E and noun endings table. Spelling of unstressed vowels in case endings of nouns. educational and methodological material on the Russian language (grade 4) on the topic. Case endings for plural nouns
Which? Which? Which? Which? Using these questions, you can check the spelling of an unstressed vowel at the end of an adjective. However, there are exceptions to the rule, which are listed in this article.
Unstressed vowels at the end of adjectives
The spelling of unstressed vowels at the end of adjectives is no different from the spelling of stressed vowels, compare: young wow– old wow, young them– old them, young wow– old wow .
To check the spelling of an unstressed vowel at the end of an adjective, you need to determine which noun the word agrees with and ask a question from it - Which? Which? Which? Which? or derivative. The ending of the question will be the same as the case ending of the adjective.
Examples: y high Wow(How Wow?) at home, call no(How no?) bells, soft Ouch(How Ouch?) cloth.
Exceptions
- In the same forms I. and V. p. male singular the ending is always written in the unstressed position -th (black, near, bitter), in the striking position – -Ouch (golden, blind, rye).
- In adjectives with a base on a solid consonant, vowels are written in case endings -s-, -o- (new, new); in words with a base on a soft or hissing consonant, vowels are written -i-, -e- (blooming, blooming); in adjectives with a stem on g, k, x vowels in endings are written in the same way as in the test question (bright, bright).
- In the forms of V. p. female singular for adjectives with a base the ending is written on a soft consonant -yuyu- (evening, blue).
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It will help you understand the spelling of case endings of nouns. this article. Below are tables showing examples for each case and declension; The tables are distributed taking into account the number category of the named object. In addition to everything, we will tell you how to correctly write unstressed case endings.
Spelling case endings of nouns
The case endings of nouns are represented by a system of endings (inflections), indicating the grammatical relationship of nouns to other words in sentences and phrases. Case endings depend on the number, gender, declension and animateness (inanimateness) of the noun. Peculiarities of spelling case endings of nouns are studied in 4th grade.
Singular case endings for nouns
Case endings of nouns are presented in the table with examples:
| Case | I declension | II declension | III declension | |||
| graduation | examples | graduation | examples | graduation | examples | |
| Nominative | -and I | water A, young man A, earth I | , -o, -e | man, house, window O, decisions e | night, lie, daughter | |
| Genitive | -s, -i | water s, young man And, earth And | -and I | Human A, house A, window A, decisions I | -And | night And, false And, daughter And |
| Dative | -e | water e, young man e, earth e | -u, -yu | Human at, house at, window at, decisions Yu | -And | night And, false And, daughter And |
| Accusative | -u, -yu | water at, young man at, earth Yu | , -a, -i, -o, -e | Human A, house, window O, decisions e | night, lie, daughter | |
| Instrumental | -oh (oh) -her(s) |
water Ouch, young man to her, earth to her | -om, -eat | Human ohm, house ohm, window ohm, decisions eat | -yu | night yu, lodge yu, daughter yu |
| Prepositional | -e | about water e oh young man e oh earth e | -e, -i | oh man e oh home e, about windows e, about the decision And | -And | oh night And oh lie And oh daughter And |
Case endings for plural nouns
| Case | I declension | II declension | III declension | |||
| graduation | examples | graduation | examples | graduation | examples | |
| Nominative | -s, -i | mountains s,
roads And, uncle And |
-a, -i, -s, -i | lakes A, table s, con And, student And | -And | step And, oven And, lan And |
| Genitive | , | mountains, | -ov, -ey, | lakes, table ov, con to her, student ov | -to her | step to her, oven to her, lan to her |
| Dative | -am, -yam | mountains am,
roads am, uncle yam |
-am, -yam | lakes am, table am, con yam, student am | -yam, -am | step yam, oven am, lan yam |
| Accusative | -s, -i, | mountains s,
roads And, |
-a, -i, -s, -i, her, -ov | lakes A, table s, con to her, student ov | -and, -ey | step And, oven And, lan to her |
| Instrumental | -ami, -yami | mountains ami,
roads ami, uncle yami |
-ami, -yami | lakes ami, table ami, con yami, student ami | -ami, yami | step yami, oven ami, lan yami |
| Prepositional | -ah, -yah | about the mountains Oh,
oh dear Oh, oh uncle I |
-ah, -yah | about the lakes Oh, about the table Oh oh con I, about student Oh | -ah, -yah | o step I, about the stove Oh oh lan I |
Spelling of unstressed case endings
The spelling of unstressed case endings of nouns depends on their declension. To determine the unstressed ending of a noun, follow these steps:
- Put the noun in the singular form I. p.
- Determine the type of its declination.
- Determine the necessary endings of the noun by case, replacing it with the corresponding test word, as shown in the examples in the table.
| Declension | Test word | Examples |
| 1st declension | wall | crown (wall) e/crown e– D. p.) |
| 2nd declension | table | knight (table at/knight Yu– D. p.) |
| 3rd declension | steppe | mouse (oh step And/o mouse And– P.p.) |
| A special group of nouns starting with -мя, -ь, -я | path (for R. p., D. p., P. p.) | time (put And/times And– R. p.) amazement (oh put And/ about amazement And– P.p) |
Table 1 - Case endings of singular nouns
| Cases | I declension | II declension | III declension |
|---|---|---|---|
| I. p. | -and I
wives A, earth I | ,
-o, -e
horse, sat down O, floor e |
night, horse |
| R. p. | -s, -i
wives s, earth And | -and I
con I, sat down A, floor I | -And
night And, horses And |
| D. p. | -e
wives e, earth e | -u, -yu
con Yu, sat down at, floor Yu | -And
night And, horses And |
| V. p. | -u, -yu
wives at, earth Yu | , -a, -i, -o, -e
con I, sat down O, floor e |
night, horse |
| etc. | -oh (-oh), -ey (-her)
wives Ouch, earth to her | -om, -eat
con eat, sat down ohm, floor eat | -yu
night yu, horses yu |
| P. p. | -e
wives e, earth e | -e, -i
con e, sat down e, floor e | -And
night And, horses And |
In singular case endings it is written:
- letter e : in the dative and prepositional cases of nouns of the 1st declension and in the prepositional case of the 2nd declension (except for words in -and I , -th , -ies ), For example: to factories e, to factories e, to the ground e, about the battery e, to become e; to factory e, to the machine e; about pestilence e; all L e;
- letter And
:
- in the genitive case of nouns of the first declension, for example: at the factories And, near the ground And, near the battery And, from becoming And;
- in the prepositional case of nouns of the II declension on -ies , -th , For example: in the lecture hall And, in excitement And, about worldview And ;
- in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases of nouns of the first declension in -and I , nouns of III declension and indeclinable nouns neuter on -me , For example: from the collection And, to the collection And, in the collection And; from overcoats And, to the overcoat And, in an overcoat And; at the banners And, to the banners And, about the banner And.
It is necessary to distinguish between the forms of the prepositional case of neuter nouns on -ies And -ye , For example: be in thought And, be fully prepared And (ending -And ); be in thought e, be on the coast e (ending -e ).
Case endings in surnames and titles
In Russian surnames -in(-yn) and on -s(-s) in the instrumental case the singular is written -th (like adjectives), for example: with Vyacheslav Demin th, with Rostislav Sinitsyn th, with Kirill Kolosov th . The ending is written in foreign surnames -ohm , For example: Darwin ohm, Chaplin ohm .
In titles settlements on -in(-yn) , -s(-s) , -ino(-ino) , -ovo(-evo) the ending is written in the instrumental case of the singular -ohm (as in nouns), for example: near the city of Kashin ohm, Borodin village ohm, the city of Dmitrov ohm .
Case endings for plural nouns
Table 2 - Case endings of plural nouns
| Cases | I declension | II declension | III declension |
|---|---|---|---|
| I. p. | -s, -i
wives s, earth And | a, -i, -s, -i
con And, sat down A, floor I | -And
night And, horses And |
| R. p. |
wives, lands | -ov, -ey,
con to her, sat down, floor to her | -to her
night to her, horses to her |
| D. p. | -am, -yam
wives am, earth yam | -am, -yam
con yam, sat down am, floor yam | -am, -yam
night am, horses yam |
| V. p. | -s, -i,
wives, land And | -a, -i, -s, -i, her, -ov
con to her, sat down A, floor I | -and, -ey
night And, horses to her |
| etc. | -ami, -yami
wives ami, earth yami | -ami, -yami
con yami, sat down ami, floor yami | -ami, -yami
night ami, horses yami |
| P. p. | -ah, -yah
wives Oh, earth I | -ah, -yah
con I, sat down Oh, floor I | -ah, -yah
night Oh, horses I |
- In the genitive plural, after the sibilants, the letter b is not written, for example: solution tasks, repair dwellings.
- In the genitive plural of nouns -ya
And -ye
in unstressed position it is written -th
, under stress - -to her
, For example: liar th(liar), delusion th(meditation), But stat to her(article), scam to her(bench). Exceptions: Rouge to her(gun), pay ev(dress), ust ev(mouth), upper reaches ev(upstream), downstream ev(lower reaches).
Nouns have -and I , -ies in the genitive case it is always written -th , For example: lin th(line), building th(building). - If nouns in the genitive plural end in -en , That soft sign is not written, for example: songs, cherries ( Wed apple trees, kitchens). After -en letter in the genitive case b written in words villages b, young ladies b .
Which unstressed endings need to be checked, and which ones you just need to remember. You need to check the unstressed endings -е, -и in nouns of the genitive, dative, and prepositional case. You should remember unstressed endings in nouns in the instrumental case.
1st declension: -th reminder(s), village.
2nd declension: -th year, field.
To check the correct definition of the unstressed ending of a noun, you must determine the case. Then determine the declination. Next, we remember the ending of the noun of a certain declension in the required case.
Example:
In the summer the children swam in the lake.
The guys were swimming(where? in what?) In the lake, which means it is the prepositional case.
Lake(it, mine) is a neuter noun, has the ending -o, which means it belongs to the second declension. A noun of the second declension in the prepositional case ends in -e. So, let's write:
The guys were swimming(where? in what?) PP 2nd class, -e) In the lake.
Another way to check the ending of a noun is to insert instead of a noun with an unstressed ending, substitute a noun of the same declension and in the same case, but with a stressed ending: the guys swam in the river, in the lake.
Now let's look at the spelling of unstressed endings of nouns in all cases.
The declension of a noun is determined by nominative case .
Genitive
A noun in the genitive case answers questions whom? what? (from where? where?). Prepositions used: from, to, from, without, at, for, about, with.
Endings:
1st declension: -i, -s.
2nd declension: -а, -я.
3rd declension: -i.
Example: The sheep has soft long wool. → Wool(who?) at the sheep- 1st declension.
Dative
A noun in the dative case answers questions to whom? what? (where? where?). Prepositions used: to, by.
Endings:
1st declension: -e.
2nd declension: -у, -у.
3rd declension: -i.
It plays the role of a secondary member in a sentence.
Example: The boy ran to the lake. → fled(where? to what?) to the lake- 2nd declension.
In the genitive case, nouns of the first declension have the ending -i, in the dative case - the ending -e.
Nouns of the third meaning in both cases have the ending -i.
Accusative
A noun in the accusative case answers questions whom? What? (where? where?). Prepositions used: in, on, for, through, about.
Endings:
1st declension: -у, -у.
2nd declension: -а, -я.
Example: You can often find a heron in the swamps. → Meet(whom?) heron- 1st declension.
Nouns in the genitive and accusative cases can be distinguished by prepositions. In the first declension, the nouns in these cases differ in endings.
Instrumental case.
A noun in the instrumental case answers questions by whom? how? (where? where?). Prepositions used: with, behind, under, over, between.
1st declension: -оу(-и).
2nd declension: -om(-em).
3rd declension: -yu.
It plays the role of a secondary member in a sentence.
Example: Fish is caught with a fishing rod. → They catch(how?) fishing rod- 1st declension.
Prepositional
A noun in the prepositional case answers questions about whom? about what? (Where?). Prepositions used: o (about), in, on, with.
1st declension: -e.
2nd declension: -e.
3rd declension: -i.
It plays the role of a secondary member in a sentence.
Example: We talked about autumn. → They talked(about what?) about autumn- 3rd declension.
Nouns have three “fallible” cases: genitive, dative, prepositional. This lesson will help you cope with difficulties in declension of nouns.
For nouns of the first declension in the genitive case the letter I is written at the end, and in other “mistaken” cases - dative and prepositional - the letter E is written.
For nouns of the second declension, only the prepositional case, in which the letter E is written, causes difficulties. For nouns of the third declension, the letter I is written in all “mistaken” cases.
To find out which vowel should be written in unstressed ending name of a noun, you must first determine which declension this noun belongs to, then find out in which case it is used, and remember which vowel letter is written in this “erroneous” case.
2. Reinforce what we have learned
We reason like this:
Smile when meeting... Meeting- a noun of the first declension, used in the prepositional case, we write the letter E at the end.
Strive for the goal... Goal is a noun of the third declension, in which the letter I is written in all “erroneous” cases.
When writing unstressed case endings of nouns, you can use another verification method. You can use wildcard words with stressed endings in all “fallacious” cases. For first declension nouns, such a “wildcard” word will be the word fox.
We reason like this:
Write in a notebook... Notebook- a noun of the first declension. Without specifying the case, we use a “wildcard” word fox. Wrote in a notebook - wrote in a fox.
We remember that nouns ending in -Я, -И,
II ( army, essay, planetarium), in all “mistaken” cases the rule of two letters I applies.
For nouns ending in -IYA, -IE, -IY, in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases we write two letters I at the end (one letter I belongs to the stem, the second letter I belongs to the ending).
We reason like this:
Approach Marie... Maria- a noun ending in -YA. In all “mistaken” cases it has two letters AND at the end. That's why we write approach Maria.
Visit the planetarium... Planetarium- a noun ending in -II. In “erroneous” cases, the rule of two letters I works in it. Therefore, we write visit the planetarium(two letters I at the end).
Bibliography
- Russian language. 6th grade / Baranov M.T. and others - M.: Education, 2008.
- Babaytseva V.V., Chesnokova L.D. Russian language. Theory. 5-9 grades - M.: Bustard, 2008.
- Russian language. 6th grade / Ed. MM. Razumovskaya, P.A. Lekanta. - M.: Bustard, 2010.
Homework
Task No. 1
Rewrite, opening the parentheses. Determine the type of declension of nouns and their case. Graphically indicate the endings.
To languish in (captivity), play on (piano), hear about (defeat), stand on (square), think about (realization) (idea), travel around ( middle Asia), in quiet (solitude), arrival (parliamentarian), walk along (path), play a role in (development) of the plot, calm down at (thought), fight (duel), come to (mother), visit (construction) , prepare for (audit), participate in (excursion).
Task No. 2
Rewrite by putting the nouns (in brackets) in the appropriate case form. Indicate the case of nouns and indicate their endings.
1.Gavrila was overcome by a wave of (memories) of her (village), running down a steep mountain down to (river), hidden in (grove) (M. G.). 2. So he lived with (the feeling) that he could call and come to (Lyubov Petrovna) (Sol.). 3. I sit in (half-oblivion): neither sleeping nor awake (Sweet). 4. The snow at (the foot of) the trees resembled lean sugar (Nag.). 5. I lived in (charm) (incomprehensibility) of the surrounding (Nag.). 6. In the fierce (singing) winds, the heart does not hear the correct (harmony) (Sick.). 7. And how many (deeds), (events), (fate), human (sadness) and (victory) fit into these ten (days), which turned into ten years! (Tward.). 8. The trunks of (apple trees), (pears), (cherries) and plums are painted white to prevent worms (Ch.). 9. Heavy huge clouds (T.) were still crowding in (distance).