The center of the steppe general governorship was. Soviet historical encyclopedia. See the meaning of the Steppe General Government in other dictionaries
established by decree on May 18, 1882 in Russia. It consisted of two regions that were part of the Zap.-Sib., abolished by the same decree. General Government - Akmola and Semipalatinsk, as well as Semirechensk Region, separated from the Turkestan General Government. Adm. center of S. g.-g. was Omsk. The governor general of the region was also the commander of the Omsk military forces. district and ataman of the Sib. Cossacks On Dec. 1897 Semirechensk region. was withdrawn from S. g.-g. and returned to the Turkestan General Government. As part of 2 regions of S. g.-g. existed until Oct. 1917.
View value Steppe General Government in other dictionaries
General- m. military rank of the fourth class and above, starting from major general; own full general, infantry, cavalry, engineer-general, etc., which was once a general-in-chief.........
Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary
General- general, m. (Latin generalis - general, chief) (pre-revolutionary and Western). Highest military rank. - adjutant (general who served as adjutant to the tsar). -major, lieutenant general,........
Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
General Bass- general bass, m. (music). A shortened way of digitally notating notes by indicating intervals from the lowest (bass) register.
Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
Governor General- Governor General, m. Head of the region with the highest military-administrative authority in the pre-revolutionary era. Russia.
Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
Governorate- governorships, pl. no, cf. (pre-revolutionary). Serving as governor. The time of his governorship was the darkest in the history of our city. || Title or position.........
Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
General M. — 1. Military rank or higher rank command staff in the army. 2. A person holding such a title or rank. // transfer decomposition Someone who plays a leading role in something. areas of activity.
Explanatory Dictionary by Efremova
Admiral General M.— 1. The highest naval rank corresponding to the rank of field marshal general in ground forces(in the Russian state until 1917). 2. A person who had such a rank.
Explanatory Dictionary by Efremova
Admiral General App.— 1. Correlative in meaning. with noun: admiral general associated with him. 2. Characteristic of an admiral general (2), characteristic of him. 3. Belonging to an admiral general (2).
Explanatory Dictionary by Efremova
Adjutant General M.— 1. Court general rank (in the Russian state until 1917). 2. A person who had such a title.
Explanatory Dictionary by Efremova
Adjutant General Adj.— 1. Correlative in meaning. with noun: adjutant general associated with him. 2. Characteristic of the adjutant general (2), characteristic of him. 3. Belonging to the Adjutant General (2).
Explanatory Dictionary by Efremova
Chief General M.— 1. The highest rank of general (in the Russian state of the 18th century). 2. A person who had such a rank.
Explanatory Dictionary by Efremova
General-in-Chief Adj.— 1. Correlative in meaning. with noun: chief general associated with him. 2. Characteristic of the general-in-chief (2), characteristic of him. 3. Belonging to the general-in-chief (2).
Explanatory Dictionary by Efremova
Governor General M.— 1. The highest official of the local administration, possessing military-administrative power (in the Russian state before 1917 and in some other countries). 2. A person holding such a title.
Explanatory Dictionary by Efremova
Governor General's App.— 1. Correlative in meaning. with noun: a governor-general associated with him. 2. Characteristic of the Governor-General (2), characteristic of him. 3. Belonging to the Governor General (2).
Explanatory Dictionary by Efremova
General Government Wed.— 1. A large administrative-territorial unit governed by a governor-general (in the Russian state until 1917). 2. The position of Governor General; tenure in such a position.
Explanatory Dictionary by Efremova
Director General M.— 1. Personal title for the highest commanding staff(in the USSR in the 40-50s, usually on railway, sea, and river transport). 2. A person who had such a title.
Explanatory Dictionary by Efremova
Inspector General M.— 1. One of the highest military positions in the armed forces of some countries. 2. The person holding such a position.
Explanatory Dictionary by Efremova
Quartermaster General M.— 1. A staff position in the armed forces of some countries. 2. A person holding such a position (usually in charge of the development and planning of military operations).
Explanatory Dictionary by Efremova
Lieutenant General M.— 1. The second highest rank of general. 2. A person holding such a title.
Explanatory Dictionary by Efremova
Lieutenant General Adj.— 1. Correlative in meaning. with noun: lieutenant general associated with him. 2. Characteristic of a lieutenant general (2), characteristic of him. 3. Belonging to a lieutenant general (2).
Explanatory Dictionary by Efremova
Major General M.— 1. The first senior rank of general. 2. A person holding such a title.
Explanatory Dictionary by Efremova
Major General App.— 1. Correlative in meaning. with noun: major general associated with him. 2. Characteristic of a major general (2), characteristic of him. 3. Belonging to a major general (2).
Explanatory Dictionary by Efremova
Colonel General M.— 1. Third senior rank of general. 2. A person holding such a title.
Explanatory Dictionary by Efremova
Lieutenant General M.— 1. General rank, corresponding to the rank of lieutenant general (in the Russian state of the 18th century). 2. A person who had such a title.
Explanatory Dictionary by Efremova
Field Marshal General M.— 1. Highest military rank in the ground forces (in the army Russian state until 1917 and in the armies of some other states). 2. A person holding such a title.
Explanatory Dictionary by Efremova
Governorship Wed.— 1. decomposition The position of governor. 2. Serve as governor.
Explanatory Dictionary by Efremova
General- -A; m. [from lat. generalis - general, chief] Military rank of the highest command staff in the army; person holding this title. Major General (the first senior general rank).........
Kuznetsov's Explanatory Dictionary
Admiral General- ) -A; m.V Russian army from the 18th century before 1917: highest naval rank; a person in this rank (corresponding to the rank of field marshal general in the ground forces).
Kuznetsov's Explanatory Dictionary
Adjutant General— ) adjutant general; m. In the Russian army since the 18th century. before 1917: military or civil rank of adjutant to the emperor or field marshal, held by a general; a person in that rank.
Kuznetsov's Explanatory Dictionary
Chief General-) general-in-chief; m. In the Russian army since the 18th century. before 1917: highest military position of commander-in-chief of the army; a person in such a position.
Kuznetsov's Explanatory Dictionary
UDC 94(571) GRNTI 03.23.31
STEPPE GENERAL GOVERNORship AT THE BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY: PROBLEMS OF ADMINISTRATIVE MANAGEMENT
(According to the most comprehensive reports)
V.V. Germizeeva
Omsk State Technical University Russia, 644050, Omsk, prosp. Mira, 11; [email protected]
Based on the reports of governors-general and governors, the problems of administrative management in the Steppe region at the beginning of the twentieth century are analyzed. Attention is drawn to issues that influenced the state of governance (projects to abolish the General Government, resettlement policy, socio-political situation). The state of most administrative institutions was not without shortcomings, but, trying to overcome them, governors and governors-general, as a rule, followed the traditional path, petitioning for an increase in staff and an increase in the salaries of officials.
Keywords: governor, administration, Akmola region, Semipalatinsk region, Steppe General Government, administration.
STEPPE GOVERNORATE GENERAL IN THE EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY:
THE PROBLEMS OF ADMINISTRATIVE MANAGEMENT (According to the most devoted reports)
Omsk State Technical University
Russia, 644050, Omsk, prosp. Mira, 11
The article analyzes the issues of administrative management in the Steppe region in the early XX century based on the reports of governors-general and governors. The author pays attention to the issues that influenced the state of governance (projects to abolishment the Governorate General, resettlement policy and social and political situation). The state of the most administrative offices had their shortcomings, but in an effort to overcome them, governors and governors-general went along the traditional way, asking for staff increasing and officials" salary increment.
Keywords: a Governor, management, Akmola region, Semipalatinsk region, Steppe Governorate General, administration.
As a result of the abolition of the West Siberian General Government in 1882, the Steppe General Government was formed with its center in Omsk. It included Akmola, Semipalatinsk and Semirechensk (until 1897) regions. The main administration of the region belonged to the governor-general, and the regional administration was formed by the governors.
© V.V. Germizeeva, 2017
tors and boards, consisting of general presences and offices.
Over the past twenty years, work on studying the administrative policy of the autocracy, as well as the activities of the administration in Siberia and the Steppe Territory, has noticeably intensified. First of all, it should be noted that these issues are reflected in research
A.V. Remnev, who was actively involved in the problems of interaction between central and local authorities and the reform of the Siberian administrative apparatus. On the history of the Steppe General Government, it is worth noting the works of P.P. Wiebe, A.P. Tolochko, I.P. Shikhatov and others. They present problems of socio-economic, socio-political and cultural development region, personal destinies of governors general.
This work draws attention to the problems of governing the Steppe region at the beginning of the twentieth century, which were reflected in the annual reports of the Governor-General. The structure of these documents was clearly regulated, but at the beginning of the twentieth century it underwent some changes. The reports of this time reflect the issues that are most relevant for the development of a particular region. In particular, for the Steppe Territory, this is the policy of resettlement, representation in the State Duma, implementation of judicial reform, reflection on the need to introduce zemstvo institutions. Much space in the reports was occupied by a section devoted to solving food issues, as well as organizing assistance to the population affected by crop failures. Attention was often paid to the state of communications and general characteristics economic life of the region. The ratio of this information depended on the situation in a particular year, but in each report we find information about the situation of local authorities and an indication of the need to strengthen their composition.
An interesting fact is that almost from the moment of its formation there were opinions regarding the uselessness of the Steppe General Government, the establishment of which was considered as a temporary measure. After the exclusion of the Semirechensk region from its composition in 1897, the General Government was under threat of liquidation, since the Akmola and Semirechensk regions, in the opinion central government, were quite similar to the internal provinces Russian Empire. In 1901, Minister of Internal Affairs D.S. Sipyagin submitted to the Committee of Ministers the question of abolishing the General Government. The main argument was that administrative,
military reform, built Railway etc. Nevertheless, the majority of the members of the Committee of Ministers turned out to be supporters of maintaining the Steppe General Government, and as a result, the resolution of the issue was postponed indefinitely.
In 1908, the State Duma raised the issue of abolishing the post of Governor-General of the Steppe Territory and his office. The legislative proposal drew attention to the need to eliminate positions that are a relic of the past and require significant expenses for their maintenance. Once again, the argument in favor of abolition was that the boards of the Akmola and Semipalatinsk regions, together with the governors, can quickly resolve all pressing issues of local government. At the same time, Comrade Minister of Internal Affairs S.E. Kryzhanovsky drew attention to the rather limited composition of the boards and the vastness of the tasks facing officials. Consequently, in his opinion, the unifying and controlling principle in the person of the governor-general had to be preserved. In addition, the abolition of the position could lead to a weakening of power in the region. One of the reasons for implementing the projected measure was supposed to be saving public funds, but this circumstance was not decisive, since the abolition of the post of governor-general and his office would entail the need to strengthen the personnel of regional institutions.
Discussion of the validity of the existence of the Steppe General Government at the beginning of the twentieth century. was also presented on the pages of periodicals. Thus, in one of the issues of the magazine “Siberian Questions” its presence was explained by the government’s desire to create “a local stronghold in case of possible clashes with centrifugal liberation aspirations.” P. Golovachev called the existence of the General Government an administrative archaism, entailing not only an unnecessary burden on the state budget, but also hindering the development of the region “on the basis of true self-government.” On the pages of the magazine it was noted that the office of the steppe governor-general is “a completely unnecessary transfer authority, aimlessly slowing down business and
costing the treasury over 100 thousand a year, not counting the maintenance of the governor general and the staff of his retinue.” Therefore, there was a point of view that the abolition of the General Government would be joyfully accepted by the entire population, as well as by officials of local institutions of various departments, since the latter spend a lot of time trying to avoid unnecessary interference of the Governor General of the Steppe Territory in resolving certain issues . The office of the Governor-General, according to the author of the article, had completely outlived its usefulness at the end of the 19th century: “In the old days, when in Western Siberia there were no state property administrations, no special boundary institutions, like the current boundary resettlement party, no city architects and etc., in the office of the Governor-General of Western Siberia the positions of forester, land surveyor, engineer, architect, agronomist, etc. were concentrated. This entire cumbersome apparatus, designed to satisfy the various needs of the state and public life, passed by inheritance to the Steppe Governor-General... All these positions have now been transferred to the local institutions of various ministries, which in no way interferes with the prosperous existence of a separate super-departmental institution called the Steppe Governor-General.” Further, the article draws attention to the significant sums required for the maintenance of the governor general and his office, as well as the timeliness of the abolition of the post, but doubts were expressed about such an outcome: “As much as this abolition of a superfluous, outdated institution does not please our ears, Although our hearts rejoice, we still doubt that this bill will be implemented.”
The final decision on the project was made at a meeting on June 22, 1912. State Council decided to reject the bill approved by the State Duma on the abolition of the post of Governor-General of the Steppe Territory.
Despite discussions that lasted more than 20 years, the Steppe Governor-General existed until 1917. Moreover, the governors-general in their annual reports periodically pointed out the need to increase the composition of the office and the salaries of officials.
Among the most important issues about the state of local government in the Steppe Territory, which were most often presented in the reports of governors and governors general, the following should be noted: the qualitative composition of employees of regional boards, shortcomings in the activities of police institutions and peasant bosses, problems of organizing office work in institutions in connection with with a constant increase in the volume of work. The general trend can be illustrated by a short excerpt from the report of Governor General E.O. Shmita for 1910: “There is a shortage of people, a lack of organs with the help of which it would be possible to govern the vast Steppe region.”
V.S. Losevsky, who became Akmola governor at the end of 1906, in his first all-submissive report for 1907, paid quite a lot of attention to the qualitative composition of employees of the regional government, county institutions, and the characteristics of peasant leaders. At the same time, his conclusion was disappointing: many officials did not correspond to their positions and could not cope with their assigned duties. The ways to solve the problem were traditional: the dismissal of individual officials and the preparation of petitions for an increase in staff and salaries.
Steppe Governor General I.P. Nadarov also noted the imperfection of local authorities, since its representatives, due to “excessively enormous work,” were, in his opinion, far from understanding the true needs of the population. The administration, “receiving for its work, for the most part, completely insufficient support, due to the vastness of the territory of the region, the sparseness of the population,” “due to the unsatisfactory nature of its composition and organization, due to the lack of a living connection with the population, deprived of any public initiative, is absolutely unable to only to show some creative work and initiative, but also to successfully carry out all the tasks assigned to her by life.” Improving local government I.P. Nadarov associated it with the expansion of staff, an increase in salaries of employees, and the introduction of zemstvo self-government in the region. He noted that administrative measures aimed at the cultural and economic uplift of the population do not keep up with the fast pace of life,
therefore, local authorities are “unable to understand and properly cover” them.
In a report on the colonization of the Steppe region, Governor General E.O. Shmit drew attention to the increased workload of officials from various departments due to relocation, which negatively affected the state of paperwork and led to longer resolution of cases.
Akmola Governor A.N. Neverov, characterizing the activities of regional and district institutions, noted that the paperwork of many of them has reached limits at which it is difficult to guarantee efficiency in management. In addition, the governor believed that the question of increasing the material remuneration of officials was quite timely, since since the end of the 19th century. prices for individual products tripled, but maintenance salaries remained the same.
Speaking about the role of police institutions, Governor General E.O. Schmit noted: “The police seem to be the main vital nerve of administrative management; Serving the population, it is the link that connects heterogeneous classes of the population and helps the government in its concerns for the good and prosperity of the region.” At the same time, according to the Governor-General, “in the steppe regions the word “police” seems almost an empty phrase,” since by law these functions are assigned to a limited number of police officers. The Akmola region, with a population of 1.4 million people, was policed by five district chiefs, five assistants, and a small number of police officers and guards. In the Semipalatinsk region their composition was even more limited. In this situation, as noted by E.O. Shmit, it is difficult to guarantee order and tranquility in areas inhabited by people of different faiths, nationalities and customs. On the contrary, wide scope was opened for a number of crimes, such as cattle theft, forest destruction, and robbery. Illustrating the problems in this area, the Governor General pointed to the weak moral level and lack of consciousness of official duty among individual employees, and also drew attention to cases of theft by police officers during searches.
in private apartments. To solve problems in this area, in 1912, 38 positions of police officers were established to maintain order and tranquility among the heterogeneous population of the region.
Some reports draw attention to peasant leaders who supervised peasant public self-government and had fairly broad powers. In the Steppe General Government, 28 such positions were established: in the Akmola region - 16 and Semipalatinsk - 12. The state of vast territories with a heterogeneous population depended on the peasant leaders, so it was important for them not only to know the laws, but also to understand local conditions. When characterizing the activities of peasant bosses in reports, one can find examples of a careless attitude towards their duties, since people “at random, without sufficient training” could get into positions. Paying attention to the diversity of the composition of these officials, the governors in their most comprehensive reports traditionally saw the same way to solve the problem: raise the institution of peasant bosses to the proper height, maintain their prestige in the eyes of the population, reduce the size of the plots, increase the maintenance and ensure real control over them activities on the part of permanent members of regional boards.
Thus, both regional governors and governors-general of the Steppe Territory noted in their reports the timeliness of increasing the composition of administrative institutions and increasing salaries, which would make it possible to attract best forces and give the opportunity to choose. Speaking about management problems, E.O. Shmit pointed out with regret that such a situation exists in various fields life of the region: the number of priests, doctors, justices of the peace, veterinarians and other local workers is “extremely insufficient.” Therefore, the Governor-General believed that “only with an increase in the number of local leaders is correct leadership and vigilant observation of the heterogeneous population of the steppes possible,” and systematic work “to organize the region will then go forward in large steps.”
In general, certain issues related to the state of local administrative
institutions, were reflected in almost every governor-general report on the development of the Steppe Territory, as well as in the reports of regional governors. As the region developed, reorganization was required by the system of organizing local government, mainly regulated by regulations issued at the end of the 19th century. Therefore, both local governors and governors general, paying attention to existing problems, petitioned for the establishment of new positions and an increase in the salary of employees, which, in their opinion,
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL LIST
should have improved the quality of officials and the efficiency of management as a whole.
Problems of functioning and interaction of power, differentiation of subjects of jurisdiction at the federal level and at the level of constituent entities, organization civil service relevant for modern Russia. In this regard, turning to the historical experience of administrative activities in the Russian Empire, especially taking into account regional specifics, will always be of great importance.
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3. Steppe General Government in the administrative plans of the autocracy of the late 19th - early 20th centuries. // Steppe region of Eurasia: historical and cultural interactions and modernity: abstract. report and message IV international scientific conf., dedicated 170th anniversary of the birth of G.N. Potanin and Ch.Ch. Valikhanova. Omsk, 2005. pp. 36-41.
4. Vibe P.P. Governors-General of Western Siberia and the Steppe Territory // Vibe P.P., Mikheev A.P., Pugacheva N.M. Omsk Dictionary of History and Local Lore. M., 1994. pp. 59-60.
5. Tolochko A.P. Steppe General Government (Steppe region). 1882 - February 1917: from the history of socio-economic development, cultural and social life // Steppe region: zone of interaction between the Russian and Kazakh peoples (XVIII-XX centuries): abstract. report and message Intl. scientific conf., dedicated 175th anniversary of the formation of the Omsk region. Omsk, 1998. pp. 21-25.
6. Shikhatov I.P. Governor's Gallery: Governors-General of Western Siberia and the Steppe Territory. 1819-1917. Chairmen of the Omsk Regional Executive Committee. 1917-1989. Omsk, 2000. 224 p.
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the needs of colonization in the Steppe region. Omsk, 1909. 24 p.
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16. The most humble report of the steppe governor-general, cavalry general Shmit, on the state of the Steppe region for 1912. Omsk, 1913. 24 p.
Germizeeva Victoria Viktorovna - candidate historical sciences Associate Professor (Russia), Associate Professor of the Department " National history» Omsk State technical university; e-mail: [email protected]
nuzhdah kolonizatsionnogo dela v Stepnom krae. Omsk, 1909. 24 s.
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16. Vsepoddanneyshiy otchet stepnogo general-gubernatora generala ot kavalerii Shmita o sostoyanii Stepnogo kraya za 1912 g. Omsk, 1913. 24 s.
Germizeeva Vitoriya Vitorovna - Cand. Sc. (History), Associate Professor (Russia), Associate Professor of the Russian History Department at Omsk State Technical university; e-mail: [email protected]
The article was received by the editor on June 24, 2017.
UDC 94(571.1) (574) “1916-1917” GRNTI 03.23.55
SOUTH OF OMSK: EXTRAORDINARY EVENTS OF 1916 - EARLY 1917 IN THE STEPPE REGION AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES
Ending. Start at No. 2 (24)
A.A. Shtyrbul
Omsk State Pedagogical University Russia, 644033, Omsk, emb. Tukhachevsky, 14
The article is devoted to the most important component of the grandiose national liberation movement and the uprising of the Central Asian peoples of the Russian Empire in 1916 against tsarism - the events in the Steppe General Government (Steppe Territory), as well as the political consequences of these events in the region. Information is provided about the causes and organizers of the uprising.
Key words: regional history in the context of Russian history, Steppe region, political crisis, national liberation movement.
TO THE SOUTH OF OMSK: EXTREME EVENTS IN 1916 -BEGINNING OF 1917 IN STEPPE REGION AND THEIR IMPACTS
Completion. Beginning in No. 2 (24)
Omsk State Pedagogical University
Russia, 644033, Omsk, nab. Tukhachevskogo, 14
The article is devoted to the events in the Steppe Governorate General (Steppe region) as well as the political consequences of these events. These events are the most important part of the Grand National liberation movement and the uprising of the Central Asian peoples of the Russian Empire in 1916 against tsarism.
Keywords: regional history in the context of the Russian history; steppe region; a political crisis; National liberation movement.
In the literature there is a name - Steppe region. The administrative center is the city of Omsk.
Story
The Steppe General Government was established by a personal Highest decree given Governing Senate May 18, 1882, as part of the Akmola and Semipalatinsk regions.
The position of assistant to the Steppe Governor-General was not established.
It was formed in 1882 on the initiative of Minister of War P. S. Vannovsky in connection with the need to unite the territories of the Russian Empire bordering China in one governorate. With the formation of Steppe, the West Siberian General Government was abolished, from which the Akmola and Semipalatinsk regions were transferred. The third region that became part of the new General Government was Semirechensk, which had previously been subordinate to the Turkestan General Government.
The Governor-General of the Steppe Territory was simultaneously the commander of the troops of the Omsk Military District and the appointed ataman of the Siberian Cossack Army.
In 1899, the Semirechensk region was returned to the Turkestan General Government.
Management
Governors General
| FULL NAME. | Title, rank, rank | Time to fill a position |
|---|---|---|
| Kolpakovsky Gerasim Alekseevich | infantry general | 25.05.1882-24.10.1889 |
| Taube Maxim Antonovich | baron, cavalry general | 24.10.1889-05.07.1900 |
| Sukhotin Nikolay Nikolaevich | lieutenant general | 14.04.1901-25.04.1906 |
| Nadarov Ivan Pavlovich | cavalry general | 25.04.1906-08.06.1908 |
| Shmit Evgeniy Ottovich | cavalry general | 08.06.1908-24.05.1915 |
| Sukhomlinov Nikolay Alexandrovich | lieutenant general | 24.05.1915-01.03.1917? |
Commissioner of the Provisional Government for the Steppe Territory
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Literature
- Governor's Gallery: Governors-General of Western Siberia and the Steppe Territory, 1819-1917. Chairmen of the Omsk Regional Executive Committee, 1917-1989. I. P. Shikhatov. Edition “Heritage. Dialogue-Siberia". Omsk. 2000
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An excerpt characterizing the Steppe General GovernmentAn hour later the whole hunt was at the porch. Nikolai, with a stern and serious look, showing that there was no time to deal with trifles now, walked past Natasha and Petya, who were telling him something. He inspected all parts of the hunt, sent the pack and hunters ahead to the race, sat down on his red bottom and, whistling the dogs of his pack, set off through the threshing floor into the field leading to the Otradnensky order. The old count's horse, a game-colored mering called Bethlyanka, was led by the count's stirrup; he himself had to go straight in the droshky to the hole left for him.Of all the hounds, 54 dogs were bred, under which 6 people went out as handlers and catchers. In addition to the masters, there were 8 greyhound hunters, who were followed by more than 40 greyhounds, so that with the master's packs about 130 dogs and 20 horse hunters went out into the field. Each dog knew its owner and name. Each hunter knew his business, place and purpose. As soon as they left the fence, everyone, without noise or conversation, stretched out evenly and calmly along the road and field leading to the Otradnensky forest. The horses walked across the field as if walking on a fur carpet, occasionally splashing through puddles as they crossed the roads. The foggy sky continued to descend imperceptibly and evenly to the ground; the air was quiet, warm, soundless. From time to time one could hear the whistling of a hunter, the snoring of a horse, the blow of an arapnik, or the yelp of a dog that was not walking in its place. Having ridden about a mile away, five more horsemen with dogs appeared from the fog to meet the Rostov hunt. A fresh, handsome old man with a large gray mustache rode ahead. “Hello, uncle,” Nikolai said when the old man drove up to him. “It’s a real march!... I knew it,” said the uncle (he was a distant relative, a poor neighbor of the Rostovs), “I knew that you couldn’t stand it, and it’s good that you’re going.” Pure march! (This was my uncle’s favorite saying.) - Take the order now, otherwise my Girchik reported that the Ilagins are eagerly standing in Korniki; You have them - pure march! - they will take the brood under your nose. - That's where I'm going. What, to bring down the flocks? - Nikolai asked, - get out... The hounds were united into one pack, and uncle and Nikolai rode side by side. Natasha, wrapped in scarves, from under which a lively face with sparkling eyes could be seen, galloped up to them, accompanied by Petya and Mikhaila, the hunter who was not far behind her, and the guard who was assigned as her nanny. Petya laughed at something and beat and pulled his horse. Natasha deftly and confidently sat on her black Arab and with a faithful hand, without effort, reined him in. Uncle looked disapprovingly at Petya and Natasha. He did not like to combine self-indulgence with the serious business of hunting. - Hello, uncle, we're on our way! - Petya shouted. “Hello, hello, but don’t run over the dogs,” the uncle said sternly. - Nikolenka, what a lovely dog, Trunila! “He recognized me,” Natasha said about her favorite hound dog. “Trunila, first of all, is not a dog, but a survivor,” thought Nikolai and looked sternly at his sister, trying to make her feel the distance that should have separated them at that moment. Natasha understood this. “Don’t think, uncle, that we will interfere with anyone,” said Natasha. We will remain in our place and not move. “And a good thing, countess,” said the uncle. “Just don’t fall off your horse,” he added: “otherwise it’s pure marching!” - there’s nothing to hold on to. The island of the Otradnensky order was visible about a hundred yards away, and those arriving were approaching it. Rostov, having finally decided with his uncle where to throw the hounds from and showing Natasha a place where she could stand and where nothing could run, set off for a race over the ravine. “Well, nephew, you’re becoming like a seasoned man,” said the uncle: don’t bother ironing (etching). | ||||||||||
According to the “Regulations” of 1891, the city was approved as the center of the Steppe General Government
Omsk
According to the “Regulations” of 1891, the Governor-General on the territory of Kazakhstan
Was endowed with unlimited power.
According to the “Regulations” of 1891 in Kazakhstan, filling the positions of volost managers without elections could be allowed
Minister of Internal Affairs.
According to the “Regulations” of 1886, the lowest level of the judicial system of Kazakhstan, which considered cases of the indigenous Muslim population, was
"People's Court".
According to the “Regulations” of 1886, cases of the indigenous Muslim population were considered by the lowest level of the judicial system
"People's Court".
According to the “Regulations” of 1886 in Kazakhstan, a judicial unit called the “People's Court” considered cases
Indigenous Muslim population.
By order of the military governor in Kazakhstan, emergency congresses of judges were convened to consider cases
Residents of different counties and volosts.
According to the “Regulations” of 1891, the central regions of the empire in Kazakhstan were equal to the provincial government
Regional boards.
According to the “Regulations” of 1891, city police departments were created in Kazakhstan
Large regional centers.
In large regional centers of Kazakhstan, city police departments were created to
"Regulations" of 1891
At the end of the 19th century. The first worker strikes in Kazakhstan took place spontaneously and with a clear predominance
Economic requirements.
Favorable conditions for the beginning of the resettlement of Russian peasants in Kazakhstan were created
Abolition of serfdom in Russia.
The abolition of serfdom in Russia created favorable conditions for the beginning
Relocation of Russian peasants to Kazakhstan.
In the second half of the 19th century, in order to ease the severity of the agrarian question in the internal provinces of Russia, the government
Started resettlement policy in Kazakhstan.
The tsarist government saw its social support in the national outskirts
Migrant peasants.
The resettlement of peasants from the central regions of Russia to Kazakhstan begins in the middle
X years XIX century
In the second half of the 19th century, the conditions for the seizure of Kazakh lands and the beginning of resettlement policy were prepared by the declaration of Kazakh lands
State property.
Kazakh lands were declared state property of Russia according to
Reform 1867 - 1868
According to the “Temporary Rules on Peasant Resettlements in Semirechye” of 1868, peasant migrants were provided with land in the amount of
Tithes per capita.
According to the “Temporary Rules on Peasant Resettlements in Semirechye”, settlers were exempted from all taxes and duties for a period of
The social stratification of the Kazakh sharua was accelerated by the tsarism
The policy of seizing Kazakh lands.
In the second half of the 19th century. According to their socio-economic status, the rural proletariat in Kazakhstan included
Zhataki.
In the second half of the 19th century. those who broke with the clan and patriarchal environment were susceptible to phenomena of a class nature
Zhataki.
Organizations of banks and credit institutions in Kazakhstan, in the second half of the 19th century. contributed
Development of natural resources.
In the second half of the nineteenth century. branches of the State Bank of Russia opened in the cities of Kazakhstan
Semipalatinsk and Uralsk
The first fair was opened in 1832 on the territory
Bukeevskaya horde.
One of the largest fairs in the Kazakh steppe opened in 1848.
Koyandinskaya.
According to the 1897 census, among the largest cities in Kazakhstan were A) Verny and Semipalatinsk.
Kostanay and Akmolinsk.
In 1862-1877 Uprisings occurred in East Turkestan against Chinese rule
Uyghur and Dungan.
In 1862-1877 Uyghurs and Dungans revolted against Chinese rule for the restoration of their hereditary rights in
Eastern Turkestan
In 1862-1877 for the restoration of their hereditary rights in East Turkestan, against Chinese rule, there were uprisings
Uyghur and Dungan
In 1862-1877 there were uprisings of the Uyghurs and Dungans for the restoration of their hereditary rights in East Turkestan, against the rule
China.
After the suppression of the Uighur and Dungan uprising in 1862-1877. in Xinjiang, negotiations began between Russia and China on the return to China
Ili region.
After the suppression of the Uighur and Dungan uprising in 1862-1877. in Xinjiang, negotiations began between Russia and China on the return of the Ili region
China.
For residents of the Ili region, the choice of Chinese or Russian citizenship included
Treaty of St. Petersburg 1881
The St. Petersburg Treaty of 1881 provided for the choice of Chinese or Russian citizenship for residents
Ili region.
Based on the St. Petersburg Treaty of 1881, the resettlement of Uyghurs and Dungans to Semirechye continued from
By 1884
Based on the Treaty of St. Petersburg, more than 50,000 Uighurs and Dungans in 1881 - 1884. moved to the territory
Upper reaches of the Irtysh.
Based on the St. Petersburg Treaty in 1881 - 1884. More than 50,000 people moved to the territory of the Semirechensk Territory
Uyghur and Dungan.
The book “Twelve Mukans”, published in 1905 in Kazan, summarizes spiritual experience
Uyghur people.
The spiritual experience of the Uyghur people is summarized in a book published in 1905 in Kazan
"Twelve Mukans"
The most important feature of regional power in Siberia in the 19th and early 20th centuries. there was a lack of a clear line between foreign and domestic policy, the incompleteness of the registration process state borders, mobility of internal administrative boundaries. A clear example Confirming this, was the Steppe Territory (or the Steppe General Government), which existed on the territory of the former Russian Empire from 1882 to 1917. This administrative entity included territories modern Russia and Kazakhstan.
35 years of the Steppe region
The Steppe Governor General was formed on May 18, 1882 in connection with the need to unite the territories bordering China under the authority of one military-administrative official. The initiator of this project was the Minister of War P. S. Vannovsky. With the formation of the Steppe Territory, the West Siberian General Government, consisting of Siberian and Kazakh territories, was abolished, from which the Akmola and Semipalatinsk regions were transferred. The third region included in the new General Government was Semirechenskaya, which had previously been subordinate to the Turkestan General Government (in 1897 it was again returned to Turkestan). In relation to Western Siberia, which since 1882 was removed from the control of the governor general, we can say that it has turned into a kind of “inner outskirts”, having a higher status of integration into the imperial space, in contrast to Eastern Siberia, Far East and the Steppe Territory, where autonomous governor-general power was largely preserved.
Steppe Governor General, 1895
Administrative center Omsk became a new military-territorial entity. The Governor-General of the Steppe Territory was simultaneously the commander of the troops of the Omsk Military District and the appointed ataman of the Siberian Cossack Army.
During his stay on the map of Russia, the steppe region was ruled by the following governors-general: G. A. Kolpakovsky (1882-1889), M. A. Taube (1890-1900), N. N. Sukhotin (1901-1906), I. P. Nadarov (1906-1908), E. O. Shmit (1908-1915), N. A. Sukhomlinov (1915-1917). March 4, 1917 The Steppe General Government as an administrative-territorial unit actually ceased to exist.
Baron von Taube at the head of the steppe people
Maxim Antonovich Taube lived a long and interesting life. He was born on Christmas Day - December 25, 1826. He came from the nobles of the old Estonian family of barons von Taube. Their ancestors came from Westphalia and appeared in Estland and Livonia in the 14th century. Two centuries later, separate lines of the Taube family moved to Denmark, Sweden, Poland, Saxony and Prussia. The family reached a prominent position in the 17th and 18th centuries. in Saxony and Sweden. the royal lines of the von Taube family, in Sweden - two counts and one baronial, and in Germany two baronial. Maxim Antonovich belonged to the Estonian (i.e. Russian) line of barons Taube. He received his education in the Noble Regiment, which was located in St. Petersburg. Having mastered the basics of military science, in 1845 he graduated with the first officer rank of ensign and immediately entered service in the Lithuanian Life Guards Regiment and at the same time was assigned to the officer classes of the artillery school. After their graduation in 1847, the young officer was transferred to serve in a battery of the Life Guards Horse Artillery. There he quickly rises in rank, participates in the Hungarian campaign, and receives military awards.
In 1858, Taube was promoted to colonel and appointed commander of the 2nd light battery of the Life Guards Horse Artillery. For his distinction in military actions to suppress the uprising in Poland in 1863, the future steppe governor-general was awarded the order St. Vladimir 4th degree and a golden weapon with the inscription: “For bravery.” In 1863-65. Maxim Antonovich commands the 3rd Novorossiysk Dragoon Regiment. From 1865 to 1873 he is the head of the Nikolaev Cavalry School with enrollment in the army cavalry. In 1866, M. A. Taube was promoted to major general. In 1873-75. Maxim Antonovich commands the 3rd cavalry division; in 1874 he was enlisted in His retinue Imperial Majesty. In 1875-81. M.A. Taube was the commander of the 5th Cavalry Division with the rank of lieutenant general. From 1881 to 1889 he commands the 12th Army Corps, and in April 1889 he is appointed assistant commander of the Kyiv Military District.
While in this position, Taube received on October 24, 1889, an appointment to the post of Governor-General of the Steppe Territory and commander of the troops of the Omsk Military District, simultaneously with the rank of military ataman of the Siberian Cossack Army. Already in Omsk he received the rank of general from the cavalry. The period of Taube's governorship-general coincided with significant events in the life of our region - the arrival of the Tsarevich in 1891, the construction of the Great Siberian Railway, the establishment of the Omsk diocese in 1895, the construction of the Assumption Cathedral.
State Secretary A.N. Kulomzin, who visited our city in 1896, gives the following description of Taube: “ This is the kindest, extremely sweet old man with a very kind old wife and two nieces" On July 5, 1900, Maxim Antonovich received an appointment to the State Council and left Omsk.
Military “for”, police “against”
Already at the very creation of the Steppe Governor-General in 1882, opinions were heard about the unnecessary or temporary nature of emergency power in this region. The central departments, primarily the Ministry of Internal Affairs, believed that it was designed to ensure “through consistent transformations, the introduction of the outskirts into a stable administrative system, given to European provinces.” Some officials of the Ministry of Internal Affairs admitted that the new Steppe Governor-General “does not achieve its goal either administratively or politically.” Even then it was noted how different the conditions were for the constituent regions of the General Government. The most advanced in terms of the structure of administration and court were the Akmola and Semipalatinsk regions, which, even more than the Siberian provinces, were similar to the internal provinces of Russia. “The life of the population is developing quietly and peacefully here; in the designated areas there are no political exiles or political propaganda; Even the idea of separatism, which arose in Siberia under the influence of exiled Poles, did not penetrate here; in these areas there is not even gendarmerie supervision,” writes Ministry of Internal Affairs official F.K. Girs.
It was not clear to him why these regions could not be dealt with following the example of the Ural and Turgai regions, which, with the abolition of the Orenburg General Government in 1881, came under the direct jurisdiction of the ministries. The unification of most of the Kazakhs within one general government, in his opinion, could have negative political consequences. It would be more practical to divide the Semipalatinsk region between the Akmola and Semirechensk regions, leaving the latter under the authority of the military governor and maintaining the predominant influence here of the War Ministry and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The idea, initiated by G. A. Kolpakovsky, of moving the center of the General Government from Omsk to Verny (now Alma-Ata) also seemed dangerous to him.
The issue of the fate of the Steppe General Government was returned to in government circles in connection with the return of the Semirechensk region to the Turkestan General Government in 1897. Left with only two regions, the Steppe General Government faced the threat of liquidation.
In an effort to get ahead of events, M. A. Taube proposed already in 1898 to form a new Omsk Governor-General from the Akmola and Semipalatinsk regions, as well as the Tobolsk and Tomsk provinces with the center in Omsk. Taking advantage of the situation, the Minister of Internal Affairs D.S. Sipyagin, who had a negative attitude towards the institution of governor-general power, hastened in 1901 to obtain the consent of Nicholas II to submit to the Committee of Ministers a proposal for the abolition of the Steppe Governor-General. The Ministry of Internal Affairs argued its point of view by the fact that the Akmola and Semipalatinsk regions could be exempted from the governor-general's supervision, since administrative and judicial reforms were carried out there, and the population achieved visible success in the development of citizenship. Omsk is connected to the center of the country by railway, and telegraph lines connect not only regional, but also county towns Steppe region. The Ministry of Internal Affairs saw no reason to maintain the Steppe General Government from a military point of view.
Minister of War A.N. Kuropatkin, in turn, urgently telegraphed to Omsk so that they would prepare materials not only in favor of the existence of the Steppe Governor-General, but also discuss the issue of expanding its territory at the expense of the Tomsk province. The option of including the Ural and Turgai regions into the General Government was even considered. In 1899, Kuropatkin, having visited Omsk, wrote in his diary that the Siberian Military District, despite the fact that it had become actually internal and reserve, should play important role, since the troops here must perform guard duty, and the Muslim population of the Akmola and Semipalatinsk regions “can still cause us trouble both on religious grounds and on a huge mass of lands...”.
The main arguments of the military in this discussion were to be the strained relations with China, as well as internal problems caused by tense relations between the Kazakhs, Cossacks and migrant peasants. There were rumors about threats from the Kazakhs to “trample the peasants’ fields with horses”, about the dangerous agitation in the Petropavlovsk district of the reserve colonel Sultan Valikhanov, who, “noisily and demonstratively rode around the steppe in uniform and orders” with a crowd of Kyrgyz (that’s how the Kazakhs were called before the revolution ), contributes to the disruption of the established order,” about the increased Islamic threat. Local authorities reported that “with the arrival of Colonel Vali Khanov, the Kirghiz remembered something that they should have gotten out of their heads a long time ago.”
The growing tension in relations between the Russian and Kazakh populations was also frightening: “The mutual relations between the settled and nomadic population are only beginning to worsen, but I do not think that there is evidence for a further softening of these relations. Kirghiz sees his enemy in the Orthodox peasant, who knocked him out of the rut of a sweet, free nomadic life and brought a new spirit to the steppe and purely Russian direction; the peasant, feeling partly his helplessness among the vast steppes, for his part also dislikes the infidel Kyrgyz.”
From Omsk they assured that “indignation in the Kyrgyz steppes seems possible, and if the Andijan events did not significantly affect the mood of the minds of the nomadic population of the Semipalatinsk and Akmola regions, it was only because both in the Fergana region, and mainly in Semirechensk, the most energetic measures to prevent unrest at the very beginning.” They even remembered the uprising of Kenesary Kasymov half a century ago. However, the Department of Spiritual Affairs of Foreign Denominations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs countered these arguments, noting that the presence of governor-general power in Turkestan did not save Andijan from an uprising, and a repetition of a “rebellion” similar to Kasymov’s movement is hardly possible in the current conditions. In addition, as officials from the Ministry of Internal Affairs argued then, the Muslim factor in the Steppe is not dangerous: “The nomadic Kirghiz who profess the Mohammedan faith are, in general, indifferent to religion, which for them is reduced mainly to the ritual side. If lately it has been noticed forward movement Islam, then it manifests itself mainly among the tribes inhabiting the Central Asian possessions."
However, the majority of members of the Committee of Ministers spoke in favor of maintaining the Steppe General Government. The Ministry of War supported the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which feared an uprising of nomads in the border regions of China. There were also difficulties in managing the Cossack population. Inspired by the success, N.N. Sukhotin, who replaced M.A. Taube, already insisted on the creation of a general government, which would include not only the two steppe regions, but also all the Siberian provinces. In conditions Russo-Japanese War and the first Russian revolution, Nicholas II, clearly sympathizing with this proposal, nevertheless postponed the resolution of the issue until calmer times.
In 1908 public attention was again excited by rumors about the administrative reorganization of Asian Russia. Obviously, this was due to the decentralization intentions of P. A. Stolypin, who provided for the division of Russia into 11 regions, including the Steppe Region, which would include Western Siberia. In contrast to these plans on the pages of the magazine “ Siberian issues"An article by A. Bukeikhanov appeared" Unnecessary General Government" In it, the author conveyed general dissatisfaction with the preservation of administrative and political anachronism: “Before the constitution, everyone was afraid of the steppe governor-general and his cicerone, who ran the office. They interfered in the affairs of all departments and bored everyone to such an extent that everyone always thought only about the abolition of the Steppe General Government.” Two years later, a bill on the continued existence of the Steppe General Government, signed by 40 deputies, was submitted to the State Duma. This time, the very existence of the institution of the General Government was called into question, which came into conflict with the presence of a unified government represented by the reformed Council of Ministers. But the Ministry of Internal Affairs has now spoken out in favor of maintaining the emergency governor-general power, declaring that it is necessary in the conditions of intensive resettlement movement in the Steppe Territory. They also remembered the revolutionary danger on the outskirts of the empire. Thus, the Steppe General Government existed until 1917 and was abolished by the revolution.
This material was published on the BezFormata website on January 11, 2019,Below is the date when the material was published on the original source website! An emergency occurred in an apartment on 20th Amurskaya Street this afternoon due to an old gas stove.
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