1. Economic and geographical position State in North Africa.
The total area is 2,381,740 km. In the west it borders
with Morocco (border length 1,559 km) and Western
Sahara (42 km), in the south - with Niger (956 km), Mali
(1,376 km), Mauritania (463 km), in the east - with
Libya (982 km) and Tunisia (965 km). Mediterranean
the sea washes Algeria from the north. General
the length of the border is 6,343 km, the length of the coastal
line 998 km. Algeria can be roughly divided into
three geographical zones located with
north to south. Coastal Tel, stretching
along the Left Bank, - fertile and intense
cultivated and sown area; territory
The Atlas mountain system, consisting of the Lesser
Atlas in the north (highest point 2,308 m) and
Great Atlas (maximum height 2,328 m) on
south, between which stretches a vast
plateau, arid and barren. Next in
inland there is a desert zone
Sahara with a few oases,
passing to the south into the Ahaggar mountain range with
the highest point in Algeria - Mount Takhat (2,918
m). The country's hydrography is poor: several rivers
flows into the Mediterranean Sea, while in
in the Sahara zone, only dry
river beds and dry salt lakes.
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2.Flag, coat of arms

The emblem of Algeria is the seal used by the government, which is equivalent to
coats of arms in other states. The modern image of the emblem was adopted after 1976 and
differs from the previous one in the image of a crescent, which is also present on the flag of Algeria
and is a symbol of Islam. The inscription framing the emblem in Arabic reads: People's
Democratic Republic of Algeria
Coat of arms of French Algeria, first coat of arms,
used as official in Algeria (18301962)
The first and last coat of arms of the independent
Algeria
and the last coat of arms of the country (1962-1971)

First emblem
Algeria
(1971-1976)
Second emblem of Algeria 1976
Under the rising sun is depicted
hand of Fatima (daughter of the prophet
Muhammad). Fatima's hand is
traditional symbol of the region.
The rising sun symbolizes the new
era. The remaining symbols refer to
agriculture and industry,
depicting factories around the mountains and buildings,
symbolizing Agriculture.
The mountain represents the Atlas Mountains.
The national flag of Algeria consists of two vertical stripes of the same
widths green and white. In the center are a red star and
crescent. The flag was adopted on July 3, 1962. Reminiscent of the Algerian flag
National Liberation Front and, according to some sources, was used
Abdel Kadir in the 19th century. White color symbolizes purity, green color
- the color of Islam. The crescent moon is also an Islamic symbol. Crescent over
closed than other Muslim countries because Algerians believe that more
the long horns of the crescent moon bring happiness. The star of the Algerian flag has two rays
touches the green field
The naval flag is identical to the state flag, with the exception of two
crossed anchors in the upper left corner.

3. Political and administrative structure

Algeria is a people's democratic republic. The Constitution of 1989 as amended in 1996 is in force.
Algeria - centralized state, although local authorities have significant powers over
management of local affairs.
The Constitution establishes a two-tier system of administrative-territorial division: commune
and wilaya (province). Algeria is divided into 48 vilays and 1,541 communes.
Basic state institutions authorities - the president (highest executive power),
government (executive branch), bicameral parliament (legislative branch) and
the court is an independent government body.
The President is elected by universal, direct and secret vote for a term of 5 years and can be re-elected once. He
is also the Supreme Commander-in-Chief Armed Forces, Minister of Defense and Head
Supreme Security Council (advisory body).
The government is a collegial executive body subordinate to the president. The president
appoints the head of government and approves ministers.
Parliament consists of two chambers: the lower - the National People's Assembly (NPA) and the upper - the Council
nation (SN). Members of the NNC are elected on the basis of universal, equal and direct suffrage by secret
by voting. The right to vote is granted from the age of 18. 2/3 of the Councilors are elected from among the deputies
People's Assemblies of Communes (NSC) and People's Assemblies of Wilayas (NSV) by deputies of these local bodies
authorities by secret ballot. 1/3 is appointed by the president.
The NSC is elected for 5 years, the SN for 6 years. The composition of the SN is updated by 50% every 3 years.
People's Assemblies of communes and People's Assemblies of wilays are elected by general, direct, secret
voting for 5 years. Their main powers are the adoption and implementation of local development plans in
within the framework of national programs. The Chairman of the NSC is also an executive body
communes. The wilayas have an Executive Council headed by a wali (governor) appointed by the president. To him
All chairmen of the NSC in the territory of the wilay are subordinate. Latest parliamentary and local elections
power took place in 2002.
Since 1989, the law on a multi-party system has been in force. There are St. 60 games. Secular parties: Front
national liberation - TNF (founded in 1954), Front of Socialist Forces - FSS (1963),
National Democratic Association - NDO (1997), Association for Culture and Democracy - OKD
(1989). Legal Islamist parties: Movement for National Reform - DPR (1999), Movement
societies for peace - HOME (1991), An-Nahda Movement (1990). All of the parties listed, except
opposition FSS and OKD are members of parliament.

4.Population

Number
population
Number
male population
Number
female population
2011
34 994 937
Human
2011
17 619 789
Human
2011
17 375 148
Human
person on
km2
Population density
2011
Coefficient
urbanization
2010-15
Number
rural population
2010
Expected
duration
life during
birth for
both sexes
Expected
duration
life at birth
men
Expected
duration
life at birth
women
14,7
2,3
34,0
% in year
% of total
number
and population
2011
74.5
years
2011
72.8
years
2011
76.3
years

The indigenous population of the country is Algerians, consisting of Berbers and Arabs. Outwardly, Algerians tend to be
black-haired, with black eyes and an elongated face shape of the Mediterranean type, dark, medium
growth. A large number of Circassians live in this state. Arabs from other countries also live in the country.
countries (60 thousand), French (about 40 thousand), Spaniards (no more than 20 thousand), Italians (10 thousand), Turks (6 thousand), Jews
(5 thousand) and other peoples.
Algeria's population is distributed extremely unevenly. 95% of the total population lives in the north, and
the bulk of it lives in a narrow coastal strip. Kabylia is the most densely populated region, where the density
reaches more than 300 people. per 1 sq. km.
Rural residents make up the majority of the country's population. They lead a nomadic, semi-sedentary, sedentary lifestyle
life. The sedentary part of the population lives near mining centers and oases. Nomadic pastoralists
chose the High Plateau, the Sahara and the Saharan Atlas. In rural areas, the population of Algeria lives according to
old tradition - several families of different generations live together under one roof.
The second largest population is occupied by the Kabyles (18%) - this is the indigenous Berber population of Algeria. They
were pushed back by the conquerors to the northeast of the country. This allowed them to preserve their customs and culture
and yours native language. Women do not cover their faces, wear bright colored dresses and are very sociable. All
They are engaged in crafts: women make pottery, and men make jewelry from enamel and silver.
special ethnic group are mo-slaughtered (25 thousand). They have lived in the Mzab region for more than 9 centuries.
Men are engaged in trade and cultivate date palms, and women are forbidden to leave the oasis.
The Sahara is home to Tuareg nomads who transport goods across the Sahara. The small population is not
about 1.6 million people are involved in agriculture. This number consists of artisans, traders,
workers, office workers, many of them are engaged in construction.

5. Cities

There are about 200 cities in Algeria
10 largest cities
Algeria - 2,160,000
Oran - 680,000
Constantine - 465,000
Batna - 293,000
Djelfa - 250,000
Setif - 232,000
Biskra - 208,000
Annaba - 207,000
Sidi Bel Abbes - 196,000
Tebessa - 193,000
Algiers is the capital and largest city of Algeria.
The name of the city comes from "al-Jazair", which
translated from Arabic means “islands”, so
as before there were 4 islands near the city,
which became part of the mainland. Population
2.9 million people Geographical coordinates:
36°47′ N. w. 3°04′ E. d
It is located on the Mediterranean Sea.
The modern part of the city extends along
coastline, the ancient part of the city climbs
steep hill - about 140 meters above level
seas

6. Minerals

Algeria occupies a leading position in
continent by valuable reserves
mineral raw materials. Here
such useful ones are obtained
fossils, like oil, natural
gas, phosphates, iron ore, zinc,
coal, mercury and other ore raw materials.
Iron ore mining in Algeria
carried out in such metas as
Beni-Safe, Wenza and Zakkara. IN
Xixou and Bechara area
Bituminous coal is being mined.
Other important useful
minerals mined in
Algeria, are lead, zinc and
phosphates.
The main deposits of natural
gas is concentrated in the area
Hassi-Rmel, and the main oil
deposits are located in
Hassi-Mesaude, Hassi-Rmele,
Ejele, south of Hassi Mesaoud and in
Illizi Valley.

7.Nature

The country's territory includes two main geological areas. The first of them is platform, on which it is located
the famous Sahara Desert, which occupies almost 80% of the entire country. The second is folded, formed during
formation of the so-called Alpine folding.
The vast territory occupied by the Sahara Desert includes a number of sandy and rocky deserts, and in the southeastern
The side is formed by the Akhagar highland, where the highest point of the country is located - the city of Takhat (2096 meters). It is curious that the northern
part of Algeria is 26 meters below sea level and there is a shallow salt lake, which Algerians call
Schott-Melgir.
Since the age of the main mountains of Algeria - the Atlas - is relatively young, this predetermined the seismic nature of the territory
countries. Destructive earthquakes are common here, one of which, for example, occurred in 2003.
Rivers of Algeria, so-called oueds are temporary watercourses, some of which flow into the Mediterranean Sea, and the rest,
used for irrigation and water supply, they are lost in the endless sands of the desert. In summer, these rivers, like lakes, dry up, however
where there are sufficiently large reserves groundwater, are located relatively comfortable for the life of people and animals
oases.
And although the vegetation of the country, most of which is located on the territory of a lifeless desert, is quite poor,
On the Mediterranean coast the situation looks much better - there is a huge mass of evergreen trees and
bushes. In the forests of the Atlas Mountains grow holm and cork oaks, juniper, thuja, Aleppo pine, cedar and others.
tree species.
The fauna, like the plant world, is also quite poor and has been largely exterminated. In the Sahara you can meet cheetahs, hyenas,
jackals, foxes, birds of prey, snakes, turtles, etc. Hares and wild boars are still found in the Atlas Mountains, as well as representatives
monkeys - macaques.

10. 8.Economy

The basis of Algeria's economy is gas and oil. They provide 30% of GDP, 60% of the state budget revenues, 95%
export earnings. Algeria ranks 8th in the world in gas reserves and 4th in the world in gas exports. By
Algeria's oil reserves rank 15th in the world and 11th in its exports. The Algerian authorities are making efforts to
diversifying the economy and attracting foreign and domestic investment in other sectors. Structural
changes in the economy, such as the development of the banking sector and infrastructure construction, are slow,
partly due to corruption and bureaucracy.
GDP per capita in 2012 was $8.7 thousand (91st place in the world). Below the poverty level - 17% of the population.
Unemployment - 15.8% (in 2008). The average salary in 2009 was (in US dollars) $510.
Spheres of employment of workers - in the civil service 32%, in trade 14.6%, in agriculture 14%, in
industry 13.4%, construction and utilities 10%, other 16% (in 2003).
Industry (62% of GDP in 2008) - oil and gas production, light industry, mining,
energy, petrochemical, food.
Agriculture (8% of GDP in 2008) - wheat, barley, oats, grapes, olives, citrus fruits, fruits; getting divorced
sheep, cows.
Export ($78.2 billion in 2008) - oil, gas, petroleum products 97%.
Main buyers - USA 23.9%, Italy 15.5%, Spain 11.4%, France 8%, Netherlands 7.8%, Canada
6,8 %.
Imports ($39.2 billion in 2008) - industrial products, food, consumer goods.
The main suppliers are France 16.5%, Italy 11%, China 10.3%, Spain 7.4%, Germany 6.1%, USA 5.5%.
Total length of product pipelines for transportation natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, gas
condensate and crude oil 15.7 thousand km.
The internal network of gas pipelines has a total length of 8.4 thousand km. The gas pipeline is operational
Transmed (Algeria-Tunisia-Italy) with a length of 2.6 thousand km (including 550 km in Algeria) and
Maghreb-Europe (Algeria, Morocco, Spain) - 1365 km.
The total length of oil pipelines (5.9 thousand km) allows pumping 84 million tons of oil to the coast annually.
Main oil pipelines: Haud el-Hamra-Arzew, Haud el-Hamra-Bejaya, In-Amenas-Sehira (Tunisia), Haud el-Hamra-Mesdar-Skikda.

11. Structure of the Algerian economy

12. 9.Contribution to world culture

Algerian culture
The culture of Algeria has evolved over many centuries and centuries. In it
The cultures of many countries and tribes are closely connected. First Berber culture, later
Byzantine tribes, then very closely intertwined with the Arab era in which
Algerians lived, later Turkish rule contributed quite a bit important role into development. AND
Finally, culture took a lot of new things from the culture of the European state of France.
Having reached our time, all these cultures intertwined together and became one
culture of the Algerian state. But some components of culture have retained their
pristine appearance. This mainly concerns the Berber culture, which
has retained some of its traditions. France has had a positive impact on
development of the intelligentsia in Algeria, literature written in French
became part of the national literature. The culture of Algerian villages is very dense
modern and historical traditions are connected. The villages were practically preserved
authentically Berber culture. Agricultural implements have not undergone
changes since the era of Arab rule sickle hoe, wooden fork remained in
in their original form, they use camels as draft power. At home in the villages
located in small clusters. There are also nomadic people left today
Berber tribes who live in tents covered with goat skins.
The national dress of rural residents looks like this: women cover their heads,
the face was open, the veils with which the head was covered were very bright.
Women's clothing is wide trousers and shirts, men wear national
clothes but often combine them with European decoration. Women in the city
cover half of the face, its lower part and use white blankets for
heads, combine clothes with European achievements such as shoes and dresses.
Women walking at the same time look like the embodiment of the union of cultures
different generations, one with a covered face and a covered head and walking next to
a young representative of Algeria dressed according to all the canons of European fashion.
.

13.

Science in Algeria is at one of the highest levels Algerian
university, has been recognized as a university that may appear
on the list of the most best universities. It fully corresponds
world standards of science and education. Many scientists
universities have made a great contribution to the development of science and research
Algerian culture.
Education system
Like all branches of culture and art, which are very interesting,
multifaceted, the education system is also not without demand for it
studying. In modern Algeria, the education system is similar to
French, since it is known that France entered the
territory of the country and having occupied its territory stopped at
for many years, introducing changes and innovations into all areas of life
including education. Educational establishments existed back in
times of Arab and Turkish rule. But with the arrival of
territory of France, during national movements their
had to be closed, those that continued to work were under strict
leadership of the French authorities. The literate population was
a tiny part of Algerian society. Only upon receipt
independence, Algeria began to rise to higher levels
education. Education received the status of compulsory. Were
changes have been made on the part of national culture. Initial
the school provides seven years of education and study for children from
age six, followed by lyceums and colleges. Education
passes into primary school in French and Arabic, then
training takes place only on state language Algerian Arabic.
Students receive professional knowledge in special colleges
or in the technical departments of the lyceum. The first one was opened in 1879
Algiers University. This university offers specialties in
various fields, economics, law, medicine, all are taught
humanitarian subjects. Also, this university employs the best
specialists and luminaries of science in Algeria. The university has good
base in the training of specialists, carried out on the basis of the university
all kinds of research in the fields of psychology, the study
diseases at the Department of Medicine

14. Information in the media

1. Until recently, Algeria was the second largest country in Africa, but due to the division of Sudan into North and
Southern - hurray comrades! Algeria is the most big country Africa! In addition, it ranks 11th in the world in size
among other countries.
2. 80% of the country is occupied by Her Majesty the Sahara Desert.
3. Algeria has the longest coastline among the Maghreb countries - 988 km.
4. Wax was imported into medieval France from Algeria.
5. The Arabs say: Maghreb is a bird whose right wing is Tunisia, the left wing is Morocco, and the body of the bird is Algeria.
6. In Algeria there is a natural lake filled with ink that can be used for writing.
7. Algeria is a unique country in terms of its climatic characteristics and nature; there is a desert, mountains, lakes, and
sea, and various forests. In Algeria in summer it can reach +50 (Sahara), and in winter it snows in some cities.
8. Algerians kiss only an even number of times when they meet, most often 2 or 4.
9. The famous designer Yves Saint Laurent was born in Algeria.
10. The word "Algeria" means "islands".
11. Scientists in Algeria have found that this is suitable for high-quality water purification from unnatural dyes.
an affordable product, like an orange. Or rather, its crusts.
12. Algiers (capital) is a staircase city, as it is located on the hills, and there are many, many small and large ones everywhere
stairs
13. The indigenous inhabitants of Algeria are peoples who speak Berber dialects, and the Arabs are just conquerors.
14. In the 16th and 17th centuries, Algeria was a country of corsairs (pirates), the most famous of whom, Barbarossa, was the ruler
Algeria.
15. Algerian men love women in the body, so previously a girl upon reaching marriageable age was sent to
special houses for fattening.
16. Algerians speak a mixture of Arabic and French; most Arabs do not understand the Berber language.
17. Algeria has 7 UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
18. Algerians love and eat baguettes in incredible quantities (a legacy of French colonial times).
19. White sand truffles grow in Algeria. These mushrooms are considered relict mushrooms of the great African desert
Sugars. Mushrooms taste amazing!

Algeria is located in northern Africa. One of largest countries continent. The total area of ​​the country is 2,381,740 km2. The length of the coastline is 998 km.

One of the largest and most developed countries in Africa, located in the north of the continent. The country's territory occupies the central part of the Atlas mountain system and the north of the Sahara Desert. The relief of northern Algeria is represented by two main ridges - the Coastal (or Tel Atlas) and the Saharan Atlas and intermontane plains. The highest point is Mount Takhat (3003 m) in the Ahaggar highlands. The territory of the Sahara is occupied by rocky deserts - hamads and sandy ones - ergs. The river network is poorly developed (the main river is Shelif), most of the rivers regularly dry up. It borders with Morocco in the west, with Tunisia and Libya in the east, with Niger, Mali, Mauritania in the south. From the north it is washed by the waters of the Mediterranean Sea. Algeria belongs to the countries of the Maghreb ("Arab West"). The total area of ​​Algeria is 2381.7 thousand square meters. km.

Nature of Algeria

The Tell Atlas mountain range running in the north along the coast is cut through by a few bays and plains. The lowlands around the cities of Algiers and Oran are densely populated. Small bays are used for fishing, export of iron ore and oil. Tell Atlas rises more than 1830 m above sea level and includes the Tlemcen, Greater and Lesser Kabylia and Mejerda massifs.

At mid-altitudes there are Mediterranean-type shrubs and cork oak forests. At higher elevations, cedar and pine forests once grew, but as a result of deforestation, fires and livestock grazing, many mountainous areas have turned into shrub-covered wasteland. The climate is Mediterranean, with hot, dry summers and warm, rainy winters. In winter, snow covers only the highest peaks. The range of average annual precipitation amounts is from 760 mm on the coast to 1270 mm on the seaward slopes of Tell Atlas and less than 640 mm on its internal slopes.

The southern part of Tell Atlas is a high plateau with an average height of 1070 m. This area is characterized by semi-arid climatic conditions with annual precipitation of 250–510 mm. In more humid areas, cereals and alpha grass (esparto) are cultivated, the fibers of which are used to make ropes, fabrics and high-quality paper. Salt lakes (called chotts) and salt marshes occur at lower elevations with a dry climate. Located even further to the south, the Saharan Atlas rises to a height of 150 m above the plateau level and then descends towards the Sahara by more than 300 m. The most elevated part of the Saharan Atlas is the Ksur, Amur and Ouled-Nail mountain systems. The annual rainfall on the northern slopes is approx. 510 mm, in the south - 200 mm. Thanks to its abundant grass cover, the Saharan Atlas serves as a convenient grazing area for livestock.

Statistical indicators of Algeria
(as of 2012)

The rest of the country is occupied by the Sahara Desert. The average altitude in the Sahara is approx. 460 m. In the area of ​​the Ahaggar (Hoggar) massif near the southern border of Algeria there is the highest peak of the country, Mount Takhat - 2908 m. Most of the Sahara is occupied by gravelly and pebble deserts (hamads and regis), and approximately 1/4 of the part is sandy deserts (ergs) . The day is hot, sometimes the temperature reaches 35°, but the nights are cool. Precipitation is extremely rare. In oases, under conditions of constant irrigation, the date palm grows. In Algeria, only a few rivers have a constant flow; the rest are fed by precipitation. Sources of water supply are wells dug in dry river beds (wadis), in many places underground water is used, coming to the surface through artesian wells and foggara - horizontal tunnels dug at a slight slope.

Geological structure of Algeria

In the territory of Algeria there are different geological structure and metallogenies of the region - Saharan (part of the ancient African platform) and Atlas (sector of the Mediterranean geosynclinal belt), separated by the South Atlas fault. In the south of the Sahara region, the Ahaggar (Hoggar) shield stands out, in the southwest - El-Eghlab (Regibat). They are composed of Archean crystalline rocks, metamorphosed volcanic-clastic and carbonate deposits of the Lower Proterozoic and Riphean-Vendian; In Ahaggar, geosynclinal-orogenic volcanic-sedimentary deposits and Taurirt granites (650-500 million years) are also widely developed. The platform cover is formed by marine terrigenous-carbonate sediments of the Riphean-Vendian (especially in the Regibat massif), lagoonal-continental and marine sediments of the Paleozoic (thickness 1.2-3.8 km), sandstones and evaporites of the Triassic, clays and sandstones of the Jurassic - Neogene.

In the cover of the Saharan plate there are syneclises (Tindouf, Western and Eastern Sahara), separated by uplifts, and the Ugarta zone, which is an aulacogen, the folding of which appeared at the end of the Carboniferous. Riphean-Vendian volcanics and granites are associated with deposits of uranium, tin, tungsten, rare metals and gold ores in Ahaggar. In the Tindouf syneclise, among the Paleozoic clay-sand deposits of the platform cover, the largest iron ore deposits are localized, and in the south of Ahaggar there are promising uranium deposits. Anticlines in the sediments of the cover on the northern plunging of Ahaggar contain unique deposits of oil (Hassi-Mesaoud) and gas (Hassi-Rmel).

In the folded Atlas region, evaporites, gypsum-salt-bearing clays and red clastic rocks of the Triassic are developed, overlain by marine terrigenous-carbonate sediments and carbonate-terrigenous flysch (Jurassic, Cretaceous, Paleogene). In the north, the Neogene is represented by marine volcanic-sedimentary, clayey-carbonate sediments, in the south - by continental sediments.

In Tel Atlas, folded rocks of the Mesozoic-Cenozoic (up to and including the Middle Miocene) form a series of tectonic nappes (nappes) moving from north to south. In the coastal zone, Neogene andesites and granitoids are slightly developed, in the Greater and Lesser Kabylia massifs - Precambrian metamorphic rocks and Paleozoic shales that protrude to the surface. To the south of Tel Atlas there is a platform block of the High Plateaus (Oran Meseta), where the folded Hercynian basement is covered by a thin, slightly deformed Mesozoic-Cenozoic cover. In the handfuls, terrigenous and volcanic-shale rocks of the Paleozoic are exposed, crushed and intruded by Hercynian granitoids. South of the High Plateaus there is a moderately folded zone of the Saharan Atlas, formed at the site of the Mesozoic trough. In general, the Atlas region is dominated by near-latitudinal folds and faults of eastern and northeastern (or “Atlas”) strike, as well as submeridional “Red Sea” faults superimposed in the northern part of Algeria on the Tel Atlas overhangs. Longitudinal and transverse faults determine the placement of volcanics, evaporite diapirs and the most important ore-bearing zones with deposits of ferrous and non-ferrous metals in the Atlas region. In Northern Algeria, deposits of ores of iron, zinc, lead, copper, antimony, mercury and various types non-metallic raw materials.

The territory of Algeria is characterized by high seismicity, which is associated with movement along faults and ridges in various zones of Northern Algeria. The most seismic is Tel Atlas (6-7 points), within its boundaries there are coastal zones (Tenes-Chershel, Oran-Mostaganem and Shelif).

Minerals of Algeria

In Algeria, deposits of oil, natural gas, coal, uranium ores, iron, manganese, copper, lead, zinc, mercury, antimony, gold, tin, tungsten, as well as phosphorites, barite, etc. have been discovered and explored.

Algeria ranks third in Africa in terms of oil reserves. On the territory of Algeria, 183 oil and gas fields are known, confined to the Algerian-Libyan oil and gas basin; Most of the deposits are located in the northeast of the Sahara region. The largest oil field, Hassi Mesaoud, is localized in Cambrian-Ordovician sandstones. The fields of Zarzaitin, Hassi-Tuile, Hassi-el-Agreb, Tin-Foue, Gourd-el-Bagel, etc. have significant reserves. Algeria ranks first in Africa in terms of gas reserves. The largest gas field, Hassi-Rmel, lies in Triassic sandstones; significant gas reserves have been explored in the Gurd-Hyc, Nezla, Oued-Numer and other fields.

Coal reserves are insignificant; its deposits (Kenadza, Abadla, Mezarif) are concentrated in the Upper Carboniferous sediments in the Beshar basin. The coals are fatty, caking, medium ash (8-20%), contain 20-35% volatile impurities and 2-3.5% sulfur.

Algeria ranks 4th in Africa in terms of uranium ore reserves. Hydrothermal vein deposits of uranium ores Timgauin, Tinef and Abankor have been explored in Ahaggar (proven reserves 12 thousand tons, U3O8 content 20%); in the south of the shield, uranium occurrences are known in Paleozoic sandstones (Tahaggart).

Algeria ranks second in Africa in terms of iron ore reserves. In Northern Algeria, metasomatic iron ore deposits have been explored in Aptian reef limestones (Jebel Ouenza, Bou Khadra), the total reserves of which are over 100 million tons, the Fe content is 40-56%. In the Tindouf syneclise, the largest Devonian sedimentary deposits of oolitic iron ores in Algeria were discovered - Gara-Dzhebilet (total reserves 2 billion tons, Fe content 50-57%) and Mesheri-Abdelaziz (2 billion tons, 50-55%). The reserves of manganese ores are insignificant; they are confined to the volcanic-hydrothermal deposit of Oued Guettara (total reserves 1.5 million tons, Fe content 40-50%) in the Bechar region.

Algeria ranks second in Africa in terms of lead and zinc ore reserves. In Northern Algeria, stratiform, vein (telethermal) and lens-shaped vein (hydrothermal) deposits of polymetallic ores are developed. Stratiform deposits of lead and zinc ores are located in carbonate deposits of the Jurassic (El-Abed, Deglen), Cretaceous (Kerzet-Yousef, Meslulla, Jebel Ishmul), veins in sandy-clayey rocks of the Cretaceous (Gerruma, Sakamody) are associated with diapirs of Triassic evaporites. Volcanogenic and plutonogenic-hydrothermal copper-polymetallic deposits in Cretaceous-Neogene rocks are associated with Miocene volcanics (Bu Sufa, Oued el-Kebir) and granitoids (Bu Douka, Ashaysh, Ain Barbar, Kef um Tebul). Ore occurrences of cuprous sandstones are known in Cretaceous and Triassic deposits (Ain Sefra, in the western Saharan Atlas), Cambrian (Ben Tajik in Ugarta) and Vendian (Khanq in the south of Regibat).

Algeria ranks 1st in Africa in terms of mercury reserves (about 4% of global reserves). Deposits of mercury ores were identified in the Azzab region among the terrigenous-clastic rocks of the Cretaceous - Paleogene and in Precambrian shales (Genish deposits - total reserves in terms of metal 4.5 thousand tons, Hg content 1.16%; Mpa-Cma, respectively, 7.7 thousand t, 3.9%; Ismail - worked out). Algeria ranks second in Africa in terms of antimony ore reserves; they are concentrated in Northern Algeria at the Khammam-Nbails telethermal field. Algeria ranks first in Africa in terms of tungsten ore reserves. In Ahaggar, quartz-cassiterite-wolframite-greisen-vein bodies Nahda (Launi), Tin-Amzi, ​​El-Kapycca, Bashir, Tiftazunin and others, associated with Taurirt granites, have been explored. In Northern Algeria, the Belelieta skarn-scheelite deposit is known.

The most significant hydrothermal vein gold deposits - Tiririn, Tirek, Amesmessa, Tin-Felki, etc. - were explored in the Precambrian crystalline rocks of Ahaggar; exploration and search for gold continues.

The Bou-Douau deposit has been discovered in Northern Algeria.

Algeria ranks 5th in Africa in terms of phosphorite reserves. In Northern Algeria, deposits of granular phosphorites are confined to clay-carbonate deposits of the Upper Cretaceous - Paleogene. The largest deposits are Dzhebelyonk, El-Quif, Mzaita (see Arabian-African phosphorite province).

Algeria ranks second in Africa in terms of barite reserves. In Northern Algeria, the Mizab vein deposits (total reserves 2.15 million tons, BaSO4 content 90%), Affensou, Bou Mani, Varsenis and Sidi Kamber have been identified, in the Bechar region - the Bou Kais, Abadla and other vein fields. other minerals in Algeria, a large deposit of celestine Beni-Mansour (Northern Algeria) has been explored, the total reserves of which are 6.1 million tons; known deposits of pyrites (reserves are small), table salt, etc.

History of development mineral resources. The oldest evidence of the use of stone for making tools was found in Ternifin and dates back to the Lower Paleolithic (about 700 thousand years ago). From the Neolithic era, the extraction of clays for the manufacture of ceramic utensils began (5-4th millennium BC), from the 2nd millennium BC. - stone for the construction of large funeral structures - dolmens. Information about the developed mining and metallurgical production in the Middle Ages is given in the works of Arab scientists and travelers al-Yakubi (9th century), al-Bakri (11th century), al-Qazwini (13th century), etc. The main mining centers were concentrated in the north - iron ore mines "Nemours" and "Beni-Saf" near the city of Arzev (Western Algeria), as well as near the cities. Setif, Annaba, Bejaia; copper mines in the Jebel Ketama mountains. In the department of Constantine (near Majana, Eastern Algeria), the development of deposits of silver, lead ores, and building stone (no later than the 16th century) is also mentioned. Mercury ore was mined near the city of Arzev. In the 10th century, salt mines were located on the Jebel el-Melkh hill ("Mountain of Salt").

After the colonization of Algeria (1830), intensive searches for minerals began in the country. Industrial exploitation of iron ore deposits (Ain Mokra, Beni Saf, Jebel Ouenza, Mokti el-Hadid) has been carried out since the 50-60s. 19th century, at the same time intensive development of deposits of lead, zinc and copper ores (Muzaya, Oued Merja, Tizi Ntaga), and phosphorites (since 1893) was carried out. In 1907, the main coal deposit of Algeria, Kenadza, was discovered, the maximum production of which was carried out during the Second World War 1939-45.

Mining. general characteristics. The leading branch of the mining industry is oil and gas production (more than 90% of the value of all products of the mining industry); provides the majority of foreign exchange earnings. In 1981, oil and gas accounted for 96% of the value of the country's exports, which amounted to 62 billion Algerian dinars. In the mining industry, the public sector plays a leading role. In the oil and gas industry, a monopoly position is occupied by the state company "Société Nationale pour la Recherche, la Production, le Transport, la Transformation et la Commercialization des Hydrocarbures" ("SONATRACH"). The company has taken control of oil and gas reserves and production, all main oil and gas pipelines, gas liquefaction and oil refining plants.

The total number of personnel employed in the oil and gas industry is about 36 thousand people (1980). The Algerian government is promoting the development of the oil and gas industry by merging with foreign capital (up to 49%) while retaining 51% of the shares with SONATRACH. The company carries out production, as well as exploration for oil and gas, in the Sahara together with the French companies "Total", "Compagnie Française de Pétrole", "Compagnie de Recherches et d'Activities Pétrolières", US companies (Getty Oil Co.), Spain ("Hispanoil"), Germany ("Deminex"), Poland ("Copex") and Brazil ("Petrobras"). After the nationalization of mines and quarries (1966) in the Algerian mining industry, the state company "SONAREM" completely controls the exploration, production, consumption and export of all solid minerals (total number of employees about 14 thousand people, 1980). The company includes 30 mines and quarries and conducts exploration in Northern Algeria and the Sahara. Algeria is one of the leading producers of mercury. The extraction of iron ores and non-ferrous metals is insignificant.

Climate of Algeria

The climate of Algeria is subtropical Mediterranean in the north and tropical desert in the Sahara. Winter on the coast is warm and rainy (12°C in January), in the mountains it is cool (there is snow for 2-3 weeks), in the Sahara it depends on the time of day (at night below 0°C, during the day 20°C). Summer in Algeria is hot and dry. Annual precipitation ranges from 0-50 mm in the Sahara to 400-1200 mm in the Atlas Mountains.

Water resources of Algeria

All Algerian rivers are temporary watercourses (oueds) that fill during the rainy season. The rivers of the far north of the country flow into the Mediterranean Sea, the rest are lost in the sands of the Sahara. They are used for irrigation and water supply, for which reservoirs and hydroelectric power stations are built on them. Largest river- Sheliff (700 km). Lake basins (sebkhas) also fill up during the rainy season, and in the summer they dry out and become covered with a salt crust up to 60 cm thick. In the Sahara, in areas with large reserves of groundwater, the largest oases are located.

Flora and fauna of Algeria

Algeria has a poor flora. In some places in the mountains there are cork oak forests, semi-desert and desert vegetation. In the north of the country, oak, olive, pine and thuja grow. The Sahara Desert contains virtually no vegetation, and there are very few oases. The most typical animal species for the country are jackals, hyenas, antelopes, gazelles, and hares are also found.

Population of Algeria

At the time of the French conquest, the population of Algeria was approx. 3 million people. In 1966 it already reached 11.823 million people, and in 1997 – 29.476 million people. In 1996, the birth rate was 28.5 per 1,000 people and the death rate was 5.9 per 1,000 people. Infant mortality (children under one year old) is 48.7 per 1000 newborns. In the mid-1990s, approx. 68% of the population was under 29 years of age.

Algeria was originally inhabited by peoples speaking Berber languages. These peoples back in 2000 BC. moved here from the Middle East. Most modern population uses the colloquial version in everyday life Arabic. Arabs settled in Algeria during the Islamic conquests of the 7th and 8th centuries. and nomadic migrations of the 11th–12th centuries. The mixing of two waves of settlers with the autochthonous population led to the emergence of the so-called Arab-Berber ethnic group, in cultural development in which the Arab element plays a dominant role.

As the main ethnic subgroup of Algerian society, the Berbers play an important role in the life of the country. During the Roman and Arab conquests of North Africa, many Berbers moved from the coast to the highlands. Berbers make up approximately 1/5 of the country's population. The largest concentration of the Berber population is found in the mountainous area of ​​Djurjura, east of the capital, known as Kabylia. The local residents, the Kabyles, have settled in many cities of the country, but carefully preserve ancient traditions. Other significant groups of the Berber population are represented by the Shawiya tribal alliances, originating from the mountainous region around Batna, the Mzabita, settled in the oases of Northern Sahara, and the Tuareg nomads living in the far south in the Ahaggar region.

After the conquest of Algeria by France in the 19th century. The size of the European part of the population increased, and by 1960 approx. 1 million Europeans. Most had French roots, the ancestors of the rest moved to Algeria from Spain, Italy and Malta. After Algeria declared independence in 1962, most Europeans left the country.

Most of the Algerian population are Sunni Muslims (Malikis and Hanafis). A number of followers of the Ibadite sect live in the Mzab Valley, Ouargla and Algiers. The state religion of the country is Islam. There are approx. 150 thousand Christians, mostly Catholics, and approximately 1 thousand adherents of Judaism. The official language is Arabic, but it is still widely spoken French. Some Berber tribes speaking Tamahak and Tamazirt acquired their own written language. Several books have already been published in the Tamazirt dialect in Algeria.

About 3/4 of the population is concentrated in the foothills of the Tell Atlas, approximately 1.5 million people live in the highlands and less than one million in the Sahara Desert. The highest density is observed near the capital and in the Kabylia region.

Economic and geographical position of Algeria

This state is located in northern Africa on the Mediterranean coast.

The country's western border runs with Morocco, Western Sahara, and Mauritania.

Its southern neighbors are Mali and Niger, and to the east are Libya and Tunisia. All of Algeria's neighbors are agricultural developing countries.

Algeria has open exit into the Mediterranean Sea, and through the Strait of Gibraltar into the Atlantic Ocean.

Rich natural resources it has long attracted the attention of Europeans and was occupied by France in the mid-19th century. The war against the French colonialists lasted for seven years and ended in 1962 with the declaration of independence.

The southern part of the country, occupied by the desert, does not have transport infrastructure, so internal transportation is carried out by air. Almost all are large settlements connected to the capital, Algiers, by regular flights.

Railway lines run only in the northern part of the country between the largest cities.

Domestic transportation of goods - 73% and passengers - 85%, is carried out by road. The roads that are part of the trans-African road network pass through Algeria, and its important part is the Algeria-Lagos Trans-Saharan Highway.

International communications are carried out by air and sea transport.

The agricultural sector of the economy is developing in the north of the country; the main area of ​​commercial agriculture has become the north-west, where soft wheat and wine grapes are grown.

The northeast has mineral resources and, above all, large reserves of iron ore and phosphorites, which is why it initially received a mining specialization.

Various types of agriculture were formed in the Central North - grain farming, subtropical horticulture, early vegetable growing and transhumance. Agricultural raw materials were processed at enterprises in the capital.

Individual mining centers and mineral resource areas began to emerge as a result of the discovery largest reserves hydrocarbons in the Algerian Sahara.

In foreign trade turnover, Algeria's share in product exports accounts for more than $50 billion. Imports amount to just over $40 billion.

Among the main trading partners are European countries and the USA. The main export item – 97.6% – is hydrocarbons. Citrus fruits, wine, cork, building materials and other products are also exported.

Imports are dominated by machinery and equipment, consumer goods and food products.

French domination left its mark on the Algerian economy. The country was dominated mainly by the European capitalist sector. And today, French capital maintains its position in the oil and gas industry.

Note 1

In general, the economic and geographical position of the country is quite favorable - a subtropical Mediterranean climate in the north of the country, fertile soils, open access to the sea, the presence of large mineral deposits on the one hand, and on the other - the southern part of Algeria is located in difficult desert conditions, the development and development of which is complicated by natural conditions.

Natural conditions of Algeria

Due to its length from north to south, the country is located in different climatic zones and different natural zones.

The Sahara occupies 80% of the territory and consists of separate rocky and sandy deserts. The Atlas ranges, located parallel to each other, extend to the north of the country - Tell Atlas and Saharan Atlas. The ridges are separated by high plateaus and deep gorges.

The Atlas Mountains belong to the Alpine mountain formation, so the area is highly seismic. Of the latter, a devastating earthquake occurred in 2003.

In the southeastern part of the Algerian Sahara is the elevated Ahaggar highland with the country's highest point, Mount Takhat (2906 m). The highlands represent the metamorphic foundation of the Sahara Platform, which came to the surface. The highland is surrounded on all sides by stepped plateaus - Tassil-Adjer, Tassil-Ahaggar and the Muidir mountains. Northern part The Algerian Sahara is located 26 m below sea level, where the salt lake Chott-Melgir was formed.

Sahara renders big influence on the nature of Northern Algeria, enhancing African specificity and creating differences from other Mediterranean non-African countries.

The size of the country led to diversity climatic conditions– in the north of the country the climate is subtropical Mediterranean, and in the south it is tropical desert.

There is no clear boundary between them, and even in one part of the country there may be several different types climates - in the mountains it can be mountainous and desert, in the northeast - subtropical, in the southwest desert, and in some regions even steppe.

The Mediterranean coast is characterized by warm and rainy winters, January temperatures are +12 degrees, in the mountains it is cooler and there may even be snow for 2-3 weeks.

The Sahara is characterized by daily temperature fluctuations. At night it can drop below zero, and during the day it can reach +20 degrees. In general, summers are hot and dry.

The smallest amount of precipitation falls in the Sahara - from 0-50 mm per year, maximum amount The Atlas Mountains receive precipitation - from 400-1200 mm.

Algerian rivers are temporary watercourses called wadis.

Definition 1

Wadis are dry river beds that fill with water during the rainy season.

They are lost in the desert sands. Rivers flowing in the far north of the country carry their waters to the Mediterranean Sea.

The lakes, which dry up in summer, are covered with a crust of salt, the thickness of which reaches 60 cm. In the regions of the Sahara, where there are underground water reserves, the largest oases appear.

The Mediterranean coast is represented by hard-leaved evergreen trees and shrubs; in the mountains there are forests of cork and holm oak, juniper, Aleppo pine, thuja, and Atlas cedar.

The desert flora is represented mainly by ephemerals and saltworts.

For a long time, people exterminated animals, so the fauna here is very poor. In the mountain forests there are hares, wild boars, and macaques. In the semi-desert and desert zones there are cheetahs, gazelles, antelopes, hyenas, jackals, birds of prey, small rodents, snakes, and lizards. Invertebrates are represented by locusts, scorpions, scolopendras, phalanges.

Note 2

Thus, Algeria is located in an area of ​​high altitude zones, semi-deserts, deserts, hard-leaved evergreen forests and shrubs.

Natural resources of Algeria

To the west of Egypt are the countries of the Maghreb and among them Algeria is the largest and richest country in natural resources.

It ranks first in terms of reserves of natural gas, mercury, and tungsten.

The depths contain iron ore, the reserves of which amount to 5.4 billion tons, non-ferrous metals, and phosphorites.

The country's main wealth is oil, the reserves of which amount to 1.1 billion tons.

Explored mineral resources number more than 30 types, among them such valuable ones as:

• gold,
• Uranus,
• zinc,
• tin.

Coal deposits have been discovered - Kenadza, Abadla, Mezarif, but its reserves are insignificant. Caking coals and ash contain from 8 to 20%, as well as volatile impurities and sulfur.

In terms of mercury reserves, the country is in first place on the African continent; 4% of the world's reserves are concentrated in its depths.

The area occupied by forest resources is about 4.7 million hectares. Large areas of forested areas were destroyed during the War of Independence. Wood is used mainly as fuel and as a building material.

Algeria (full name - Algerian People's Democratic Republic) is a state, one of the main associations with which is the Sahara Desert

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Algeria (full name - Algerian People's Democratic Republic) is a state, one of the main associations with which is the Sahara Desert - a huge formation that occupies most of the country's territory.

In addition, in Algeria, tourists will find it interesting to explore the many attractions, many of which date back to the period ancient Rome, Carthage and Byzantium.

Location, composition and cities

Algeria is located in the northern part of the African continent. The country has access to the Mediterranean coast.

Administratively, the country consists of 48 provinces (wilayas), 553 districts and 1,541 communes.

Largest cities: Algiers, Oran, Constantine, Batna, Setif and Annaba (more than 200,000 people).

The capital of Algeria is the city of Algiers.

Borders and area

Land borders with Morocco, Tunisia, Libya, Niger, Mali, Mauritania.

Algeria covers an area of ​​2,381,740 square kilometers.

Timezone

Population

35,423,000 people.

Language

The official language is Arabic.

Religion

The state religion is Islam.

Finance

The official currency is the Algerian dinar.

Medical care and insurance

Before visiting this African country Be sure to purchase international health insurance. We also note that in Algeria all medical services are paid.

Mains voltage

230 Volt. Frequency 50 Hz.

Holidays and non-working days in Algeria

December Ascension of Muhammad

December Beginning of Ramadan

December Eid al-Adha (Feast of Sacrifice)

December Eid al-Fitr (end of Ramadan)

December Birthday of the Prophet Muhammad (Mawlid al-Nabi)

December Ashura

December Islamic New Year

Transport

Transport used to transport passengers is represented by buses and trains. The cost of a train ticket is significantly higher than the price of a bus, but the speed of travel is also railways higher.

The main means of transportation around the country is by bus.

Roads are of high quality everywhere.

International dialing code

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Geographical position Algeria.

ALGERIA, Algerian Folk Democratic Republic(Arabic: Al-Jumhuriyah al-Jaza`iriyah ad-Dimuqratiyah ash-Sha"biyah), a state in North Africa, belongs to the Maghreb countries. Washed from the north Mediterranean Sea, borders Tunisia, Libya, Niger, Mali, Western Sahara, Mauritania and Morocco. The area of ​​Algeria is 2381.7 thousand km2. Algeria's population is 32.8 million people (2004). Capital Algeria. Big cities: Algeria, Oran, Annaba, Constantine, Setif, Blida, Tizi-Ouzou, Ash Shelif.

State structure of Algeria. Administrative division of Algeria.

Algeria by state structure is a republic. The head of state is the president. Algeria's legislative body is the unicameral National People's Assembly. During a state of emergency, power passes to the Supreme State Council.

According to the administrative-territorial division, Algeria includes 48 vilays (provinces).

Population of Algeria.

Algeria's population is 32.8 million people (2004). The majority (approx. 80%) of the population are Arabs. OK. 20% are Berbers, descendants of the ancient population of Algeria, consisting of several tribes loosely connected with each other. Nomadic tribes live in the desert, ch. Tuareg arr.

Official language- Arabic, French is widely spoken. The state religion of Algeria is Islam, the vast majority of the population is Sunni. More than 95% of us live in Northern Algeria. country, mainly on the narrow coastal strip and in the massifs of Kabylia. Urban population 56%. The population density in Algeria is 13.8 people/km2. There are large communities of Algerian Arabs in France, Belgium, and the USA.

Climate and nature of Algeria.

Northern Algeria occupies the central part of the Atlas Mountains. Two main mountain ranges - the Coastal Atlas (Tel Atlas) and the Saharan Atlas are interspersed with intermontane plains. The Sahara Desert is located in the south of the country (Algeria accounts for most of its territory). Rocky deserts are called hamads, and sandy deserts are called ergs. In the south, in the Ahaggar highlands, there is the city of Takhat (3003 m), highest point countries.

The climate of Northern Algeria is subtropical Mediterranean. The climate of the Algerian Sahara is tropical desert, with precipitation less than 50 mm per year.

The river network is poorly developed (the largest is the Shelif River). Most watercourses do not have a constant flow. The vegetation and soils of Northern Algeria are typically Mediterranean. Among the forests and shrubs, there are tracts of cork oak (mainly in the Tel Atlas mountains); in the semi-desert - alpha grass. Large areas of the Sahara are devoid of vegetation. National parks: Djurjura, Akfadu, Tassilin-Ajjer, etc.

Economy of Algeria. Industry of Algeria.

Algeria is primarily an agricultural country. They cultivate mainly grains, grapes, vegetables, and fruits. Wine is produced for export. In the semi-desert regions of Algeria, the collection and primary processing of alpha grass is used for the production of the best grades of paper. 95% of Algeria's export earnings come from oil and gas sales. GNP per capita. $1600 (1995).

The monetary unit is the Algerian dinar.

History of Algeria.

In the 12th century BC e. Phoenician settlements arose on the territory of Algeria in the 3rd century. - the state of Numidia. The Numidian king Jugurtha began an unsuccessful war against Rome; after the defeat, Numidia became part of the Roman province of Africa. In the 7th century. Arabs invaded here and assimilated a significant part of the population. In the 1st half. 16th century Algeria came under control Ottoman Empire, but purely for geographical reasons the country was always difficult to govern and local rulers (dei) were considered only nominally vassals of the Turkish Sultan. As a result of France's capture of Algiers (1830), Algeria became its colony (officially in 1834). The French created a thriving agriculture and built Europeanized cities, but the local population did not accept their second-class status. As a result of the national liberation war of 1954-1962, led by the National Liberation Front (FLN, founded in 1954), Algeria achieved independence in 1962. The French and a significant part of the educated Arabs left the country. OK. For 20 years, the TNF tried to follow the path of building socialism. The 1989 Constitution proclaimed the transition to a multi-party system. In the 1992 elections, Islamic fundamentalists received a majority of votes, but the military government annulled the elections. Islamists continue to wage armed struggle, carry out massacres and terrorist attacks, the number of victims is up to 100 thousand people. Algeria actively invites foreign specialists who live in isolation.