you can explore more 3000 drawings with scenes of hunting deer, elk and bears. Documentation is provided as well as guided tours.

Fjords- the main attraction of the country. The entire coastline of the country is cut by these narrow and deep bays, sung even in the ancient Scandinavian sagas. Most Popular among tourists Yairangerfjord, Lysefjord, Sognefjord, Hardangerfjord, Stavangerfjord, Shkjoldenf-ord, Glomfjord, Geirangerfjord and others, many of which are framed by waterfalls cascading from cliffs and small colorful fishing villages. Boat excursions along the fjords - the most exciting trip in Norway.

The western part of Europe's largest Scandinavian Peninsula occupy harsh and rocky Scandinavian mountains, stretching almost 1700 km from Skagerrak Strait to the northernmost tip of this part of the world - North Cape. Their steepness and inaccessibility is evidenced by the fact that on a 200-kilometer section of the Oslo-Bergen railway there are 178 tunnels. This is what the mountains of Scandinavia are like! Rising above the waters of the Norwegian Sea on 1500-2400 m, they consist of many plateaus and ridges, separated by narrow, deep and winding bays - fjords.

Royal Palace built in 1825-1848, it serves primarily as a reception venue and the king's official office. This long yellow building, not too grand, looks good at the end of the main avenue. Unfortunately, it is closed to the public, but you can attend changing of the guard of the Royal Guard V 13.30 . Left, on the 7 June Square, rises statue of the first king Haakon, sculptured Nils Aas.

Very beautiful royal residence, literally drowning in greenery. Up close Queen's garden there are ponds where swans swim. In the same garden there is a bronze figure of one of the rulers of a bygone era. In general, the park contains about 150 works by the sculptor Vigeland(1869-1943).

In the city center of Tensberg is located and Westfall-Vilkesmuseum, with his exhibitions on archeology, traditional fisheries And whaling. Located here open-air museum(13 buildings). In the gallery Haugar-Westfall-Kunstmuseum Interesting paintings and handicrafts are on display North of Tønsberg(5 km) is the famous royal mound, during excavations of which in 1904. was discovered among other treasures drakkar, which served as a tomb for two queens ( 830g.)

Behind the Town Hall, on Karl-Johansgate street, And behind the port concentrated business part of the city. Western part of Oslo abounds in numerous parks, including the famous Frogner Park with a giant sculptural ensemble of G. Vigeland. The history of Frogner Park is also interesting. First of all, the entrance to it is unusual - gate with quadrangular lanterns And grille with a thin through pattern, as in stained glass. Such lanterns and gratings with figures of men and women also border areas with steps leading to the central hill of the park.

IN 1914 In 2008, a large exhibition was held at this place, and a fountain was ordered for the sculptor G. Vigellan. The master suggested decorating the park with a grandiose sculptural composition instead of a fountain. The Oslo city government supported this idea, and the sculptor devoted his entire life to its implementation.

In Troms you can visit theaterHolo-galand, Arctic Cathedral made of glass and metal, museum « Polaria», lift to Mount Fløya. Thousands of tourists visit monument, marking the line in the center of the Arctic Circle on Saltfjell. Also interesting Tromso Military Museum to Barda, unique rock paintings 2500-4500 years old in Blasfjord, chalk caves in Rana, waterfalls in the Reisdalen area, Cathedralin the capital of Nordland - Will, majestic fjords, stalactite cave with underground waterfall Grönli Grotto, church And " Meridian stone» in Hammerfest. Of great interest are the numerous beautiful islands and almost untouched by man areas where many representatives of polar flora and fauna live.

Like many medieval cities in Europe, Oslo has Town Hall- a huge building, faced with red brick, very interesting and original in its architecture. The two wide towers of the Town Hall are visible from all parts of the city. Together with the semicircular square and the street opposite its main entrance, the Town Hall creates a single ensemble. Above the main entrance of the Town Hall, as a symbol of equal rights for women, there is a figure of a Norwegian girl.

Central Hall of the Town Hall simply huge (its height 21 meters), it is very a lot of wall paintings, the combination of plots of which is very different: episodes from the history of the labor movement and nearby image of a prosperous trading house;Gestapo raid on the apartment of a working-class family And paintings from the life of St. Hallward. On the embankment side in front of the Town Hall there are six bronze figures, personifying the professions of the workers who built this building.

Preikestolen Rock located opposite Stavanger, on the other side of the fjord. You need to spend a whole day on a round trip excursion. Gigantic 600 meter cliff eroded, hangs dizzyingly over the green waters Lysefjord(Lysefjord). Very beautiful in itself, Lysefjord is mentioned by Victor Hugo in " Toilers of the sea". There are two options to admire this miracle. If above, then you need to use by ferry from the embankment of Fis-kepiren. If you want to admire the rock from below then go on the boat from Stavanger to Lysefjord.

Trondheim famous Cathedrals of St. Clement And Nidaros (XII century) With tomb of St. Olaf, Archbishop's Palace(XII century.) And Ringve Music Museum, and on the territory of the southern outskirts of the city numerous Viking Age sites (VIII-XI centuries.).

The surrounding area is interesting Mountain Botanical Garden « Köngsvöld» to Oppdal og Orkdalen, Rhine Abbeyto Rissa, many prehistoric monuments ( burial mounds, menhirs And stone circles in Eggekfammen and Thingfall), Helge farm in Byafossen, ruins of the fortressin Steinviksholm (1525 g.), cave drawings And burial mounds in Skögne, Heile, Lirvalle And Le-kaoya, National parks Grossomoen And Børgefjell, and best salmon river in the country - Namsen.

City Bergen The number of attractions far exceeds the capital. The famous Hanseatic waterfront Bryggen(included in the UNESCO World Cultural Heritage List),Bergenhus Fortress (1261), Rosencrania Tower (1546 g.), old Fish market on Torget(work with XIII century.), Aquarium- one of the best in Europe, Maria-kirken(Church of St. Virgin Mary,XII century), Bergen Art Museum with a beautiful collection of paintings by Munch, Miro and Picasso,Edvard Grieg's estate - Trollhaugen (« Troll Hill") on the picturesque shore of the lake, funicular« Floibanen" and hundreds " gingerbread houses» under tiled roofs.

Most sightseeing trips start from Bergen By " Trollland", to the longest and deepest fjord in Norway - Sognefjord, to the most beautiful Hardangerfjord, on the ice massif Jostedalsbreen, to the lake Dyupswati, to the waterfalls in the area Geirangerfjord And Trollweggen, to a unique railway Flåm - Voss (20 tunnels for 46 km), as well as to the picturesque rocky peaks near Odda, Svel-gena And Andalsnes.

There is evidence that primitive hunters lived in some areas on the northern and northwestern coast of Norway shortly after the edge of the ice sheet retreated. However, naturalistic paintings on cave walls along the West Coast were created much later. Agriculture spread slowly in Norway after 3000 BC. During the Roman Empire the inhabitants of Norway had contact with the Gauls, a runic letter appeared and the process of settling the territory of Norway was carried out at a rapid pace. WITH 400 ADthe population was replenished by migrants from the south, who laid " way north" At that time, in order to organize local self-defense, there were the first tiny kingdoms were created.

The sparsely inhabited islands of Scotland were probably mastered by immigrants from Norway long before the first documented Viking campaign in England in 793 AD. Over the next two centuries, Norwegian Vikings were actively engaged in plundering foreign lands.

IN 1170 was created by decree of the pope Archbishopric of Trondheim with five suffragan bishoprics in Norway and six in the western islands, Iceland and Greenland. Norway became the spiritual center of a vast territory in the North Atlantic.

13th century was the last period of independence and greatness in early Norwegian history. During this century they were collected Norse sagas, telling about the country's past.

Down to the middle 17th century in Norway there were no outstanding politicians or artists and up to 1643 few books were published.

After the establishment of absolutism V 1661 Denmark and Norway began to be considered twin kingdoms"; thus, their equality was formally recognized. In the code of laws of Christian IV, who provided big influence According to Danish law, the serfdom that existed in Denmark did not extend to Norway, where the number of free landowners was rapidly growing. IN 18th centurythey sold the timber mainly to the UK and were often transported on Norwegian ships. From Bergen and other ports exported fish. Norwegian trade flourished especially during wars between the great powers. IN 1807 The British subjected Copenhagen to brutal shelling And the Danish-Norwegian fleet was taken to England so that Napoleon doesn't get it. Blockade of Norway by English military vessels caused great damage, and the Danish king was forced to establish a temporary administration - Government Commission. After Napoleon's defeat, Denmark was forced to cede Norway to the Swedish king.

Refusing to submit, the Norwegians took advantage of the situation and convened State Assembly of Representatives nominated mainly from the wealthy classes. It accepted liberal constitution and elected the Danish heir to the throne, the governor of Norway, Christian Frederick, as king. However failed to defend independence because of the position of the great powers, which guaranteed Sweden the accession of Norway to it. The Swedes sent troops against Norway, and The Norwegians were forced to agree to a union with Sweden, while maintaining the constitution and independence in internal affairs.

In the middle of the 19th century. has begun rise of the national economy. IN 1849 Norway provided most of the UK's freight traffic. The free trade trends that prevailed in Great Britain, in turn, favored the expansion of Norwegian exports and opened the way to import of British cars, as well as to creation of textile and other small enterprises in Norway. IN 1860s were created stationary primary schools , replacing mobile ones when one rural teacher moved from one settlement to another. At the same time it began organization of secondary public schools.

First political parties began to function in Storting V 1870-1880s. After the introduction of universal conscription V 1897 Conservatives found it difficult to ignore calls for Norway's independence.

IN 1905 the union with Sweden was broken under a coalition government led by the leader of the Liberal Party, a shipowner Christian Mikkelsen.

During the First World War Norway maintained neutrality, although Norwegian sailors sailed on Allied ships breaking the blockade organized by German submarines. As a sign of Norway's gratitude for supporting the Entente country in 1920 provided her sovereignty over the Svalbard archipelago.

April 9, 1940 Germany unexpectedly attacked Norway. The country was taken by surprise. Only in the Oslofjord area were the Norwegians able to offer stubborn resistance to the enemy thanks to reliable defensive fortifications. Over the course of three weeks, German troops dispersed across inland areas country, not allowing individual units of the Norwegian army to unite. Seaport Narvik in the far north was recaptured from the Germans a few days later, but Allied support was insufficient, and when Germany undertook offensive operations in Western Europe, Allied forces had to be evacuated. The king and government fled to Great Britain, where he continued to lead the merchant marine, small infantry units, navy and air force. The Storting gave the king and government the authority to govern the country from abroad.

It was created in Norway puppet government headed by Vidkun Quisling. In addition to acts of sabotage and active underground propaganda Resistance leaders secretly established military training and transported many young people to Sweden, where permission to study was obtained " police forces" The king and government returned to the country June 7, 1945. About 90 thousand cases were brought to court on charges of treason and other offenses. Quisling, along with 24 traitors, was shot, 20 thousand people were sentenced to prison. Was introduced state control for prices of goods and services.

Financial and credit policy government helped maintain fairly high growth rates of economic indicators even during the global recession 1970s.

IN 1980s important role purchased ecological problems . In particular, the forests of Norway have been severely damaged by acid rain caused by the release of pollutants into the atmosphere by UK industries. As a result of an accident on Chernobyl nuclear power plant V 1986 significant damage was caused to the Norwegian reindeer herding.

After the elections 1985 negotiations between the socialists and their opponents reached a dead end. Falling oil prices created inflation and problems arose with financing social security programs. Willock resigned and returned to power Bruntland. Election results 1989 made it difficult to form a coalition government. Conservative non-socialist minority government led by Yana Syuse resorted to unpopular measures, which stimulated an increase in unemployment. A year later, it resigned due to disagreements over the creation of the European Economic Area. Workers' Party led by Brutland again formed a minority government, which in 1992 resumed negotiations on Norway's accession to the EU.

IN 1990s Norway has come under increasing international criticism over its refusal to stop commercial whale slaughter. IN 1996 International Fisheries Commission confirms ban on export of whaling products from Norway.

In May 1996 flared up the largest labor conflict in shipbuilding and metallurgy in recent times. After an industry-wide strike, trade unions managed to achieve a reduction in the retirement age from 64 to 62 years.

In October 1996 Prime Minister Brundtland resigns in the hope of giving his party the best chance in the upcoming parliamentary elections. IN 1998 the king and queen were criticized for excessive expenditure of public funds on the arrangement of their apartments.

Norway actively participates in international cooperation, in particular in resolving the situation in the Middle East. IN 1998 Bruntland was appointed general director World Health Organization. Jens Stoltenberg carried out duties of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees.

Norway continues to be criticized defenders environment behind ignoring agreements limiting fishing for marine mammals- whales and seals.

After the elections 2001 returned to power Bondevik, which formed coalition government with the participation of conservatives and liberals. Government parties had only 62 seats out of 165 in parliament. Representatives " Progress Party"were not included in the cabinet, but supported it in the Storting. However, this union was not stable. In November 2004 The Progress Party refused to support the cabinet, accusing it of insufficient funding for hospitals and clinics. The crisis was averted as a result of intensive negotiations.

In the beginning. 2000s Norway was worried economic growth associated with the oil boom. Throughout the period, there was steady economic growth, driven by oil revenues. a reserve fund has been accumulated volume of $181.5 billion, the funds of which were placed abroad.

The left's arguments were supported by the Norwegians. In the parliamentary elections in September 2005 the opposition left coalition, consisting of NRP, « Socialist Left Party" And " Center parties" Leader of the CHP Stoltenberg in October 2005 took over as prime minister. Disagreements remain between the winning parties on issues of accession to the EU, NATO membership, increasing oil production and building a gas power plant.

International trade

Leading trading partners Norway, both in terms of exports and imports, are Germany, Sweden And Great Britain, they are followed Denmark, Netherlands And USA. Predominant export items by cost - oil And gas, finished goods. Products are exportedoil refining And petrochemical,forestry, electrochemical And electrometallurgical industry, food.Main import items -finished goods, foodstuffs And agricultural raw materials.The country imports some types mineral fuel, bauxite,iron, manganese And chrome ore, cars.

IN last years export volume estimated around $110 billion, import volume- near 60 billion. Leading export partners:Great Britain, Germany, Netherlands, France, USA And Sweden, on import- Sweden, Germany, Denmark, Great Britain, China, USA And Netherlands.

The shops

Shops are open Monday through Friday With 9 before 17 , A on the weekend With 9 before 15 . In some cities in Norway trading ends on Thursdays V 19 hours.

Supermarkets closes a little later: during weekdays V 20-21 , on the weekend V 18 hours. The most famous store is considered to be a multi-storey building located in the capital of Norway Oslo city where you can buy anything you want.

Demography

Population of Norway small and is growing at a slow pace.

The country is home to about 4600 thousand people. Per 1 thousand people birth rate is11,89 ,mortality 9,51 , A population growth - 0,41% . This figure is higher than natural population growth due to immigration, which in the 1990s reached 8-10 thousand people per year.

Improved health care and rising living standards have ensured continued, albeit slow, population growth over the past two generations. Norway, along with Sweden, is characterized record low infant mortality rates - 3,73 per 1000 newborns versus 7.5 in the USA. Expected life expectancymen amounts to 76,64 years and women82,01 years. Although Norway's divorce rate was inferior to some of its neighboring Nordic countries, the rate rose after 1945, and in the mid-1990s approximately half of all marriages ended in divorce (as in the United States and Sweden). 48% of children born in Norway in 1996 were out of wedlock. After restrictions introduced in 1973, immigration to Norway was directed mainly from Scandinavian countries for some time, but after 1978 a significant layer has appeared people of Asian origin(approx. 50 thousand people). In the 1980s and 1990s, Norway accepted refugees from Pakistan, African countries and the republics of the former Yugoslavia.

Industry

In the Norwegian sector of the North Sea large reserves are concentratedoil And natural gas . In this district commercial oil reserves are valued at 1.5 billion tons, A gas- V 765 billion cubic meters m. 3/4 of the total oil reserves and fields in Western Europe are concentrated here. By oil reserves Norway reached 11th place in the world. The Norwegian sector of the North Sea contains half of all gas reserves in Western Europe, and Norway holds the leading position in this regard 10th place in the world. Promising oil reserves reach 16.8 billion tons, A gas - 47.7 trillion. cube m. More than 17 thousand Norwegians are involved in oil production. Availability established large reserves oil in Norwegian waters north of the Arctic Circle.

With the exception of fuel resources, Norway has few mineral reserves. Main metal resource- iron ore. Another large mine in the Rana region supplies the nearby large steel mill in the city of Mu.

Copper mined mainly in the far north. In the north there are also pyrite deposits, used to extract sulfur compounds for the chemical industry. Development of deposits is also underway building stone, including granite And marble.

Norway's manufacturing industry is developing at a slow pace due to a shortage of coal, narrow domestic market and limited capital inflows. The manufacturing industry, construction and energy account for 26% gross output and 17% everyone employed. In recent years, they have developed energy-intensive industries. Major industries in Norway- electrometallurgical, electrochemical, pulp and paper, radio-electronic, shipbuilding. The Oslofjord region has the highest level of industrialization, where approximately half of the country's industrial enterprises are concentrated.

Leading industry - electrometallurgy, relying on the widespread use of cheap hydropower. Main product, aluminum, is made from imported aluminum oxide.

One of the main products of the electrochemical industry are nitrogen fertilizers. The nitrogen required for this is extracted from the air using large amounts of electricity. A significant part of nitrogen fertilizers is exported.

Pulp and paper industry is an important industrial sector in Norway. The production of various machines and transport equipment employs approx. 25% industrial workers in Norway. The most important areas of activity- shipbuilding And ship repair, production of equipment for production And electricity transmission. Textile, sewing and food industry supply few products for export. They satisfy most of Norway's own needs for food and clothing. These industries employ about 20% industrial workers of the country.

Vegetable and animal world

Since most of the country is covered by mountains, plateaus and glaciers, opportunities for plant growth and development are limited. Highlight five geobotanical regions: treeless coastal with meadows and shrubs, east of itdeciduous forests, further inland and north - coniferous forests, higher and even further northbelt of dwarf birches,ive And perennial herbs; finally, at the highest altitudes - herbal belt, mosses And lichens. Coniferous forests - one of the most important natural resources Norway, they provide a variety of export products. In the Arctic region usually found reindeer, lemming,arctic fox And eider. In the forests to the very south of the country found ermine, hare, elk, fox, squirrel and - in small quantities - wolf And Brown bear. Noble deer common along the south coast.

Banks and money

Norwegian banknotes / Currency converter

Banks usually open on weekdays With 9 before 15 hours, and on Saturday- With 9 before 12:30 .

To Oslo bank at the train stationin summer And in September works in Weekdays With 8 before 19:30 , A on Saturday With 10 before 17 . Bank in an Aeroport open even on Sunday With 7 before 20 hours.

Unit of currency-Norwegian krone.

The main sources of income in the budget There is social security contributions, income taxes And on property, excise taxes And value added tax. The main expenses were directed to social security and housing construction, servicing external debt, public education and healthcare.

Norwegian Evangelical Lutheran Church, having state status, is under the supervision of the Ministry of Education, Science and Religion and includes 11 dioceses. By law, the king and at least half of all ministers must confess Lutheranism, although changing this provision is being discussed. Church councils play a very active role in the life of parishes, especially in the west and south of the country. The Norwegian Church supported many public activities and equipped important missions to Africa and India. internal message . State ownedrailways length about 4 thousand km, of which over half are electrified. However, most of the population prefers to drive cars. Total length of roads exceeds 90.3 thousand km, but only 74% some of them have a hard coating. In addition to railways and roads, there are ferry service And coastal shipping. In 1946, Norway, Sweden and Denmark founded the airline " Scandinavian Airlines Systems" Norway has developed local flights: it ranks among the first in the world in terms of domestic passenger transportation. Length railways - 4077 km, of them 2518 kmelectrified.

You can take car rental. For this will be needed driver license, identification document and credit card confirming solvency. Also charged a number of duties.

Minerals

A country has large deposits various ore, non-ferrous metals, granite, feldspar and so on.

Norway - global manufacturerferromanganese, copper,zinc, titanium, molybdenum, tin, aluminum, magnesium, vanadium, cobalt, mica, ilmenite. As for mineral fuels, previously only small reserves of hard coal were known in the Spitsbergen archipelago.

However, the discovery of oil and gas fields on the continental shelf in the North and Norwegian Seas in the 1970s revolutionized the assessment of the country's fuel and energy potential. Oil reserves in the Norwegian sector of the North Sea were estimated in 1976 at 2.5 billion tons, A natural gas- V 708 billion cubic meters m. Reserves pyrites (sulfur pyrite), which in some places contain copper, and ilmenite (titanium ore), nickel, molybdenum And magnetite ores make up the metal ore minerals of Norway. Open in southern Norwayuranium deposits. Copper pyrite deposits are mainly in the central part of the country. Copper-nickel deposits sulphate ores are located on South, in the Ringerike area. Ilmenite ores, rich in titanium dioxide, in large quantities meet in northern Norway And in the extreme southwest, in the area of ​​​​the city of Egersund, where the deposit itself is called - Titania. It is the largest in Foreign Europe, and thanks to it Norway is considered one of the most important suppliers of ilmenite in the world.

Norway's iron ores contain little phosphorus, and this increases their quality, but at the same time they are all low in iron, which means they are subject to enrichment. The largest deposits of magnetite ores concentrated in the north of Norway - in the mines Servanger And Wound. However, the ores here also contain little iron. Deposits of richer iron ores available in the upper reaches Tronnheimsfjord. Norway has very large reserves building stone.

Agriculture

As in other Scandinavian countries, in Norway the share Agriculture in the economy declined due to the development of the manufacturing industry. IN rural And forestry busy 5,2% working-age population of the country, and these industries provided only 2,2% general products. Natural conditions Norway - high latitude position And short growing season, marginal soils, abundance of precipitation And cool summer- very complicate the development of agriculture. As a result, they are mainly grown feed crops And great importance It has dairy products. Every fourth Norwegian family cultivates its own plot.

Agriculture in Norway - low-profit industry, which is in an extremely difficult situation, despite subsidies provided to support peasant farms in remote areas and expand the country's food supply from internal resources. Country have to import most of the food they consume. Many farmers produce agricultural products in quantities only sufficient to meet family needs. Additional income gives work in fish or forestfarm.

Seasonal transhumance, in particular sheep, to mountain pastures ceased after World War II. Mountain pastures and temporary settlements, used only for a few weeks in the summer, are now no longer needed, as the collection of fodder crops in the fields around permanent settlements has increased.

.

Norwegian for a very long time" is looking closely"to the interlocutor, holds back his emotions and never does not evaluate events "at first sight". At the same time, with a sense of humor and quick reaction, contrary to established opinion, the local residents are doing well. Respect for elders a universally emphasized polite, respectful address to the elderly can be seen even among “informal” youth.

Traditions are very important in Norwegian society. The Royal Family is highly respected, so ironic remarks about the monarch not accepted in any form. Norse don't hug when meeting, but just shake hands, and often only indicate a handshake with the fingertips. Parting, they affectionately patting each other on the back.

Electricity

Norway is a country with a curious structure, the presence of which indicates an appropriate level of civility in health care. It's about about health inspection Norway, which is a national government agency, which is under the administrative control of the Ministry of Health and Human Services. This supervision is carried out over all services prescribed by law, regardless of whether they are represented by state medical institutions, municipal institutions, private companies or medical professionals who have their own medical practices. Supervisory authorities do not depend on the political situation, and have a significant degree of freedom, and their main method of action is industry monitoring. They are also involved in considering any shortcomings, non-compliance with established criteria, and complaints from individuals.

👁 Before we start...where to book a hotel? In the world, not only Booking exists (🙈 for a high percentage from hotels - we pay!). I've been using Rumguru for a long time
skyscanner
👁 And finally, the main thing. How to go on a trip without any hassle? The answer is in the search form below! Buy now. This is the kind of thing that includes flights, accommodation, meals and a bunch of other goodies for good money 💰💰 Form - below!.

Really the best hotel prices

The Kingdom of Norway is located in the northeastern part of Europe. Part of its territory is located beyond the Arctic Circle. Part of the country is washed by the waters of the North, Barents and Norwegian seas.

Administratively, Norway consists of 19 provinces and three independent territories.

Largest cities: Oslo, Bergen, Trondheim, Stavanger.

The capital of Norway is the city of Oslo.

Borders and area

By land, Norway borders Russia, Sweden and Finland.

The country covers an area of ​​386,000 square kilometers.

Norway map

Timezone

Population

4,902,000 people.

Language

The official language is Norwegian.

Religion

About 90% of the Norwegian population are Evangelical Lutherans.

Finance

The official currency is the Norwegian krone.

Medical care and insurance

Before visiting the country, be sure to purchase international medical insurance. Otherwise, you will feel the cost of it all.
communication with Norwegian doctors.

Mains voltage

220-230 Volt. Frequency 50 Hz.

International dialing code

👁 Do we book the hotel through Booking as always? In the world, not only Booking exists (🙈 for a high percentage from hotels - we pay!). I've been using Rumguru for a long time, it's really more profitable 💰💰 than Booking.
👁 And for tickets, go to air sales, as an option. It has been known about him for a long time 🐷. But there is a better search engine - Skyscanner - there are more flights, lower prices! 🔥🔥.
👁 And finally, the main thing. How to go on a trip without any hassle? Buy now. This is the kind of thing that includes flights, accommodation, meals and a bunch of other goodies for good money 💰💰.