Mendelevich introduction to clinical psychology. Mendelevich V.D. Clinical and medical psychology. issues of medical duty, ethics, medical confidentiality
Clinical (medical) psychology
INTRODUCTIONChapter 1 RESEARCH METHODS IN CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY
Clinical interviewing
Experimental psychological (patho- and neuropsychological) research methods
Pato psychological methods research.
Pathopsychological assessment of attention disorders
Pathopsychological assessment of memory disorders
Pathopsychological assessment of perceptual disorders
Pathopsychological assessment of thinking disorders
Pathopsychological assessment of intellectual impairment
^ Pathopsychological assessment of emotion disorders
Pathopsychological assessment of individual psychological characteristics
Experimental neuropsychological study
Assessing the effectiveness of psychocorrectional and psychotherapeutic interventions
^
Chapter 2 CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF MENTAL NORM AND PATHOLOGY
Principles for distinguishing between psychological phenomena and psychopathological symptoms
^ Diagnostic principles-alternatives
Illness-personality
Nozos-pathos
Reaction-state-development
Psychotic-non-psychotic
Exogenous-endogenous-psychogenic
Defect-recovery-chronification
Adaptation-maladaptation, compensation-decompensation
Negative-positive
Phenomenology of clinical manifestations
^ PROGRAMMED KNOWLEDGE CONTROL:
Chapter 3 PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PATHOPSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF COGNITIVE MENTAL PROCESSES
Semiotics
Feel
Perception
Attention
Memory
Thinking
Intelligence
Emotions
Will
Consciousness
Psychological phenomena and pathopsychological syndromes in mental illness
^ Neurotic disorders
Personality disorders.
Schizophrenia
Epileptic mental disorders
Organic mental disorders
^ PROGRAMMED KNOWLEDGE CONTROL:
Chapter 4 PSYCHOLOGY OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
Temperament
Classification by A. Thomas and S. Chess:
Character
Personality
Personality structure (according to K.K. Platonov)
^ PROGRAMMED KNOWLEDGE CONTROL:
Chapter 5 PSYCHOLOGY OF THE PATIENT
Mental response to illness and psychology of the somatically ill patient
^ Gender
Age
Profession
Features of temperament
Character traits
Personality Features
Psychological characteristics of patients with various somatic diseases
^ Oncological pathology
Obstetric and gynecological pathology
Therapeutic pathology
Surgical pathology
Defects of the body and sensory organs
^ PROGRAMMED KNOWLEDGE CONTROL:
Chapter 6 PSYCHOLOGY OF THERAPEUTIC INTERACTION
PROGRAMMED KNOWLEDGE CONTROL:
Chapter 7 NEUROTIC, PSYCHOSOMATIC AND SOMATOFORM DISORDERS
Neuroses
Psychosomatic disorders and diseases
^ PROGRAMMED KNOWLEDGE CONTROL:
Chapter 8 PSYCHOLOGY OF DEVIANT BEHAVIOR
Auto-aggressive behavior
Abuse of substances that cause states of altered mental activity
Eating disorders
^ Sexual deviations and perversions
Super valuable psychological hobbies
Overvalued psychopathological hobbies
Characterological and pathocharacterological reactions
Communication deviations
Immoral and immoral behavior
Unaesthetic behavior
^ PROGRAMMED KNOWLEDGE CONTROL:
Chapter 9 SPECIAL SECTIONS OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY
Developmental clinical psychology*
Social and biological components of normal and abnormal human development
^ Mental characteristics and psychosomatic disorders during the neonatal period, infancy and early childhood
Mental characteristics and psychosomatic disorders in preschool and younger children school age
^ Psychology and psychopathology of early adolescence
Psychological characteristics and mental disorders of mature, elderly and elderly people
Family clinical psychology
^ PROGRAMMED KNOWLEDGE CONTROL:
Chapter 10 PSYCHOLOGICAL COUNSELING, PSYCHOCORRECTION AND BASICS OF PSYCHOTHERAPY
^ Psychological counseling
Psychological correction
Psychotherapy
Parapsychology and psychic healing
^ PROGRAMMED KNOWLEDGE CONTROL:
APPLICATIONS
APPENDIX to the topic: “PSYCHOLOGY OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES”
Strelyau Questionnaire
Eysenck test
Characteristic questionnaire of K. Leonhard
APPENDIX to the topic: “PATIENT PSYCHOLOGY”
LOBI (Leningrad Bekhterev Institute Questionnaire)
^ APPENDIX to the topic: “NEUROTIC DISORDERS”
Clinical questionnaire for identifying and assessing neurotic conditions (K.K. Yakhin, D.M. Mendelevich)
^ APPENDIX to the topic: “PSYCHOLOGY OF DEVIANT BEHAVIOR”
Pathocharacterological diagnostic questionnaire (PDQ)
APPENDIX to the topic: AGE CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY
Test assessment of knowledge of youth psychology
^ ANSWERS to programmed control
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
The history of the development of clinical psychology is a winding path. Situated on the border between medicine and psychology, new science every now and then she nailed herself to one or the other bank of the river called “human knowledge.” To be fair, it should be noted that to date the location of clinical psychology has not been fully defined, which can be explained by the interdisciplinary nature of this science.The starting point for the emergence of clinical psychology can be considered the call of doctors to “treat not the disease, but the patient.” It was from that time that the interpenetration of psychology and medicine began. Initially, clinical psychology, which was actively developed by psychiatrists, was aimed at studying deviations in intellectual and personal development, correcting maladaptive and delinquent forms of behavior. However, subsequently the scope of interests of clinical psychology was expanded to include the study of the mental state of persons with somatic diseases.
The term "clinical psychology" comes from the Greek kline, which means bed, hospital bed. IN modern psychology Typically, the terms “clinical” and “medical” psychology are used interchangeably. Given this fact, in the further presentation we will use only one of them. However, let us take into account the existing tradition of doctors to designate this area of knowledge as “medical psychology”, and psychologists as “clinical psychology”.
^ Clinical (medical) psychology - a science that studies the psychological characteristics of people suffering from various diseases, methods and methods for diagnosing mental disorders, differentiating psychological phenomena and psychopathological symptoms and syndromes, the psychology of the relationship between the patient and the medical worker, psychoprophylactic, psycho-corrective and psychotherapeutic methods of helping patients, as well as theoretical aspects psychosomatic and somato-psychic mutual influences.
Today there are quite a large number of related psychological disciplines related to clinical psychology: pathopsychology, psychopathology, neuropsychology, psychology of deviant behavior, psychiatry, neurosology, psychosomatic medicine, etc. Each of these disciplines combines medical and psychological knowledge. However, they are all relevant to the clinic and as a result can be recognized components clinical psychology. In accordance with traditions, clinical psychology includes the following sections:
Psychology of the patient
Psychology of therapeutic interaction
Norm and pathology of mental activity
Pathopsychology
Psychology of Individual Differences
Developmental clinical psychology
Family clinical psychology
Psychology of deviant behavior
Psychological consultation, psychocorrection and psychotherapy
Neurosology
Psychosomatic medicine
Clinical psychology is closely related to related disciplines, primarily psychiatry and pathopsychology. The area of general scientific and practical interest of clinical psychology and psychiatry is diagnostic process. Recognition of psychopathological symptoms and syndromes is impossible without knowledge of their psychological antonyms - phenomena of everyday life that reflect the individual psychological characteristics of a person and are located within the normal variations of mental response. In addition, the process of diagnosing mental illness cannot do without “pathopsychological verification.”
Clinical psychology borrows methods for studying the mental characteristics of somatically ill people from psychodiagnostics and general psychology; assessment of the adequacy or deviance of human behavior in psychiatry, developmental psychology and developmental psychology. The study of clinical psychology is impossible without medical knowledge, in particular from the field of neurology, neurosurgery and related disciplines. The psychosomatic section of clinical psychology is based on scientific ideas from such areas as psychotherapy, vegetology, valeology.
The most complete list of theoretical knowledge and practical skills of a clinical (medical) psychologist can be gleaned from the qualification characteristics of a specialist in this field. In accordance with the order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation No. 391 dated November 26, 1996, a medical psychologist is required to have the following
^ Theoretical knowledge:
Psychology and its importance for medicine: subject, tasks and interdisciplinary connections of medical psychology, history of the formation of medical psychology as a field of psychological science; medical psychology as a profession; main branches of medical psychology.
^ Main theoretical and methodological problems of medical psychology: brain and psyche, psychosomatic and somatopsychic relationships. The relationship between the biological and the social, the problem of norm and pathology, genetic and acquired, hereditary and personal-environmental, development and disintegration of the psyche, organic and functional, conscious and unconscious, adaptation and maladaptation, deficient and adaptive.
^ Systems approach How theoretical basis understanding psychological structure illness, rehabilitation treatment and rehabilitation of patients.
Basic (fundamental) medical concepts: etiology, pathogenesis and sanogenesis, symptom, syndrome, clinical diagnosis, functional (multidimensional or multiaxial) diagnosis.
^ Related knowledge: fundamentals of general and private psychiatry, fundamentals of neurology, the doctrine of borderline mental disorders, self-destructive behavior, fundamentals of psychophysiology and psychopharmacology.
^ Psychological (psychogenic) factors in the etiology, pathogenesis and pathoplasty of mental and psychosomatic disorders, the concept of pre-illness, mental adaptation disorders, social stress disorders, crisis conditions.
^ Classification of medical psychology methods, psychological diagnostics as a tool for targeted personality study, methods psychological diagnostics in the clinic, computer psychodiagnostics, psychological correction.
^ The concept of psychological diagnosis, functional diagnosis as a result of the integration of clinical, psychological and social aspects of the disease, the concept of psychological contact.
^ Main categories of medical psychology: mental activity, perception, attention, memory, thinking, intelligence, emotions, will, temperament, character, personality, motivation, needs
Nosti, stress, frustration, consciousness and self-awareness, self-esteem, conflict, crisis, psychogenesis, psychological defense, coping, alexithymia.
^ Theory of experiment, concepts of standardized and non-standardized methods, theory and classification of tests, basic psychometric concepts (validity, reliability, standardization, norm, etc.).
^ Fundamentals of clinical neuropsychology: systemic mechanisms of the brain in the organization of higher mental functions, processes and states, functional specialization of the hemispheres - basic concepts and practice, correlations between the cerebral and local in neuropsychology, nosological specificity of disorders of higher mental functions, specificity of neuropsychological research in childhood; main neuropsychological syndromes and methods of their diagnosis.
Concept of pathopsychology: the relationship between qualitative and quantitative approaches in the analysis of psychodiagnostic data, Pathopsychological phenomenology, patterns and structural features violations cognitive processes, properties and conditions caused by the disease, nosological and syndromological specificity of pathopsychological phenomenology, differential diagnostic and expert significance of the pathopsychological experiment, pathopsychological studies in assessing the dynamics of treatment.
^ Age-related aspects of psychological disorders: age-related characteristics of psychological disorders in various diseases, mental development of an abnormal child, childhood autism, the problem of dysontogenesis and mental retardation, psychological abnormalities of adolescence, characteristics of children and adolescent forms of pathological reaction, psychological aspects of mental infantilism, psychological problems of geriatrics and gerontology.
^ Teaching about character: concept of accentuation and psychopathy, classification of character accentuations, diagnostic methods.
Doctrine of Personality: basic concepts of personality in domestic and foreign psychology, diagnostic methods, the concept of personality defense mechanisms, personality and illness.
^ Basic concepts of psychosomatic relationships. Psychosomatic and somatopsychic. The internal picture of the disease and attitude towards the disease, methodology and research methods, nosological specificity of psychological phenomena and the internal picture of the disease. Theoretical and methodological aspects, methods of psychological diagnostics in various types examination.
^ Theoretical, methodological and methodological approaches in solving problems of psychoprophylaxis and mental hygiene, the concept of mass
Investigations, psychological screening, risk factors, mental maladjustment and illness.
^ Rehabilitation approach in medicine: concept, concepts, basic principles, forms and methods.
Psychology of extreme and crisis conditions, the concept of traumatic stress, social frustration and social stress disorders.
^ Basic principles of psychological support of the treatment process: organization of a psychotherapeutic environment in medical units. Relationships between doctor and patient, psychologist and doctor and treatment room, etc.
^ Psychological aspects drug and non-drug therapy, placebo effect, psychological problems of preparing patients for surgery, prosthetics, psychological problems of the chronically ill, disabled and dying.
^ Medical and psychological aspects of social behavior: communication, role behavior, interaction in groups, social normativity, etc.
Features of the work of medical psychologists in inpatient, outpatient and preventive institutions various types, psychological counseling, vocational selection, career guidance.
^ Psychological foundations psychotherapy, restorative education and rehabilitation.
Basic psychotherapeutic theories: psychodynamic, behavioral, existential-humanistic; person-oriented psychotherapy; medical and psychological models of psychotherapy; main forms of psychotherapy: individual group, family, environmental therapy, psychotherapeutic community, sociotherapy; mechanisms of therapeutic action of psychotherapy; nosological specificity and age aspects of psychotherapy and psychological counseling; psychological problems of non-verbal methods of psychotherapy: music therapy, choreotherapy, art therapy, etc.
^ Psychotherapy and psychological counseling in crisis situations.
Legal aspects activities of medical psychologists.
Deontological aspects behavior of a medical psychologist.
Practical skills:
The practical skills and abilities of a medical psychologist must provide a qualified professional solution to problems in the field of psychodiagnostics (including expert), psychocorrection and psychological counseling.
^ In the field of psychodiagnostics:
Ability to conduct a psychological examination taking into account nosological and age specificities, as well as in connection with the tasks of medical and psychological examination; creating the necessary psychological contact and adequate ongoing control of psychological distance; planning and organizing research; selection of an adequate methodological apparatus; ability to carry out quantitative and qualitative analysis research results in connection with various goals: differential diagnosis, analysis of the severity of the condition, assessment of the effectiveness of the therapy, etc., mastery of basic interpretative schemes and approaches, adequate presentation of available data in a psychodiagnostic report, mastery of basic clinical and psychological methods (psychological conversation, collection of psychological anamnesis, psychological analysis of biography, natural experiment);
Mastery of basic experimental psychological techniques aimed at studying mental functions, processes and states: perception, attention, memory, thinking, intelligence, emotional-volitional sphere, temperament, character, personality, motivational characteristics and needs, self-awareness and interpersonal relationships.
Knowledge of basic techniques of neuropsychological research (methods for assessing the state of gnosis, praxis, speech functions, etc.);
Knowledge of the basics of computer diagnostics.
^ In the field of psychological counseling and the use of psychocorrectional methods:
The use of basic methods of psychological correction (individual, family, group) in working with patients and psychological counseling, taking into account nosological and age specifics;
Mastery of individual, group and family counseling healthy, taking into account age specifics in connection with the tasks of psychoprophylaxis;
Mastery of basic techniques of restorative training;
Knowledge of approaches to organizing a psychotherapeutic environment and a psychotherapeutic community;
Possession of skills in conducting personal and professionally oriented trainings.
Picture 1.
| DOCTOR | ||
| ^ NURSE | PATIENT | SOCIAL WORKER |
| CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGIST |
A clinical (medical) psychologist, along with a doctor, nurse and social worker, form the closest circle providing medical and psychological assistance to the patient (Figure 1). At the same time, the role of a clinical psychologist is significant both in diagnostic and in psychocorrectional and psychotherapeutic terms.
The practical guide is intended for doctors (psychiatrists, psychotherapists, neurologists and representatives of other disciplines), medical and practicing psychologists, nurses and social workers, and for students studying clinical (medical) psychology.
Clinical and medical psychology.Mendelevich V.
Tutorial.
ISBN: 5-98322-457-3
2008, 6th edition, 432 pp., hardcover, Format: 14.5*21.5*2.5 cm.
IN textbook V. Mendelevich « Clinical and medical psychology» reflects the main sections of clinical (medical) psychology: research methods (clinical interviewing, patho- and neuropsychological experiments), principles of differentiation of norm and pathology of mental activity, psychology of individual differences, psychology of the patient and psychology of therapeutic interaction, psychology of deviant behavior, neurotic and psychosomatic disorders , developmental and family clinical psychology, psychological counseling, psychocorrection and the basics of psychotherapy, etc. Each section contains tests for programmed knowledge control.
For medical and practical psychologists, psychotherapists, psychiatrists, doctors of various profiles, nurses, social workers, as well as students studying clinical (medical) psychology
Chapter 1. RESEARCH METHODS IN CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY
1.1. Clinical interviewing (principles, stages)
1.2. Experimental psychological (patho- and neuropsychological) examination methods
1.2.1. Pathopsychological research methods
1.2.1.1. Pathopsychological assessment of attention disorders
1.2.1.2. Pathopsychological assessment of memory disorders
1.2.1.3. Pathopsychological assessment of perceptual disorders
1.2.1.4. Pathopsychological assessment of thinking disorders
1.2.1.5. Pathopsychological assessment of intellectual impairment
1.2.1.6. Pathopsychological assessment of emotion disorders
1.2.1.7. Pathopsychological assessment of violations of individual psychological characteristics
1.2.2. Experimental neuropsychological study
1.2.2.1. Neuropsychological study of speech disorders
1.2.2.2. Neuropsychological study of writing disorders
1.2.2.3. Neuropsychological study of reading disorders
1.2.2.4. Neuropsychological study of counting disorders
1.2.2.5. Neuropsychological study of praxis disorders
1.2.2.6. Neuropsychological study of disturbances in the perception of noise, rhythms, melodies
1.2.2.7. Neuropsychological study of body schema disorders
1.2.2.8. Neuropsychological study of spatial orientation disorders
1.2.2.9. Neuropsychological study of stereognosis disorders
1.2.2.10. Neuropsychological study of visual gnosis disorders
1.3. Assessing the effectiveness of psychocorrectional and psychotherapeutic interventions
Chapter 2. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF MENTAL NORM AND PATHOLOGY
2.1. Principles for distinguishing between psychological phenomena and psychopathological symptoms
2.1.1. Diagnostic principles-alternatives
2.1.1.1. Illness - personality
2.1.1.2. Nozos - pathos
2.1.1.3. Reaction - state - development
2.1.1.4. Psychotic - non-psychotic
2.1.1.5. Exogenous - psychogenic - endogenous
2.1.1.6. Defect - recovery - chronification
2.1.1.7. Adaptation - maladaptation, compensation - decompensation
2.1.1.8. Negative - positive
2.2. Phenomenology of clinical manifestations
Chapter 3. PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PATHOPSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF COGNITIVE MENTAL PROCESSES
3.1. Semiotics
3.1.1. Feel
3.1.2. Perception
3.1.3. Attention
3.1.4. Memory
3.1.5. Thinking
3.1.6. Intelligence
3.1.7. Emotions
3.1.8. Will
3.1.9. Consciousness
S.2. Psychological phenomena and pathopsychological syndromes in mental illness
3.2.1. Neurotic disorders
3.2.2. Personality disorders
3.2.3. Schizophrenia
3.2.4. Epileptic mental disorders
3.2.5. Organic mental disorders
Chapter 4. PSYCHOLOGY OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
4.1. Temperament (systematics, clinical characteristics)
4.2. Character (the concept of harmonious character, components, character accentuations, clinical features)
4.3. Personality (personality structure, the concept of harmonious personality, personality theories)
Chapter 5. PSYCHOLOGY OF THE PATIENT
5.1. Mental response to illness and psychology of the somatically ill patient
5.1.1. Floor
5.1.2. Age
5.1.3. Profession
5.1.4. Features of temperament
5.1.5. Character traits
5.1.6. Personality characteristics
5.1.7. Types of mental response
5.2. Psychological characteristics of patients with various somatic diseases
5.2.1. Oncological pathology
5.2.2. Obstetric and gynecological pathology
5.2.3. Therapeutic pathology
5.2.4. Surgical pathology
5.2.5. Defects of the body and sensory organs
Chapter 6. PSYCHOLOGY OF THERAPEUTIC INTERACTION
Chapter 7. NEUROTIC, PSYCHOSOMATIC AND SOMATOFORM DISORDERS (co-authored with E.V. Makaricheva)
7.1. Neuroses (etiopathogenesis, clinical features)
7.2. Psychosomatic disorders and diseases (classification, clinical manifestations)
Chapter 8. PSYCHOLOGY OF DEVIANT BEHAVIOR
8.1. Aggressive behavior
8.2. Auto-aggressive behavior
8.2.1. Abuse of substances that cause states of altered mental activity
8.3. Eating disorders
8.4. Sexual deviations and perversions
8.5. Super valuable psychological hobbies
8.6. Overvalued psychopathological hobbies
8.7. Characterological and pathocharacterological reactions
8.8. Communication deviations
8.9. Immoral and immoral behavior
8.10. Unaesthetic behavior
Chapter 9. SPECIAL SECTIONS OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY (co-authored with E.A. Sakharov)
9.1. Developmental clinical psychology
9.1.1. Social and biological components of normal and abnormal human development
9.1.2. Mental characteristics and psychosomatic disorders during the neonatal period, infancy and early childhood
9.1.3. Mental characteristics and psychosomatic disorders in children of preschool and primary school age
9.1.4. Psychological characteristics and psychosomatic disorders in adolescents
9.1.5. Psychology and psychopathology of early adolescence
9.1.6. Psychological characteristics of mature, elderly and elderly people
9.2. Family clinical psychology (sino- and pathogenic family patterns, misunderstandings)
Chapter 10. PSYCHOLOGICAL COUNSELING, PSYCHOCORRECTION AND BASICS OF PSYCHOTHERAPY
10.1. Psychological counseling (principles, features, varieties)
10.2. Psychocorrection (principles, features, varieties)
10.3. Psychotherapy (principles, features, varieties)
10.4. Parapsychology and psychic healing (basic principles, differences between psychic healing and psychotherapy)
APPLICATIONS: tests with methods for processing results and interpretation
ANSWERS to programmed knowledge control
Clinical (medical) psychology
INTRODUCTIONChapter 1 RESEARCH METHODS IN CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY
Clinical interviewing
Experimental psychological (patho- and neuropsychological) research methods
Pathopsychological research methods.
Pathopsychological assessment of attention disorders
Pathopsychological assessment of memory disorders
Pathopsychological assessment of perceptual disorders
Pathopsychological assessment of thinking disorders
Pathopsychological assessment of intellectual impairment
^ Pathopsychological assessment of emotion disorders
Pathopsychological assessment of individual psychological characteristics
Experimental neuropsychological study
Assessing the effectiveness of psychocorrectional and psychotherapeutic interventions
^
Chapter 2 CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF MENTAL NORM AND PATHOLOGY
Principles for distinguishing between psychological phenomena and psychopathological symptoms
^ Diagnostic principles-alternatives
Illness-personality
Nozos-pathos
Reaction-state-development
Psychotic-non-psychotic
Exogenous-endogenous-psychogenic
Defect-recovery-chronification
Adaptation-maladaptation, compensation-decompensation
Negative-positive
Phenomenology of clinical manifestations
^ PROGRAMMED KNOWLEDGE CONTROL:
Chapter 3 PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PATHOPSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF COGNITIVE MENTAL PROCESSES
Semiotics
Feel
Perception
Attention
Memory
Thinking
Intelligence
Emotions
Will
Consciousness
Psychological phenomena and pathopsychological syndromes in mental illness
^ Neurotic disorders
Personality disorders.
Schizophrenia
Epileptic mental disorders
Organic mental disorders
^ PROGRAMMED KNOWLEDGE CONTROL:
Chapter 4 PSYCHOLOGY OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
Temperament
Classification by A. Thomas and S. Chess:
Character
Personality
Personality structure (according to K.K. Platonov)
^ PROGRAMMED KNOWLEDGE CONTROL:
Chapter 5 PSYCHOLOGY OF THE PATIENT
Mental response to illness and psychology of the somatically ill patient
^ Gender
Age
Profession
Features of temperament
Character traits
Personality Features
Psychological characteristics of patients with various somatic diseases
^ Oncological pathology
Obstetric and gynecological pathology
Therapeutic pathology
Surgical pathology
Defects of the body and sensory organs
^ PROGRAMMED KNOWLEDGE CONTROL:
Chapter 6 PSYCHOLOGY OF THERAPEUTIC INTERACTION
PROGRAMMED KNOWLEDGE CONTROL:
Chapter 7 NEUROTIC, PSYCHOSOMATIC AND SOMATOFORM DISORDERS
Neuroses
Psychosomatic disorders and diseases
^ PROGRAMMED KNOWLEDGE CONTROL:
Chapter 8 PSYCHOLOGY OF DEVIANT BEHAVIOR
Aggressive behavior
Auto-aggressive behavior
Abuse of substances that cause states of altered mental activity
Eating disorders
^ Sexual deviations and perversions
Super valuable psychological hobbies
Overvalued psychopathological hobbies
Characterological and pathocharacterological reactions
Communication deviations
Immoral and immoral behavior
Unaesthetic behavior
^ PROGRAMMED KNOWLEDGE CONTROL:
Chapter 9 SPECIAL SECTIONS OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY
Developmental clinical psychology*
Social and biological components of normal and abnormal human development
^ Mental characteristics and psychosomatic disorders during the neonatal period, infancy and early childhood
Mental characteristics and psychosomatic disorders in children of preschool and primary school age
^ Psychology and psychopathology of early adolescence
Psychological characteristics and mental disorders of mature, elderly and elderly people
Family clinical psychology
^ PROGRAMMED KNOWLEDGE CONTROL:
Chapter 10 PSYCHOLOGICAL COUNSELING, PSYCHOCORRECTION AND BASICS OF PSYCHOTHERAPY
^ Psychological counseling
Psychological correction
Psychotherapy
Parapsychology and psychic healing
^ PROGRAMMED KNOWLEDGE CONTROL:
APPLICATIONS
APPENDIX to the topic: “PSYCHOLOGY OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES”
Strelyau Questionnaire
Eysenck test
Characteristic questionnaire of K. Leonhard
APPENDIX to the topic: “PATIENT PSYCHOLOGY”
LOBI (Leningrad Bekhterev Institute Questionnaire)
^ APPENDIX to the topic: “NEUROTIC DISORDERS”
Clinical questionnaire for identifying and assessing neurotic conditions (K.K. Yakhin, D.M. Mendelevich)
^ APPENDIX to the topic: “PSYCHOLOGY OF DEVIANT BEHAVIOR”
Pathocharacterological diagnostic questionnaire (PDQ)
APPENDIX to the topic: AGE CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY
Test assessment of knowledge of youth psychology
^ ANSWERS to programmed control
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
The history of the development of clinical psychology is a winding path. Situated on the border between medicine and psychology, the new science continually nailed itself to one side or the other of the river called “human science.” To be fair, it should be noted that to date the location of clinical psychology has not been fully defined, which can be explained by the interdisciplinary nature of this science.The starting point for the emergence of clinical psychology can be considered the call of doctors to “treat not the disease, but the patient.” It was from that time that the interpenetration of psychology and medicine began. Initially, clinical psychology, which was actively developed by psychiatrists, was aimed at studying deviations in intellectual and personal development, correcting maladaptive and delinquent forms of behavior. However, subsequently the scope of interests of clinical psychology was expanded to include the study of the mental state of persons with somatic diseases.
The term "clinical psychology" comes from the Greek kline, which means bed, hospital bed. In modern psychology, as a rule, the terms “clinical” and “medical” psychology are used as synonyms. Given this fact, in the further presentation we will use only one of them. However, let us take into account the existing tradition of doctors to designate this area of knowledge as “medical psychology”, and psychologists as “clinical psychology”.
^ Clinical (medical) psychology - a science that studies the psychological characteristics of people suffering from various diseases, methods and methods for diagnosing mental disorders, differentiating psychological phenomena and psychopathological symptoms and syndromes, the psychology of the relationship between the patient and the medical worker, psychoprophylactic, psycho-corrective and psychotherapeutic methods of helping patients, as well as theoretical aspects psychosomatic and somato-psychic mutual influences.
Today there are quite a large number of related psychological disciplines related to clinical psychology: pathopsychology, psychopathology, neuropsychology, psychology of deviant behavior, psychiatry, neurosology, psychosomatic medicine, etc. Each of these disciplines combines medical and psychological knowledge. However, they are all relevant to the clinic and, as a result, can be recognized as components of clinical psychology. In accordance with traditions, clinical psychology includes the following sections:
Psychology of the patient
Psychology of therapeutic interaction
Norm and pathology of mental activity
Pathopsychology
Psychology of Individual Differences
Developmental clinical psychology
Family clinical psychology
Psychology of deviant behavior
Psychological consultation, psychocorrection and psychotherapy
Neurosology
Psychosomatic medicine
Clinical psychology is closely related to related disciplines, primarily psychiatry and pathopsychology. The area of general scientific and practical interest of clinical psychology and psychiatry is diagnostic process. Recognition of psychopathological symptoms and syndromes is impossible without knowledge of their psychological antonyms - phenomena of everyday life that reflect the individual psychological characteristics of a person and are located within the normal variations of mental response. In addition, the process of diagnosing mental illness cannot do without “pathopsychological verification.”
Clinical psychology borrows methods for studying the mental characteristics of somatically ill people from psychodiagnostics and general psychology; assessment of the adequacy or deviance of human behavior in psychiatry, developmental psychology and developmental psychology. The study of clinical psychology is impossible without medical knowledge, in particular from the field of neurology, neurosurgery and related disciplines. The psychosomatic section of clinical psychology is based on scientific ideas from such areas as psychotherapy, vegetology, valeology.
The most complete list of theoretical knowledge and practical skills of a clinical (medical) psychologist can be gleaned from the qualification characteristics of a specialist in this field. In accordance with the order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation No. 391 dated November 26, 1996, a medical psychologist is required to have the following
^ Theoretical knowledge:
Psychology and its importance for medicine: subject, tasks and interdisciplinary connections of medical psychology, history of the formation of medical psychology as a field of psychological science; medical psychology as a profession; main branches of medical psychology.
^ Main theoretical and methodological problems of medical psychology: brain and psyche, psychosomatic and somatopsychic relationships. The relationship between the biological and the social, the problem of norm and pathology, genetic and acquired, hereditary and personal-environmental, development and disintegration of the psyche, organic and functional, conscious and unconscious, adaptation and maladaptation, deficient and adaptive.
^ Systems approach as a theoretical basis for understanding the psychological structure of the disease, restorative treatment and rehabilitation of patients.
Basic (fundamental) medical concepts: etiology, pathogenesis and sanogenesis, symptom, syndrome, clinical diagnosis, functional (multidimensional or multiaxial) diagnosis.
^ Related knowledge: fundamentals of general and private psychiatry, fundamentals of neurology, the doctrine of borderline mental disorders, self-destructive behavior, fundamentals of psychophysiology and psychopharmacology.
^ Psychological (psychogenic) factors in the etiology, pathogenesis and pathoplasty of mental and psychosomatic disorders, the concept of pre-illness, mental adaptation disorders, social stress disorders, crisis conditions.
^ Classification of medical psychology methods, psychological diagnostics as a tool for targeted personality study, methods of psychological diagnostics in the clinic, computer psychodiagnostics, psychological correction.
^ The concept of psychological diagnosis, functional diagnosis as a result of the integration of clinical, psychological and social aspects of the disease, the concept of psychological contact.
^ Main categories of medical psychology: mental activity, perception, attention, memory, thinking, intelligence, emotions, will, temperament, character, personality, motivation, needs
Nosti, stress, frustration, consciousness and self-awareness, self-esteem, conflict, crisis, psychogenesis, psychological defense, coping, alexithymia.
^ Theory of experiment, concepts of standardized and non-standardized methods, theory and classification of tests, basic psychometric concepts (validity, reliability, standardization, norm, etc.).
^ Fundamentals of clinical neuropsychology: systemic mechanisms of the brain in the organization of higher mental functions, processes and states, functional specialization of the hemispheres - basic concepts and practice, correlations between the cerebral and local in neuropsychology, nosological specificity of disorders of higher mental functions, specificity of neuropsychological research in childhood; main neuropsychological syndromes and methods of their diagnosis.
Concept of pathopsychology: the relationship between qualitative and quantitative approaches in the analysis of psychodiagnostic data, Pathopsychological phenomenology, patterns and structural features of disorders of cognitive processes, properties and conditions caused by the disease, nosological and syndromological specificity of pathopsychological phenomenology, differential diagnostic and expert significance of the pathopsychological experiment, pathopsychological studies in assessing the dynamics of treatment .
^ Age-related aspects of psychological disorders: age-related characteristics of psychological disorders in various diseases, mental development of an abnormal child, childhood autism, the problem of dysontogenesis and mental retardation, psychological abnormalities of adolescence, characteristics of children and adolescent forms of pathological reaction, psychological aspects of mental infantilism, psychological problems of geriatrics and gerontology.
^ Teaching about character: concept of accentuation and psychopathy, classification of character accentuations, diagnostic methods.
Doctrine of Personality: basic concepts of personality in domestic and foreign psychology, diagnostic methods, the concept of personality defense mechanisms, personality and illness.
^ Basic concepts of psychosomatic relationships. Psychosomatic and somatopsychic. The internal picture of the disease and attitude towards the disease, methodology and research methods, nosological specificity of psychological phenomena and the internal picture of the disease. Theoretical and methodological aspects, methods of psychological diagnostics in various types of examination.
^ Theoretical, methodological and methodological approaches in solving problems of psychoprophylaxis and mental hygiene, the concept of mass
Investigations, psychological screening, risk factors, mental maladjustment and illness.
^ Rehabilitation approach in medicine: concept, concepts, basic principles, forms and methods.
Psychology of extreme and crisis conditions, the concept of traumatic stress, social frustration and social stress disorders.
^ Basic principles of psychological support of the treatment process: organization of a psychotherapeutic environment in medical units. Relationships between doctor and patient, psychologist and doctor and treatment room, etc.
^ Psychological aspects of drug and non-drug therapy, placebo effect, psychological problems of preparing patients for surgery, prosthetics, psychological problems of the chronically ill, disabled and dying.
^ Medical and psychological aspects of social behavior: communication, role behavior, interaction in groups, social normativity, etc.
Features of the work of medical psychologists in inpatient, outpatient and preventive institutions of various types, psychological counseling, vocational selection, career guidance.
^ Psychological foundations of psychotherapy, restorative education and rehabilitation.
Basic psychotherapeutic theories: psychodynamic, behavioral, existential-humanistic; person-oriented psychotherapy; medical and psychological models of psychotherapy; main forms of psychotherapy: individual group, family, environmental therapy, psychotherapeutic community, sociotherapy; mechanisms of therapeutic action of psychotherapy; nosological specificity and age-related aspects of psychotherapy and psychological counseling; psychological problems of non-verbal methods of psychotherapy: music therapy, choreotherapy, art therapy, etc.
^ Psychotherapy and psychological counseling in crisis situations.
Legal aspects activities of medical psychologists.
Deontological aspects behavior of a medical psychologist.
Practical skills:
The practical skills and abilities of a medical psychologist must provide a qualified professional solution to problems in the field of psychodiagnostics (including expert), psychocorrection and psychological counseling.
^ In the field of psychodiagnostics:
Ability to conduct a psychological examination taking into account nosological and age specificities, as well as in connection with the tasks of medical and psychological examination; creating the necessary psychological contact and adequate ongoing control of psychological distance; planning and organizing research; selection of an adequate methodological apparatus; ability to carry out quantitative and qualitative analysis of research results in connection with various purposes: differential diagnosis, analysis of the severity of the condition, assessment of the effectiveness of therapy, etc., mastery of basic interpretive schemes and approaches, adequate presentation of available data in a psychodiagnostic report, mastery of basic clinical and psychological methods (psychological conversation, collection of psychological history, psychological analysis of biography, natural experiment);
Mastery of basic experimental psychological techniques aimed at studying mental functions, processes and states: perception, attention, memory, thinking, intelligence, emotional-volitional sphere, temperament, character, personality, motivational characteristics and needs, self-awareness and interpersonal relationships.
Knowledge of basic techniques of neuropsychological research (methods for assessing the state of gnosis, praxis, speech functions, etc.);
Knowledge of the basics of computer diagnostics.
^ In the field of psychological counseling and the use of psychocorrectional methods:
The use of basic methods of psychological correction (individual, family, group) in working with patients and psychological counseling, taking into account nosological and age specifics;
Knowledge of methods of individual, group and family counseling of healthy people, taking into account age specifics in connection with the tasks of psychoprophylaxis;
Mastery of basic techniques of restorative training;
Knowledge of approaches to organizing a psychotherapeutic environment and a psychotherapeutic community;
Possession of skills in conducting personal and professionally oriented trainings.
Picture 1.
| DOCTOR | ||
| ^ NURSE | PATIENT | SOCIAL WORKER |
| CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGIST |
A clinical (medical) psychologist, along with a doctor, nurse and social worker, form the closest circle providing medical and psychological assistance to the patient (Figure 1). At the same time, the role of a clinical psychologist is significant both in diagnostic and in psychocorrectional and psychotherapeutic terms.
The practical guide is intended for doctors (psychiatrists, psychotherapists, neurologists and representatives of other disciplines), medical and practicing psychologists, nurses and social workers, and for students studying clinical (medical) psychology.