The nature of the interaction of natural objects with each other. Social interaction. Any social interaction has four characteristics

It should be said that the problem of interaction between subject and object is widely discussed on the pages of philosophical and sociological publications. Until recently, the only form of connection between them was considered to be a subject-object relationship. But now the fact that it does not exhaust all the richness and diversity of relationships between these dialectical opposites is becoming more and more realized.

Basic forms of subject-object interaction

In connection with numerous discussions, the idea has already fully formed that in society it is necessary to distinguish between at least two “types” of relationships: “subject - object” and “subject - subject”. The subject-object relationship is characterized as a person’s relationship to objects of the external world and, above all, as his relationship to nature. And the subject-subject relationship is like the relationship of people to each other. For example, V.N. Sagatovsky even defines activity through these two types of relationships. “Activity,” he asserts, “is a system of subject-object and subject-subject relations that express the essential forces of the subject.”

Since two types of interactions are introduced into the analysis ("subject - object" and "subject - subject"), the question naturally arises of how they relate to each other. Some authors believe that relations of coordination must exist between them, and therefore these two types of connections are separated into different spheres of social activity, and, accordingly, into different industries scientific knowledge. Thus, B.G. Yudin believes that “dialectical materialism deals mainly with the “subject-object” scheme, and historical materialism deals with the “subject-subject” scheme.”

Other authors are convinced that there are relationships of subordination between subject-object and subject-subject interactions. Namely, subject-object connections are included in subject-subject relationships as a part of the whole. For example, V.P. Fofanov considers all attempts to distinguish between two types of interactions in society “the result of serious theoretical confusion.” Specifics public life, but in his opinion, it is determined by subject-subject interaction, and subject-object connections act as dependent and derivative from it. In society, “subjects – people” act primarily and therefore the interaction “subject – thing” turns out to be secondary and subordinate. He writes: "The subject-object relationship is not an independent type social relations, but one of the moments of a more complex whole, one of the moments of interaction between two subjects."

The situation here, however, is somewhat different. It has already been said that subject and object are paired, correlative, functionally manifested phenomena.

There are no individuals in the world who always act only as subjects or objects. The property of subjectivity or objectivity manifests itself only functionally, i.e. depending on what role these individuals play in a particular interaction.

Characterizing, for example, the interaction between man and nature, K. Marx writes: “History can be viewed from two sides; it can be divided into the history of nature and the history of people. However, both of these stories are inextricably linked; as long as people exist, the history of nature and history people mutually condition each other."

As we see, here the history of nature is not categorically made dependent on the history of people. On the contrary, their complete identity in the process of interaction is emphasized, for they mutually determine each other. In specific interactions, not only people, but also natural forces can act as subjects of interaction. This was the case, for example, during the process of anthropogenesis, and now this happens quite clearly during the period " natural Disasters" – earthquakes, droughts, floods, environmental deviations and other “inventions” or “initiatives” of nature. Speaking about the role and significance of nature in organic life man, K. Marx considered it necessary to emphasize: “Of course, the priority of external nature is preserved...”.

Consequently, people are special material formations that biologically throughout their existence they always depend on nature in one form or another. Of course, the nature of this dependence has changed historically, but the “priority of external nature” in certain areas remains to this day. To consider people only as a subject, and nature only as an object, is to pay full tribute to anthropocentrism, to allow one-sidedness in the analysis of complex interaction. People, as biological organisms, both in the past and now often act as objects of natural forces.

K. Marx in his works repeatedly notes the exceptionally great influence of nature on man in certain interactions as Living being. Thus, considering issues of anthropogenesis, he points to the constructive function of nature in the formation of the “corporal organization of individuals.” In his opinion, the geological, orohydrographic, climatic and other relationships that they reveal “determine not only the initial naturally occurring bodily organization of people, especially the racial differences between them, but also all of its further development- or lack of development - to this day." Thus, the bodily organization of people, especially their racial differences, are the result of the activity of nature throughout their history, that is, both in the past and now they are created by nature. In this interaction the subject is external nature, and the object is the human body.

However, if a person is taken as a social individual, then his role in interaction with nature is determined very clearly - he usually acts as a subject. This situation is determined by the fact that the defining form of human interaction with nature in most cases is labor and material production, in the process of which he transforms nature in accordance with his needs. Material production, being the basis of the existence and development of society, allows a person to create his own specific social system, in which nature acts as a permanent object.

Thus, only in the social aspect, when the interaction of, on the one hand, the productive labor of man, and on the other, the substances of nature, is considered, society appears as a universal subject, and nature as a universal object. K. Marx points out that “subject, humanity and object, nature” are “definitions that are valid for production in general.” Consequently, only in relation to production in general can such concepts as subject in general and object in general be applied. But it should be remembered that the basis of such interaction is “man and his work on one side, nature and its materials on the other.” Beyond such abstraction, the subjectivity and objectivity of both man and nature depend entirely on the nature of the concrete interaction.

It should be noted that K. Marx in Capital and in preparatory work very often speaks to him precisely in this regard about the subjective and objective sides of material production. For example, he identifies “the constituent parts of capital, which, from the point of view of the labor process, differ as objective and subjective factors, as means of production and labor power...”.

Or, characterizing the role of man in primitive society, he points out: “The main objective condition of labor is not product labor, and found by labor nature. On the one hand, there is a living individual, and on the other, the earth as an objective condition for his reproduction... If objective conditions as belonging to the individual are a prerequisite for his work, then the subjective prerequisite is the individual himself as a member of one or another community, which mediates his relationship to the ground."

Similarly, there is a stable subject-object dependence in the process of a person’s cognition of the world around him. The cognizing person always acts as a subject, objects of nature and other people - as his cognizable objects.

Do subject-object and subject-subject interactions exhaust the entire variety of connections between subordinate individuals? Quite obviously not. The world is rich in objective entities, and therefore the forms of interactions between subjects and objects are diverse. However, in terms of activity they can be differentiated into four main groups: subject-object, subject-subject, object-subject and object-object. Of these, subject-object relations are the main and defining ones. All subject-subject, object-subject and object-object interactions usually unfold on the basis of some subject-object connections. For example, the managers of two enterprises can enter into subject-subject relationships with each other only because they are elements of subject-object interactions.

What are the specifics of subject-subject relations?

As already noted, a subject involved in subject-object interaction is characterized by three main functions - initiator, systematizer and regulator. Are these functions inherent in individuals in subject-subject interaction? It turns out that they have only two of these functions. Both subjects here act as initiators and regulators of interaction, but neither of them is able to perform the function of a systematizer. As a result, subject-subject interaction, as a rule, does not take on the character of an independent system. Therefore, in most cases it is unstable and temporary. For example, subject teachers interact with each other in the process of teaching students, but this does not lead to the emergence of a new system of social activity.

Depending on the needs of their systems or under the influence of some other factors, subjects can enter into specific interactions with each other, but this usually does not lead to the emergence of new qualitative certainties. A new system can only arise if one subject takes precedence over the others and turns them into its object. But in such situations, the former subjects change their quality, and at the same time the quality of the system that is formed under the influence of the new subject changes. Thus, an innovative teacher usually creates a school of excellence in which his fellow teachers act as students.

The specificity of object-subject interaction follows from the specificity of the object, which was discussed above. To what has been said, we can only add that object-subject-nos interaction acts as the antipode of subject-object interaction and therefore the first does not have everything that is inherent in the second. At the same time, there is no doubt that the connection between an object and a subject is also an interaction, but it has its own characteristics that cannot be ignored. The activity of an object in interaction with a subject can have three main forms - to promote the activity of the subject, to interfere with it, or to promote in some respects and interfere with others. If we take, for example, the behavior of patients when interacting with doctors, then all three of these forms are quite obvious.

What is object-object interaction? It has not yet been specifically studied in science. At the same time, this is one of the most important factors of real development. Object-object interaction usually occurs between individuals in the event that they all turn out to be a common (aggregate) object of the same subject. For example, the workshop teams of a plant, being objects of management of the directorate, enter into certain relationships with each other regarding this management.

Apparently, it is possible here two options for interaction. One of them can be called the interaction of objects in the form consolidation, when people unite to one degree or another to develop a response to the influence of the subject. Being objects of a single subject, communities consolidate their efforts in the process of reaction. These consolidations may or may not occur for one reason or another. They are usually not permanent. Thus, factory floors often unite to defend their interests against the management, or, conversely, support it in some matters.

The other option is the opposite. It can be called the interaction of objects in the form neutralization, when some individuals inhibit the process of consolidating a response. They undermine (neutralize) the forces aimed at unification. For example, in the struggle of the oppressed against the oppressors, there are always social groups or individuals who interfere and in every possible way slow down the process of consolidating the forces of the oppressed. Neutralization can also play a positive role under appropriate conditions, say, when disorganizing the forces of a political enemy.

Object-object interaction under certain conditions can lead to the fact that one of the interacting individuals is gradually transformed and formed into a new subject. He begins to initiate, coordinate and systematize all emerging responses. Continuing to be the object of a certain subject, this individual, within the framework of this system, gradually creates new system interaction, in which he already acts as a subject. It is this process of subjectivization of the individual that leads to at a certain stage interaction, he is able to create a new system of social relations. The successful struggle of the proletariat against the bourgeoisie serves as convincing proof of this.

The transformation of an object into a subject is a complex theoretical and practical problem, which has always attracted the attention of many researchers. Analyzing the system of capitalist exploitation, K. Marx noted: “The privilege of the modern ruling classes and the slavery of the working class are equally based on existing organization of labor, which the former will, of course, defend and support with all the means at their disposal, one of which is the modern state machine. Therefore, to change the existing organization of labor and replace it with a new organization, force is needed - social and political force - force not only to resist, but also to attack; and in order to acquire such strength, you need to organize yourself into an army with sufficient moral and physical energy to fight the enemy hordes."

In psychology, such a concept as interaction is revealed as the actions of people directed towards each other. Such actions can be considered as a set of certain actions aimed at achieving one’s goals, solving practical problems and realizing value guidelines.

Basic types of human interaction

Stand out Various types interaction depending on the situation that caused it. This is what gave rise to their various classifications.

The most common classification is based on performance orientation.

Types of interaction in the communication process

1. Cooperation- this is an interaction in which its participants reach a mutual agreement on how to act to achieve common goals and try not to violate it as long as their areas of interest coincide.
2. Competition- this is an interaction that is characterized by the achievement of one’s personal or public goals and interests in conditions of confrontation of interests between people.

Types of interpersonal interaction often determine the nature of relationships between people. The division into types can be based on the intentions and actions of people, which indicate how each participant in the interaction understands the meaning of what is happening. In this case, 3 more types are distinguished.

Types and types of interaction

1. Additional. This is an interaction in which partners calmly and objectively treat each other’s positions.
2. Intersecting. An interaction during which participants, on the one hand, demonstrate a reluctance to understand the position and opinion of other interaction partners. At the same time, on the other hand, they actively demonstrate their own intentions in this regard.
3. Hidden interaction. This type includes two levels at once: external, expressed verbally, and hidden, manifested in a person’s thoughts. It assumes either very good knowledge of the participant in the interaction, or your sensitivity to non-verbal means of communication. These include tone of voice, intonation, facial expressions and gestures, in general, everything that can give a hidden meaning to a conversation.

Styles and types of interaction and their features

1. Cooperation. It is aimed at the complete satisfaction of interaction partners with their needs and aspirations. Here one of the motives given above is realized: cooperation or competition.
2. Opposition. This style involves focusing on one’s own goals, without taking into account any interests of the other party involved. The principle of individualism appears.
3. Compromise. It is realized in partial achievement of the goals and interests of both parties.
4. Compliance. It involves sacrificing one’s own interests to achieve the goals of a partner or giving up minor needs to achieve some more significant goal.
5. Avoidance. This style represents withdrawal or avoidance of contact. In this case, it is possible to lose your own goals to exclude winnings.

Sometimes activity and communication are considered as two components of the social existence of society. In other cases, communication is designated as a certain aspect of activity: it is included in any activity and is part of it. The activity itself appears to us as a condition and basis for communication. Moreover, in psychology, the concepts of “interaction” “communication” are at the same level as “personality” “activity” and are fundamental.

Types of interaction in psychology play a huge role not only in interpersonal communication, but also in the process of human development and, as a consequence, society as a whole. Without communication, human society would not be able to fully function, and we would never have reached such heights socio-economic development as it is now.

We looked at how objects interact with text and with elements of a printed page, but if there are several built-in objects on one page, then they can interact with each other. The nature of this interaction also needs to be managed.

The first thing to decide is whether objects are allowed to overlap each other. For those objects that are allowed to overlap, you should select the Object Format checkbox > Position > Advanced > Object position > Allow overlap. Let us remind you that access to the Object Format dialog box is opened by a command (for different objects it may be called differently) from the object’s context menu.

The relative position of objects is controlled using the following operations:

Groupings;

Sequence order assignments;

Alignments;

Distributions.

Grouping objects. If there are several objects on the page and it is important to strictly fix them mutual arrangement, then they are combined into one complex (group) object using the grouping operation. After this operation, the properties of the group object can be configured in the same way as we configured the properties of the simplest objects - it can be given the nature of text wrapping, the method of binding to a paragraph or to elements of a printed page, etc.

To group several objects, select them (selecting several objects is done while pressing the SHIFT key), right-click on any of the objects in the group and select the Group command in the context menu > Group. Grouped objects can be moved as a single unit. To ungroup objects and gain access to the individual properties of each of them, you need to select the group and give the Group command > Ungroup.

Rice. 3. Ungrouped complex object

Controlling the order of objects. If several objects are placed on a document page, then it is assumed that each object has its own layer. By default, the order of layers is related to the order in which objects were created, that is, those objects that were created earlier lie on layers lower than objects created later. If there is no overlap between objects, then we do not notice that there is a certain order of objects, however, when objects overlap each other, this order becomes noticeable.

Manage the order of objects using the Order command of the context menu. It opens a submenu that allows you to raise an object to the foreground, lower it to the background, move it one layer up or down, and set the position of the object relative to the text.

Rice. 4. Order control

Aligning objects. If the objects that make up a composition do not overlap each other, it is important to have a means of relative alignment with each other. Alignment of objects is performed before grouping, because after it the objects can no longer be moved relative to each other. In this case, the grouping operation fixes the relative position of objects. After it, objects can no longer move relative to each other, and the position of the entire group on the page can be controlled as a single whole. To perform alignment, you must first open the additional Drawing toolbar (View > Toolbars > Draw).

To align several objects with each other, select them while pressing the SHIFT key, and then give the Actions command > Align/Distribute (using the Actions button on the Drawing toolbar). There are six alignment methods. They correspond to three horizontal alignment commands (Left, Right, Center) and three vertical alignment commands (Top, Bottom, Middle). You should pay attention to the peculiarities of the operation of alignment commands. So, for example, if two objects are aligned by lower field, which means they are aligned according to lower field lower object. Align by right field - this is alignment by right field itself right object from among the selected ones, and so on. If you need to align with the page margins, you must first select the Actions menu checkbox > Align/distribute > Relative to the page.

Distribution of objects. This operation is related to alignment. Its essence is that equal horizontal and/or vertical intervals are established between objects. Accordingly, in the menu command Actions > Align/Distribute commands are available: Distribute Horizontally and Distribute Vertically.

Uniform distribution of objects is usually done after alignment, but, of course, before grouping. Often objects are aligned vertically and at the same time evenly distributed horizontally or, accordingly, vice versa. An additional difference between distribution commands and alignment commands is that for mutual alignment it is enough to have two selected objects, and for distribution commands at least three objects must be selected.

Entering formulas

The need for a means to enter mathematical expressions into a text document is typical for scientific and technical documentation. One of these tools is a special application Mathcad. But the functions of the system Mathcad is much broader, and there are many reasons for having a simple means of entering formulas in the word processor itself.

In a programme Microsoft Word such a tool is the formula editor Microsoft Equation 3.0. It allows you to create formula objects and insert them into a text document. If necessary, the inserted object can be edited directly in the document field.

INTERACTION

Mechanical the form of V. is not universal, but only a particular one of the universal form of V. as an endless chain of cause and effect. relationships.

The characteristic of motion as a mutual change of the sides of the system, in which the movement acquires a “circular” character, also applies to any specific system of interacting phenomena. Such a concrete one also acts as a “cause of itself,” i.e. contains within itself the source of its own movement. The reason understood in this way coincides with the internal one. contradiction of this particular system.

V. is always specific in the sense that there is always a defined relationship between the parties. whole system, e.g. solar system, plant, animal kingdoms, human. society, defined socio-economic formations. The content of a wave is determined by the nature of its constituent moments, the mutual change of which acts as the movement of a given system. Examples of such dialectic. V. can serve any specific system, for example. alive organisms. Living organisms refract influences external environment through specific organization of one’s body and relationships between individuals of a given species. A striking example a self-preserving, self-reproducing and self-propelling system of interacting phenomena can serve as a human being. society in its development, based on specific. social patterns.

V. there is a process, internal. the unity of which is realized in the continuous change of its elements and sides. Reproduction of a phenomenon based on V. of his own. elements and acts as its development (self-development). In a self-developing system, the reason for its existence ultimately turns out to be its own. consequence. The chain of causes and actions is closed here not only in a “ring”, but also in a “spiral”. An example of this form of V. is the system of V. economic. phenomena, scientifically reproduced in Marx's Capital.

V. and human practice stand in a similar relationship. Theory is not only a consequence of practice. Emerging on the basis of practice and receiving active development in it, theory has a reverse impact on practice.

V. is expressed, for example, in the relations of hired workers and capitalists within the commodity-capitalist system. production relations. Capital is as much a consequence of the existence of wage labor as it is the cause of its given, concrete historical origin. existence.

Despite all the dependence of the sides of a conflict, dialectics obliges us to always keep in mind that one of the sides of this conflict is the leading one. This leading side is the one with which each new circle of development begins. So, for example, in relation to V. theory and practice, the leading party is practice.

Lit.: Marx K., Capital, vol. 1–3, M., 1955; him, Towards a critique of political economy, M., 1953; Engels F., Dialectics of Nature, M., 1955; his, Anti-Dühring, M., 1957; Lenin V.I., Philosophical Notebooks, Works, 4th ed., vol. 38; Hegel G., Science of Logic, Works, vol. 5, M., 1937.

E. Ilyenkov, G. Davydova, V. Lektorsky. Moscow.

Philosophical Encyclopedia. In 5 volumes - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. Edited by F. V. Konstantinov. 1960-1970 .

INTERACTION

INTERACTION is a philosophical category that reflects the processes of interaction of various objects with each other, their mutual conditionality, change of state, mutual transition, as well as the generation of one object by another. Interaction is a type of direct or indirect, external or internal relationship, connection. The properties of an object can manifest themselves and be known only in interaction with other objects. Interaction acts as an integrating factor, through which the parts are combined into a certain type of integrity, structure. Each form of movement of matter is based on certain types of interaction of structural elements.

Interaction defines the relationship of cause and effect. Each of the interacting parties acts as a cause of the other and as a consequence of the simultaneous reverse influence of the opposite party. The interaction of opposites is the deepest sources, basis and final cause of the emergence, self-movement and development of objects.

Modern natural science has shown that any interaction is associated with material fields and is accompanied by the transfer of matter, motion and information. Knowledge of things means knowledge of their interaction and is itself the result of the interaction of subject and object.

A. G. Spirkin

New Philosophical Encyclopedia: In 4 vols. M.: Thought. Edited by V. S. Stepin. 2001 .

Antonyms:

See what “INTERACTION” is in other dictionaries:

Interaction … Spelling dictionary-reference book

In physics, the influence of bodies or bodies on each other, leading to a change in the state of their motion. In Newtonian mechanics, the mutual action of bodies on each other is quantitatively characterized by force. A more general characteristic of V. yavl. potential energy. Initially... ... Physical encyclopedia

interaction- (in psychology) the process of direct or indirect influence of objects (subjects) on each other, generating their mutual conditionality and connection. V. acts as an integrating factor that promotes the formation of structures. Feature… Great psychological encyclopedia

interaction- The term "interworking" is used to refer to interactions between networks, between end systems, or between parts thereof, to provide a functional unit capable of end-to-end communication.… … Technical Translator's Guide

A philosophical category that reflects the processes of the influence of objects on each other, their mutual conditionality and the generation of one object by another. Interaction is a universal form of movement, development, determines the existence and structural... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

INTERACTION, interactions, cf. (book). Mutual communication; mutual conditionality. Interaction of social phenomena. Dictionary Ushakova. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 … Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

Communication, coordination, solvation, allelopathy. Ant. inconsistency Dictionary of Russian synonyms. interaction noun, number of synonyms: 5 allelopathy (1) ... Synonym dictionary

Actions coordinated by tasks (objects), directions, boundaries (regions) and time between parts various types Armed Forces (arms, naval forces, special forces) in the interests of achieving the common goal of the battle or operation. One of the principles of military... ... Naval Dictionary

INTERACTION, I, cf. 1. Interconnection of phenomena. B. supply and demand. 2. Mutual support. V. troops (coordinated actions of troops when performing a combat mission). Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

Society does not consist of individual individuals, but reveals the sum of those connections and relationships in which these individuals are relative to each other. The basis of these connections and relationships is formed by the actions of people and their mutual influence, called interaction. Interaction- this is the process of direct or indirect influence of objects (subjects) on each other, giving rise to their mutual conditionality and connections1.

In interaction, a person’s attitude towards another person as a subject who has his own world is realized. In social philosophy and psychology, as well as management theory, interaction is understood not only as the influence of people on each other, but also as the direct organization of their joint actions, which allows the group to implement common activities for its members. The interaction of man with man in society is also the interaction of their inner worlds: exchange of opinions, ideas, images, influence on goals and needs, influence on the assessments of another individual, his emotional state.

Interaction is the systematic and ongoing performance of actions aimed at eliciting a response from other people. The joint life and activity of people both in society and in an organization, in contrast to the individual, has more stringent restrictions on any manifestations of activity or passivity. In the process of real interaction, the employee’s adequate ideas about himself and other people are also formed. The interaction of people is a leading factor in the regulation of their self-esteem and behavior in society.

There are two types of interaction in the organization - interpersonal and intergroup, which are carried out in the system of interpersonal relations and communication.

Interpersonal interaction in an organization- these are long-term or short-term, verbal or non-verbal contacts between employees within groups, departments, teams that cause mutual changes in their behavior, activities, relationships and attitudes. The more contacts occur between their participants and the more time they spend together, the more efficient is the work of all departments and the organization as a whole.

Intergroup interaction- the process of direct or indirect action of many subjects (objects) on each other, generating their interdependence and the unique nature of the relationship. Usually it is present between entire groups of an organization (as well as their parts) and is an integrating factor.

Interpersonal relationships(relationship)- these are relationships between people that are subjectively experienced and in which the system of their interpersonal attitudes, orientations, expectations, hopes, which are determined by the content of joint activity, is manifested1. In an organization, they arise and develop in the process of joint activity and communication.

Communication- a complex multifaceted process of establishing and developing contacts and connections between people, generated by the needs of joint activities and includes the exchange of information and the formation of a unified interaction strategy, mutual synergy2. Communication in an organization is included primarily in the practical interaction of people (joint work, learning) and ensures planning, implementation and control of their activities. The immediate basis for communication between people in an organization is joint activity that unites them to achieve a specific goal. A broader understanding of the factors that motivate people to communicate is outlined in Western science. Among them, first of all, the following can be mentioned:

Exchange theory (J. Homans): people interact with each other based on their experience, weighing possible rewards and costs;

Symbolic interactionism (J. Mead, G. Bloomer): the behavior of people in relation to each other and objects of the surrounding world is established by the meanings that they provide to them;

Impression management (E. Hoffman): situations of social interaction similar to dramatic performances in which actors try to create and maintain pleasant impressions;

Psychological theory (S. Freud): the interaction of people is strongly influenced by ideas learned in early childhood and conflicts.

In the process of personnel selection, formation of production groups and teams, the manager should take into account a number of psychological characteristics behavioral reactions of individuals from the initial stage of development of their interaction.

Yes, on initial stage(low level) interaction is the simplest primary contacts of people, when between them there is a certain primary and very simplified mutual or one-sided “physical” influence on each other for the purpose of exchanging information and communication, which, as a result of specific reasons, may not achieve its goal, and therefore not to acquire comprehensive development.

The main thing in the success of initial contacts is the acceptance or non-acceptance of each other by the interaction partners. Moreover, they do not represent a simple “sum” of individuals, but are some completely new and specific education connections and relationships that are regulated by real or imaginary difference - similarity, similarity - contrast of people involved in joint activities (practical or mental). Differences between individuals are one of the main conditions for the development of their interactions (communication, relationships, compatibility, wear), as well as themselves as individuals.

Any contact begins with concrete sensory perception appearance, characteristics of the activities and behavior of other people. At this moment, as a rule, the emotional and behavioral reactions of individuals to each other dominate.

The relationship of acceptance - rejection is found in facial expressions, gestures, posture, gaze, intonation, an attempt to end or continue communication. They indicate whether people like each other or not. If not, then mutual or unilateral reactions of rejection occur (gliding gaze, withdrawing the hand when shaking, avoiding the head, body, defensive gestures, “sour face”, fussiness, running away, etc.). Conversely, people turn to those who smile, look directly and openly, turn their faces, and respond with a cheerful and cheerful intonation, as those who are trustworthy and with whom they can develop further cooperation based on joint efforts.

Of course, the acceptance or non-acceptance of each other by interaction partners also has deeper roots. Therefore, it is necessary to distinguish between scientifically based and proven levels of homogeneity - different rarities (degrees of similarity - differences) of interaction participants.

The first (or lower) level of homogeneity is the ratio of individual (natural) and personal parameters (temperament, intelligence, character, motivation, interests, value orientations) of people. Of particular importance in interpersonal interaction are the age and gender differences of partners.

The second (upper) level of homogeneity - heterogeneity (degree of similarity - contrast of participants in interpersonal interaction) - represents the ratio in the group (similarity - difference) of opinions, attitudes (including likes - antipathies) to oneself, partners or other people and to the objective world (including in joint activities). The second level is divided into sublevels: primary (or ascending) and secondary (or effective). The primary sublevel is an ascending one, a correlation of opinions given in interpersonal interaction (about the world of objects and their own kind). The second sublevel is the correlation (similarity - difference) of opinions and relationships, as a result of interpersonal interaction, exchange of thoughts and feelings between participants in joint activities1. The congruence effect also plays a major role in interaction at its initial stage.

Congruence(Latin Congruens, congruentis - proportionate, corresponding, that which coincides) - confirmation of mutual role expectations, the only resonant rhythm, consonance of the experiences of the contact participants.

Congruence provides minimal amount roughness in the key points of the behavior lines of the contact participants, which results in the release of tension, the emergence of trust and sympathy on a subconscious level.

Congruence is enhanced by the partner’s sense of complicity, interest, and mutual search activity based on his needs and life experience. It may appear from the first minutes of contact between previously unfamiliar partners or not arise at all. But the presence of congruence indicates an increased likelihood that the interaction will continue. Therefore, in the process of interaction, it is necessary to try to achieve congruence from the first minutes of contact.

In formation organizational behavior employees of the organization, based on the development of interpersonal interaction, it is necessary to take into account a number of factors that contribute to the achievement of congruence. The main ones include:

1) the experience of self-reliance, which occurs in the following cases:

Connectedness of the goals of the subjects of interaction with each other;

The presence of a basis for interpersonal rapprochement;

The subjects belong to the same social group;

2) empathy (gr. Empatheia - empathy), which is more easily realized:

For establishing emotional contact;

Similarities in behavioral and emotional reactions of partners;

Having the same attitude towards a certain subject;

In case of drawing attention to the feelings of partners (for example, they are simply described)

8) identification, which is strengthened:

When living various behavioral processes of interacting parties;

When a person sees his own character traits in another;

When partners seem to exchange opinions and conduct discussions from each other’s positions;

Subject to commonality of opinions, interests, social roles and positions.

As a result of congruence and effective initial contacts, feedback is established between people - a process of mutually directed response actions that helps maintain subsequent interactions and during which there is also an intentional or unintentional message to another person about how his behavior and actions (or their consequences) are perceived or experienced.

There are three main functions of feedback. They are usually:

Regulator of human behavior and actions;

Regulator of interpersonal relationships;

A source of self-knowledge.

Feedback happens different types and each of its variants corresponds to one or another specificity of interaction between people and the emergence of stable relationships between them.

Feedback can be:

Verbal (transmitted in the form of a speech message);

Non-verbal, that is, something that is carried out using facial expressions, posture, voice intonation, etc.;

Such that it is embodied in the form of action, focused on identifying, showing another person understanding, approval and turns out to be in general activity.

Feedback can be immediate and delayed in time, highly emotionally charged and transmitted by a person to another person as a kind of experience, or with minimal manifestation of emotions and corresponding behavioral reactions.

IN different options joint activities, their own types of feedback are appropriate. Therefore, it should be noted that the inability to use feedback significantly impedes the interaction of people in the organization and reduces management efficiency.

The psychological community of participants in organizational interaction and situation strengthens their contacts, helps develop relationships between them, and contributes to the transformation of their personal relationships and actions into common ones. Attitudes, needs, interests, relationships in general, being motives, determine promising directions interactions between partners, while their tactics are also regulated by mutual understanding of the characteristics of people, their images and ideas about each other, about themselves, and the task of joint activity.

At the same time, the regulation of interaction and relationships between people is carried out not by one, but by a whole group of images. In addition to the images-images of partners about each other, the system of psychological regulators of joint activity includes images-images about oneself - the so-called self-concept, the totality of all the individual’s ideas about himself, which leads to the conviction of his behavior, with the help of which the person determines who he is There is. This also includes the partners’ idea of ​​the impressions they make on each other, the ideal image of the social role played by the partners, and views on the possible results of joint activities. And although these image-representations are not always clearly recognized by people, the psychological content, concentrated in attitudes, motives, needs, interests, relationships, is revealed through volitional actions in various forms partner-directed behavior.

At the initial stage of the process of interaction between people in a group (organization), active cooperation gradually develops and increasingly becomes embodied in an effective solution to the problem of combining the mutual efforts of workers. This stage is called productive joint activity.

There are three forms, or models, of organizing joint activities:

Each participant does their part general work regardless of the other;

The overall task is performed sequentially by each participant;

There is a simultaneous interaction of each participant with all the others (typical in conditions of a team organization of work and the development of horizontal connections), the actual existence of which depends on the conditions of the activity, its goals and content.

In an organization or its subdivisions, the desires of people can still lead to clashes in the process of coordinating positions, as a result of which people enter into relationships of “agreement - disagreement” one after another. If they agree, the partners are involved in joint activities. In this case, roles and functions are distributed between the participants in the interaction. These relationships cause a special direction of volitional efforts among the subjects of interaction, associated either with a concession or with the conquest of certain positions. Therefore, partners are required to demonstrate mutual tolerance, composure, perseverance, psychological mobility and other strong-willed personality traits, based on intelligence and a high level of consciousness and self-awareness. At the same time, the interaction of people is actively accompanied and mediated by the manifestation of complex socio-psychological phenomena, which are called compatibility and incompatibility or wear and tear - lack of use. Interpersonal relationships in a group (organization) and a certain degree of compatibility (physiological and psychological) of its members give rise to another socio-psychological phenomenon, which is commonly called “psychological climate.”

There are several types of human compatibility. Psychophysiological compatibility is based on the interaction of the characteristics of temperament and the needs of individuals. Psychological compatibility involves the interaction of characters, intellects, and motives of behavior. Socio-psychological compatibility is a prerequisite for the coordination of social roles, interests, and value orientations of the participants. Finally, socio-ideological compatibility is based on common ideological values, similarities social attitudes in relation to various facts of reality related to the implementation of ethnic, class and religious interests. There are no clear boundaries between these types of compatibility, while extreme levels of compatibility, for example, physiological and socio-psychological, socio-ideological, have obvious differences1.

In joint activities, control on the part of the participants themselves is noticeably activated (self-monitoring, self-checking, mutual monitoring, mutual checking), which affects the executive part of the activity, including the speed and accuracy of individual and joint actions.

However, it should be remembered that the driver of interaction and joint activity is, first of all, the motivation of its participants. There are several types of social motives for interaction (that is, motives due to which a person interacts with other people):

Maximization of total (joint) gain (motive of cooperation)

Maximizing one's own gain (individualism)

Maximizing relative gain (competition)

Maximizing another's gain (altruism)

Minimizing the other's gain (aggression);

Minimizing differences in winnings (equality) 2. Mutual control exercised by participants in a joint

activity, can lead to a revision of individual motives for activity if there are significant differences in their focus and level. As a result, individual motives begin to be adjusted and coordinated.

During this process, thoughts, feelings, and relationships of partners in joint activities are constantly coordinated in various forms of influence of people on each other. Some of them encourage the partner to act (order, request, proposal), others authorize the partners’ actions (agreement or refusal), others call for a discussion (question, reflection), which can take place in different forms. However, the choice of influence is more often determined by the functional-role connections of the partners in joint work. For example, the control function of a leader (manager) encourages him to more often use orders, requests and sanctioning responses, while the educational function of the same leader often requires the use of discussion forms of interaction. In this way, the process of mutual influence of interaction partners is realized. With its help, people “process” each other, trying to change and transform the mental states, attitudes and, ultimately, the behavior and psychological qualities of the participants in joint activities.