Classes of adjectives questions. Qualitative and relative adjectives. Confused? Then this is the place for you! Topic: Adjective
An adjective is a part of speech that denotes an attribute of an object and answers the questions: what? etc. Adjectives are relative, qualitative and possessive.
Qualitative adjectives denote a certain quality of an object. The main characteristic Such adjectives are that in most cases they can have a degree of comparison and a short form. But there are also a number of other criteria that are characteristic only of quality adjectives.
- Qualitative adjectives can form adverbs ending in o, e. For example, fast - quickly.
- The category of qualitative adjectives is combined with adverbs that denote measure and degree. For example, very fast.
- Qualitative adjectives can be included in antonymous pairs: tall - short, smart - stupid.
It is worth remembering that the main criteria for quality are the ability to form short forms and degrees of comparison with adjectives. It is absolutely not necessary that all of the above-mentioned signs of quality be present in one word at the same time.
The category of relative adjectives inherently denotes material, object, geographical name, etc. For example, Kyiv, iron, sea. Such adjectives do not have the same characteristics as qualitative adjectives. This refers to the degree of comparison, the formation of a short form, etc. For example, we cannot say that the word “marine” is a sign of more or less marine. But the word “long” can be used in the following combinations: longer and less long.
Possessive adjectives indicate that something belongs to someone. They answer the questions: whose? whose? and others. Dad's jacket, mom's jacket, Dima's worries.
Just like relative adjectives, relative adjectives do not have a short form or degrees of comparison.
Transition from one category to another
It is worth noting that sometimes one category of an adjective can move into another category. For example, a tin soldier and tin eyes. In the first case we have a relative adjective, and in the second a qualitative one.
By value and grammatical features All adjectives are divided into three categories: qualitative, relative and possessive.
Quality adjectives denote the characteristics of an object directly (light, sonorous). Signs can be perceived by the senses: color, size, size, shape and position in space, properties and qualities, internal and external qualities (fresh milk, high mountains, blue sky, clear air, fast doe, slow reading, sudden movements).
Qualitative adjectives denote a characteristic that can be expressed in an object to one degree or another. Let's say the train is fast and the plane is faster; one shirt may be darker than the other. This is expressed in degrees of comparison and compatibility with adverbs of degree (extremely small drawing). Change in degree of intensity is the most important feature of qualitative adjectives.
Qualitative adjectives have the ability to form forms of subjective assessment
using suffixes (weak, red).
Word-formation, grammatical and lexical features of qualitative adjectives:
- may have degrees of comparison (long - longer - longest);
- may have short forms (high - high, high, high);
- combine with adverbs of degree or other words with the meaning of degree (very touching, very bright, extremely shy);
- forms of subjective evaluation are formed, that is, words with a diminutive or augmentative meaning, using suffixes, prefixes or repetition (short, huge, pale-pale, pure-pure);
- adverbs are formed on -o, -e (sincerely, loudly);
- abstract nouns are formed ( liquid - liquid, white - whiteness, blue - blue, melodious - melodiousness, dark - darkness, welcoming - cordiality);
- verbs are formed with the meaning of manifestation of a characteristic (solid - harden, adult - grow up);
- can form antonymous pairs (fresh - stale, young - old, smart - stupid);
- may have synonyms.
Not all quality adjectives have these features. For example, in words barefoot, alive, blind, hunchbacked, furious, naked, naked the characteristic denoted by these qualitative adjectives is one that cannot be manifested to a greater or lesser extent.
Relative adjectives denote a characteristic not directly, but through an action or relationship to a substance (copper bell, wooden wall), in place (hazelnut, southern port, capital guest), In time (annual course, one-year-old child, tomorrow’s event, primitive system), to action (reading room, preparatory department), to your face (teacher's tone, pedagogical advice), to the number (double somersault, ternary system, primary production), to the sign (former regime, Olympic bear).
Relative adjectives contain suffixes -an- (leather sofa), -yan- (oil drop, hydrochloric acid), -sk- (Moscow guest), -esk- (infant), -ov- (currant leaf, plaster cast), -ev- (war horse), -n- (inflatable ring, confidential conversation), -l- (fluent sound, rotten potatoes). If the suffix is not expressed in the composition, then they speak of a zero suffix. The zero suffix is, for example, in the following adjectives: golden ring, weekday, lard.
Relative adjectives can be interpreted using a construction that includes a productive stem. General value of these adjectives - relating to something or characteristic of what is named by the generating word. Example: morning cool - the coolness characteristic of the morning. The meaning is specified and varies depending on the meaning of the generating stem, the main word in the phrase and lexical compatibility. (Garden bench is a bench located in a garden. Garden tree is a tree grown in a garden, often fruiting.)
We can distinguish a number of relations expressed by relative adjectives:
- made from something (clay toy);
- contained in something (seaweed);
- intended for something (children's book, sports club);
- received from something.
The simplest way to interpret relatives is a construction that includes the genitive case
with prepositions from, for, from
(golden key - a key made of gold), accusative case with preposition on
(annual plan - plan for the year), genitive case without preposition (chemical products - chemical products) or other designs.
The close connection with the noun is expressed by word order: heterogeneous definitions expressed by qualitative and relative adjectives; relative adjectives stand next to the noun (a good children's doctor).
A common property of relative adjectives is their derivativeness: they are all formed from other words. Relative adjectives mean constant signs and do not have qualitative characteristics, are not combined with adverbs, and do not have a subjective assessment.
However, the boundaries between qualitative and relative adjectives are fluid: relative ones easily acquire a qualitative meaning (iron detail - iron will, golden domes - golden hands). Therefore, the ways of interpreting adjectives change. Quality ones are easy to interpret
using synonyms and comparisons. By acquiring a qualitative meaning, relative adjectives can receive the grammatical features of qualitative adjectives. For example, cardiac muscle (relative) - cardiac relationships (qualitative) - heartily, more heartily, heartily, cordiality of feelings. Sometimes when passing relatives with suffixes -sk-, -esk-, -ov-, -ev- Not all properties of qualitative appear in qualitative ones. For example, the adjective business no short form. (Business circles are relative, business mood is qualitative.)
Qualitative adjectives in terms lose their properties, for example: voiceless consonants, flat, round and tapeworms, white birch.
Possessives adjectives denote that an object belongs to a person or animal and answers the question “whose?” (dad's car, father's house).
Possessive adjectives have special morphological and word-formation features:
1) possessive declension;
2) possessive suffixes: -ov- (Achilles' heel), -ev- (testev's dacha), -in- (mother's perfume, Matryonin's yard), -yn- (Tsaritsyn's palace), -nin- (brother's gift), -iy- (wolf tail, widow's dress, shepherd's horns), -ovii- (filial duty), -ichii- (landowner's garden), -achii- (girl talk), -echii- (boy toys).
Possessive adjectives are often colloquial in nature, in neutral
style, belonging is better expressed using genitive forms without prepositions (the teacher’s bag is the teacher’s bag, the cook’s son is the cook’s son).
In history literary language possessive adjectives played important role: Russian surnames and names of many settlements come from possessive adjectives.
Previously, these adjectives could be formed from both animate and inanimate adjectives. In modern Russian, adjectives formed from inanimate nouns, - author's neologisms or occasionalisms, for example car carriage
(V. Mayakovsky. “Give me a car”).
There is a modest birch tree,
The rain pan tailors:
Already cut from the buds
Berezkin sundress.(N. Somoniy.)
Without stylistic coloring, possessive adjectives live in phraseological units, geographical names and terms, this speaks of their former widespread prevalence.
Possessive adjectives can go both into the category of qualitative and into the category of relative: Bear Den(possessive) - bear coat(relative) - bearish character, bearish gait(quality). Possessive and relative adjectives are easily mixed in meaning. Relative adjectives, formed from the same stem as possessives, can be used with a possessive meaning. Eg, father's house - father's house.
In Russian, it is a part of speech, the main function of which is to designate a non-procedural attribute of an object (in contrast to the participle, which denotes an attribute of an object by action). Adjectives can change according to cases and numbers, and in the singular form - also according to gender, and are also classified into special lexical and grammatical groups - categories. Thus, the categories of adjectives are three large groups that unite words that are similar in meaning and way of denoting the attribute of an object. Adjectives belonging to each of the categories have their own characteristics of change and use. Let's talk about this in more detail below, and below is a summary table.
Places of adjectives
Discharge | Hue of value | Degree of comparison | Combination with the adverb “very” | Examples |
|
Quality | A sign of an object in terms of its quality, that is, the sign can manifest itself to one degree or another | Good, kind, easy, beautiful, poor, old |
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Relative | A sign of an object that denotes a relationship to place, time, material, etc., that is, constant, unchanging | Evening (hours), iron (rod), milk (soup), continental (climate) |
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Possessives | A sign of an object as a designation of belonging to something or someone | Wolf (skin), maiden (honor), grandfathers (jacket) |
features of meaning, change and use
Qualitative adjectives are a lexical-grammatical category that combines words denoting the quality of an object, that is, a feature that can manifest itself to one degree or another, to a greater or lesser extent, for example: expensive doll, beautiful girl, poor artist, talented actor. Qualitative adjectives, in addition to changing by case, gender and number, can also form short forms, degrees of comparison and be combined with the adverb “very”. Other categories and possessives) do not have these characteristics.
Education of short forms
The short form is formed from the full form and has a close semantic connection with it: cramped - cramped, cramped, cramped; beautiful - beautiful, beautiful, beautiful; harmful - harmful, harmful, harmful. There are a number of adjectives that once had both full and short forms in the Russian language, but today are used only in the short form, for example: glad, love, much, must and others.
It is noteworthy that historically it is considered the basic, initial, and initial stages During the development of language, the full form was formed from the short form. Today, when forming a short form, alternation or loss of vowels can be observed: green - green, green, green; sharp - cutting, cutting, cutting. Adjectives in short form vary by number and gender (in singular), but do not bow. In a sentence, as a rule, they perform the function of a predicate: The Countess looked extraordinarily beautiful in this dress.
Education of degrees of comparison
Comparative and simile is an illustration of how clearly and fully expressed this quality is in an object: dad is good - better - best; talented artist - more talented than another - most talented. Let us recall that other categories of adjectives designate the attribute of an object as constant, incapable of gradation.
Degrees of comparison can be formed synthetically - suffixally ( expensive - more expensive, beautiful - most beautiful), and analytically - using special words:
- comparative - more, less + initial form adjective ( more complex, less interesting);
- superlative - most, least, most + initial form of adjective ( the most attractive, the most cheerful) or all, all + simple comparative degree of adjective ( sings best, is valued most highly).
The words of this part of speech in synthetic comparative form do not change in case, number and gender and do not agree with the noun whose attribute they denote. Their syntactic function in a sentence is the nominal part of the compound nominal predicate (old friend- better than the new two).
For most qualitative adjectives, simple and compound forms of degrees of comparison can exist in parallel, but there are words that modern language do not form a simple comparative degree: massive, early, timid and others.
Another nuance to pay attention to is education from different foundations, for example: good - better, bad - worse, small - less.
From adjectives to comparative and superlatives It is necessary to distinguish between words that are manifestations of subjective assessment, which denote not the degree of manifestation of a given characteristic in a particular situation, but the assessment of this characteristic by the speaker: tiny hand, pretty face, huge paws. Adjectives with suffixes should not be included in this group - ovat-/-evat-: such words do not denote a subjective assessment of a characteristic, but the objective incompleteness of its manifestation, for example: whitish haze, greenish tint.
Relative adjectives
If we compare the categories of nouns and adjectives, we can draw the following parallel: material nouns denote a substance, material, and relative adjectives - a sign in relation to this substance, material: wood - wooden, rice - rice, ice - ice. However, the feature denoted by the adjectives of this group can relate not only to the material, but also to place, time, etc., for example: evening, summer, foreign, domestic, coastal. This feature manifests itself constantly and cannot be expressed to a greater or lesser extent, therefore relative adjectives are unable to form degrees of comparison.
Possessive adjectives
This category combines adjectives that answer the question whose? and denoting the belonging of an object to someone or something: dad's friend, wolf fang, sheep's wool, grandfather's cap.
Classes of adjectives: the use of words in a figurative meaning
To improve in some cases, adjectives from one category can be used in the meaning of words from another category, for example: an iron mug - iron nerves, a wolf's trail - a wolf's gaze, a gold chain - golden hands. In this regard, the category of an adjective is determined not only taking into account general formal indicators, but also with close attention to the context.
You probably already remember that according to their meaning, adjectives are divided into quality(indicate the quality of the item), relative(denote the attribute of an object in relation to another object) and possessive. We will talk about possessive adjectives in more detail.
These adjectives, unlike qualitative and relative ones, answer not the question what?, but the question whose? They're called possessive, because their main purpose is indicate belonging to a person, animal or animate being. Therefore, they are formed only from the names of animals, persons and other animate beings. For example, mutton, fox, Anin, mother's, foreman, grandfather's etc. According to grammatical features, possessive adjectives closer to relative because they have no degrees of comparison(can't be this item is my mother’s, and that one is even more my mother’s), short forms, They do not form adverbs and abstract nouns etc. However, they have their own characteristics: special suffixes and a special system of declensions.
We will not consider the system of declensions here; we will focus only on word formation.
Possessive adjectives are formed, as mentioned above, from the names of animals, persons and other animate beings using suffixes -ov (-ev), -in (-yn), -iy.
Father's house, elders' staff, nanny's scarf, sister's order, fox's tail.
It should also be noted here that these adjectives have null ending. Try not to confuse, for example, adjectives like blue And wolfish
Blue – qualitative adjective, non-derivative (not formed from anything), without suffixes, ending -y.
Wolf – possessive adjective, derivative (derived from the noun wolf using a suffix -th ), null ending.
Pairs of adjectives such as worker and carpenter, red and bear, distant and shark. Worker, red and distant have ending-yy, A carpenter, bear and shark have null ending And suffix-yy, because they are possessive and derivative.
Therefore, you should be careful when analyzing adjectives by composition and take into account the rank of the adjective by meaning.
Now let's move on to traps, which adjectives prepare for us. Although there is a rather sharp boundary between the categories of adjectives 
ative adjectives both grammatically and lexically, however, it happens that some possessive adjectives camouflage under qualitative and even relative, and relative under qualitative. All in all, Many adjectives want to move into the category of quality. How does this happen and how not to get confused when determining the category?
Remember that the rank of an adjective by meaning can only be accurately determined in context, i.e. in a phrase or in a sentence.
For example, cherry compote – compote of cherries. Having made the transformation, we understand what is in front of us relative adjectivenew, because denotes what the compote is made from. But in the phrase cherry suit adjective cherry no longer means that the suit is made of cherries, it means the color of the suit, and color is a quality characteristic, i.e. in this context the adjective becomes high quality.
Let's take a few more examples.
Iron constructor– constructor made of iron ( relative adjective)
Iron will– strong will ( quality adjective)
Iron health- good health ( quality adjective)
Steel knife– steel knife ( relative adjective)
Steel color dress (quality adjective)
Steely gaze– unfriendly, cold, hard ( quality adjective)
Bear fur– wool that belongs to a bear ( possessive adjective)
The owner's bear coat– bear fur coat ( relative adjective)
Bear walk– clumsy, awkward, shambling ( quality adjective)
Fox face- a muzzle that belongs to a fox ( possessive adjective)
Fox hat- fox hat ( relative adjective)
Fox trick– very developed cunning ( quality adjective)
Thus we see that the same adjective can take on different meanings. However grammatical characteristics remain unchanged: neither possessive nor relative adjectives will acquire degrees of comparison, short forms and others distinctive features quality adjectives.
Let's summarize.
To determine the category of an adjective, you need:
1)
See, the adjective is used in direct or figurative meaning.
If the meaning is figurative, it is qualitative adjective.
2) If the value is direct, ask two questions: Which? whose? If this adjective indicates belonging, in front of us - possessive adjective.
3) Try to substitute adverb of measure and degree (very) or form degrees of comparison. If it works - qualitative adjective.
4) Try it convert combination with an adjective into a prepositional-case phrase. Happened - relative adjective.
And remember that The main thing is still the lexical meaning, not the grammar. Grammar just helps us.
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According to their lexical meaning and grammatical features, adjectives are divided into three categories: possessive, relative and qualitative.
Possessive adjectives
Possessive adjectives- these are words indicating that an object belongs to a person or animal (whose it is, to whom it belongs). Possessive adjectives answer the questions: whose? whose? whose? whose?:
Possessive adjectives are formed only from animate nouns using suffixes -IY, -OV(-EV), -IN(-YN), -OVSK(-EVSK), -INSK(-YNSK):
fox - fox,
chicken - chicken,
father - fathers, paternal,
mother - mother's, mother - maternal.
Collocation noun + possessive adjective can be replaced with a phrase noun + noun, For example:
daddy's brother - daddy's brother,
wolf howl - howl of a wolf.
Relative adjectives
Relative adjectives- these are words denoting the characteristics of objects in their relation to other objects or persons. These signs indicate:
- What material is the item made from:
gold ring - gold ring.
- Who is the item intended for:
kindergarten - kindergarten for children.
- The relationship of an object to a specific time:
winter eclipse - eclipse in winter.
- Relation of object to place:
mountain peak - mountain top.
- Relation of the subject to the field of activity:
sports magazine - magazine about sports.
As can be seen from the examples, relative adjectives can be replaced with nouns without losing the meaning of the phrase.
Relative adjectives do not have degrees of comparison, short forms, synonyms or antonyms.
Relative adjectives are formed from nouns using various suffixes:
evening - evening,
tea - tea,
rock - rocky.
If the stem of nouns ends in consonants G, K, X, T, C- then alternation of consonant letters can occur:
friend - friendly, But magic iya - magical;
tobacco - tobacco, But park - park ovaya;
shepherd - shepherd, But spirit - ram spirit;
student - student, But parquet - parquet;
sun - sunny, But lead - lead.
Qualitative adjectives
Qualitative adjectives- these are words denoting characteristics of objects that may appear to a greater or lesser extent. Qualitative adjectives have the following characteristics:
- Combines with adverbs very, extremely, too:
very sweet, too big.
- They have a full and short form:
fast - fast, beautiful - beautiful.
- Have antonyms:
fast - slow, beautiful - scary
Most antonyms can be formed using the prefix Not-:
small - rather big(big), bright - dim(dim).
- Form complex adjectives by repetition:
sweet-sweet, quick-quick.
- They have degrees of comparison:
bright - brighter, brighter, brightest, brightest.
Note: not every quality adjective has all of the listed characteristics at once. An adjective is considered qualitative if it has at least several of them.
Please note that qualitative adjectives, unlike possessive and relative adjectives, denote a characteristic of the object itself outside of its relation to other objects. This may be a characteristic of an item by color ( yellow, white), weight ( light, unliftable), size ( small, huge) etc.
Transition of adjectives from one category to another
Possessive, relative and qualitative adjectives can be used in a figurative meaning, while possessive adjectives can go into the category of relative and qualitative, relative - into the category of qualitative, qualitative - into the category of relative.
| Adjective | Rank | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| possessive | relative | qualitative | |
| wolfish | wolf howl | wolf(from wolf fur) fur coat | wolfish(wicked) sight |
| steel | - | steel(of steel) mug | steel(strong) muscles |
| peaceful | - | peaceful(during peace) time | peaceful(calm) character |
| hare | hare's foot | hare(from hare fur) a cap | hare(cowardly) character |
| alive | - | living flower | hedge |
Possessive adjectives can move into the category of relative and qualitative if they acquire the characteristics of these categories. From the examples presented in the table it is clear that wolfish And hare, when used as material for an object, become relative adjectives. When used figuratively, they become of high quality.
Qualitative adjectives can become relative if they begin to denote a permanent property of an object:
sour berry - sour reaction,
crooked hut - crooked line.
How to determine the rank of an adjective
Each category of adjectives has a number of characteristic features that other categories do not have:
| Quality | Relative | Possessives |
|---|---|---|
|
|
|
To determine the category of an adjective, you need to look at what characteristics this adjective corresponds to. Consider a few examples:
Example 1.
eagle vision.
vision which? eagle.
which?, therefore, it cannot be possessive. Now let's try to find a synonym:
eagle means good, excellent.
If you can find a synonym for an adjective, it means it is of high quality.
Example 2. Determine the category of the adjective:
Foxy burrow.
First, let's ask a question from noun to adjective:
Nora whose? fox.
The adjective answers the question whose?, therefore it is possessive.
Example 3. Determine the category of the adjective:
observant person.
First, let's ask a question from noun to adjective:
Human Which? observant.
The adjective answers the question Which?, therefore, it cannot be possessive. You can try to find a synonym or see if this symptom can manifest itself to a greater or lesser extent:
observant means attentive,
observant - more observant, most observant.
The adjective has a synonym and degrees of comparison - a qualitative adjective.
Example 4. Determine the category of the adjective:
Strawberry ice cream.
First, let's ask a question from noun to adjective:
ice cream which? strawberry.
The adjective answers the question which?, therefore, it cannot be possessive. Relatively ice cream at the sign strawberry there cannot be synonyms and degrees of comparison, since ice cream can't be more or less strawberry. So you can try to find a synonymous phrase:
strawberry ice cream - strawberry ice cream.
This phrase indicates the relationship of one object to another, which means the adjective is relative.
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