Description of the project. “kon-tiki” - ocean ship Scientific achievements: what Thor Heyerdahl proved
65 years ago - April 28, 1947 - the Norwegian scientist Thor Heyerdahl, together with five comrades, sailed from Peru on a wooden raft. The expedition had an important, albeit slightly crazy mission - to prove that the South American Indians crossed Pacific Ocean and settled the islands of Polynesia. Heyerdahl argued that the ancestors of the Incas could cover vast expanses of water on ordinary rafts. To prove his theory, the Norwegian set off on a journey along the supposed “migration route.” Kon-Tiki. On a wooden raft across the ocean.
Thor Heyerdahl named his raft after the legendary Polynesian hero Kon-Tiki. The same one who crossed the Pacific Ocean with his tribe thousands of years ago. The journey to Kon-Tiki took 101 days. The crew of six people, having made their way through storms and dozens of other troubles, reached the Raroia Atoll in Polynesia. This adventure brought Heyerdahl enormous fame, and he himself wrote the book “The Kon-Tiki Expedition,” which turned into a bestseller. Admiring the Norwegian scientist's courage, Redigo talks about what Heyerdahl did to achieve success, peppering the text with quotes from his own book.
Was convincing and made all the connections
“Over a bottle of good whiskey, the owner said that he was interested in our expedition. He offered us financial assistance on the condition that we write a number of articles for newspapers and, upon our return, make presentations in a number of cities.”
Thor Heyerdahl
At first, no one believed in Heyerdahl’s crazy idea - “transforming” into Indians and crossing the Pacific Ocean on a raft. Strangers twirled their fingers at their temples, pundits chuckled, and friends furiously dissuaded the Norwegian from his crazy idea. However, Heyerdahl's persistence knew no bounds. Telling about his dream to dozens of skeptical researchers, travelers, sailors and ordinary people, Tur not only did not lose self-confidence, but also remained “profitable”, making many new acquaintances.
Over time, the Norwegian gained like-minded people, who, in turn, began to look for ways to reach sponsors and anyone who could provide support. “Viral marketing” did its job: several newspapers wrote about the rafting, Heyerdahl held one business meeting after another - even with UN delegates. Among the assistants was the US War Department. After difficult negotiations with Pentagon officials, the traveler ensured that the expedition was provided with food rations. In addition to provisions, the military provided Heyerdahl with useful equipment such as sleeping bags and special shoes. Later, already in Peru, the stubborn Tour managed to meet with the country's president and ask for permission to build a raft in the naval port of Callao.
“I did not want to recruit a crew of sailors, since they were unlikely to be more familiar with the rafts than we were. In addition, I did not want that if the expedition were successful, its success would be attributed to the fact that we were more experienced sailors than the ancient raft builders from Peru.
Thor Heyerdahl
It sounds strange - how is it without sailors? Go to the open ocean for three or four months without a single professional on board? However, Thor Heyerdahl was convinced that the “sea wolves” would only be a burden on his journey. His experience of communicating with experienced sailors showed that they had absolutely no understanding of driving rafts, although, of course, they knew a lot about ships. Would their skills be useful on an expedition? Hardly.
However, Heyerdahl’s team still included a person directly related to shipbuilding. It was Eric Hesselberg, an artist who made several circumnavigation of the world(he later became famous; his friends included Picasso and Simenon). Tur became friends with another member of the expedition at the Norwegian sailors' house in Brooklyn. It was Hermann Watzinger, an engineer who came to New York to study refrigeration devices. His knowledge of meteorology and hydrography could prove useful during the journey. Also invited to the team were Knut Haugland and Thorstein Raaby, signalmen who participated in World War II (Raaby became famous for transmitting reports to England for several months about what was happening on board the German battleship Tirpitz). Heyerdahl met the sixth member of the expedition in Peru - he was Bengt Danielsson, a red-haired Swede who studied the life of mountain Indians. Danielsson was the only foreigner on the team - everyone else was Norwegian. He was the only one who spoke Spanish.
“I found the diaries of the first Europeans to set foot on the Pacific coast South America. They contained many drawings and descriptions of large Indian rafts made of balsa logs. They all had a square sail, keel planks and a long steering oar at the stern.”
Thor Heyerdahl
The traveler understood perfectly well that he needed a raft similar to those used by the ancient Indians. Not a bit more modern - otherwise his experiment simply would not have made sense. After spending several weeks in the library archives and talking with knowledgeable people, Thor Heyerdahl found out what he needed to build a raft from. It was necessary to find balsa - rare trees with very strong and light wood. It was from balsa that the Incas hollowed out their canoes and made prehistoric rafts.
Heyerdahl thought that he could easily find balsa logs for the raft right in Ecuador, where he first flew with his comrades. However, it turned out that the sawmills did not have the necessary material. The tree was either overdried or simply the wrong size. A group of Norwegians had to climb inland (they used a cargo plane), to the foot of the Andes - to places where giant eucalyptus trees grew, mountain Indians lived and gold miners were still working. On one of the local farms, travelers found a whole grove of suitable balsa trees. Having made nine logs and tied them into temporary rafts, the guys floated them down the river to Guayaquil, and then, using a steamer, transported them to Callao, the main seaport of Peru.
“The experts who examined our raft did not promise us anything good. Storms or hurricanes will wash us overboard, waves will roll over the raft even in the lightest breeze, and our clothes, soaked in salt water, will gradually corrode our skin and ruin everything we take with us.”
Thor Heyerdahl
So, the raft was ready. Above nine mighty balsa logs, tied with ropes, towered a matcha with a giant (27 square meters) rectangular sail. The deck was covered with bamboo. In the middle of the raft stood a small but fairly strong hut with a roof made of banana leaves. In appearance, the wooden vessel was an exact copy of ancient Peruvian and Ecuadorian rafts.
Having thanked the workers for their help in building the Kon-Tiki, Heyerdahl and his colleagues prepared to receive delegations. Everyone wanted to look at the raft that was about to cross the Pacific Ocean - from admirals and journalists to important officials. It was here that the travelers had to weather the first storm - from caustic criticism and harsh forecasts. Experienced sea wolves left no stone unturned about the Kon-Tiki, discussing its clumsiness and size. Some believed that the raft was too small and would not survive a single storm, others thought that it, on the contrary, was too large and would break in half on the crest of the first powerful wave. People even made bets on how many days it would take for the raft to sink. Heyerdahl, as the leader of the expedition, bore his share of ridicule. But, thanks to his stubbornness and amazing psychological stability, the traveler ignored most of the criticism. There was nowhere to retreat, the Norwegian believed, and his friends fully supported him.
I took a large supply of food with me and learned to fish.
“On the way, we had to find out whether it was possible to fish in the open sea and collect rainwater. I believed that we should have taken with us the front-line rations that we were given during the war.”
Thor Heyerdahl
The Norwegian wanted to repeat the voyage of the Indians with precision, but still decided not to experiment with food. He knew that the Aborigines had once easily made do with dried sweet potatoes and dried meat during their voyages. However, using ancient “recipes” in the current situation was risky. If the food supply suddenly spoiled, six adult men could simply die of hunger.
The Pentagon supplied the travelers with most of the provisions. Several hundred boxes of canned food were loaded onto the raft, covered with a thin layer of asphalt to prevent moisture from entering. Their supply should have been enough for four months. In addition, the crew stocked up with a large amount of ripening fruits, coconuts, as well as fishing gear: it was necessary to understand how things were going with the catch in the middle of the open ocean. And the fish reserves of the deep sea did not disappoint. During the voyage, the Kon-Tiki crew was surprised to realize that the prey was coming into their hands. Every morning, Heyerdahl and his companions found dozens of flying fish on the deck, which were immediately sent to the frying pan (there was a small Primus stove on the raft). The ocean was teeming with tuna, mackerel and bonito fish. Having adapted to sea fishing, the friends even began to catch sharks, sometimes dragging them onto a raft simply by grabbing their rough tail. Nevertheless, our heroes understood that it was the supply of canned food that helped them survive the long journey, which they could eat both in calm and during storms.
“In the tropics, on hot days, you can pour so much water into yourself that it will flow back out of your mouth, but you will still feel thirsty. The body does not need water, but, oddly enough, salt.”
Thor Heyerdahl
Fifty containers with 1,100 liters of spring water were loaded aboard the Kon-Tiki before sailing to the Polynesian islands. This supply would easily last for several months of travel. Although after a few weeks the travelers felt that the water had spoiled and tasted nasty.
Heyerdahl often thought about how his Indian predecessors coped with thirst. They stored water in dried hollowed out gourds and thick bamboo trunks. They drank water from the holes, after which they plugged the holes with strong plugs. In addition, the aborigines had secrets with which they survived even when the water dried up. They “squeezed” the caught fish, resulting in the release of a liquid that could quench their thirst. Without resorting to such a very extravagant method, Heyerdahl and company still learned to control their water needs. Realizing that the body requires salt (which it loses during sweating), they mixed fresh water with sea water. And soon they learned to drink sea water itself - when they accidentally learned that oat grains almost completely destroy its unpleasant salty taste.
Managed the sail and got into the right current
“The greatest threat to us was the treacherous eddies of the current south of the Galapagos Islands. They could be fatal for us if we fell into them. Strong sea currents could pick up our raft and take it to the shores Central America, throwing in all directions."
Thor Heyerdahl
Once on the open sea (the raft was pulled from the shore with the help of a tug), the crew of the Kon-Tiki began to wait for a fair wind. However, the main condition for the normal movement of the raft was not so much the trade winds as the correct current. Or rather the Humboldt Current, which Thor Heyerdahl had heard well about. It was this that was supposed to carry the raft to the northwest, to the islands of Polynesia. Having encountered a small storm at the beginning of the journey and having spent several days learning to control the sail and keel, the travelers eventually rushed quite quickly in the right direction at a speed of 55-60 nautical miles per day.
At first, our heroes were afraid of any large wave. However, it soon became clear that the heavy and massive Kon-Tiki easily copes with troubles. The raft, like a giant sled, simply “drove” onto the crest of the wave and “slipped” down in the same way. Water washed over the vessel hundreds of times a day, but immediately disappeared through the cracks in the logs. Just for fun, Heyerdahl calculated that almost 200 (!) tons of water fell on the stern every day. During storms, this figure reached 10 thousand tons of water per day. However, the raft didn't care. Light but very strong balsa logs withstood any pressure.
“Knut and Torstein were always busy with their wet batteries, soldering irons and various radio circuits. It took all their experience and dexterity gained during the war to ensure that the small radio station, despite the splashes and dampness, worked smoothly.”
Thor Heyerdahl
Before the start of the journey, the members of the expedition did not have a long and strong friendship. The guys practically didn’t know each other and only knew about each other’s professional skills. Everyone had different characters. Spending more than three months in the company of the same people is no joke. It was clear that the crew could be saved from any kind of conflict by proper distribution of responsibilities and constant employment.
And there were no problems with this - there was always work on the raft. Watch duty was replaced by fishing, and fishing by cooking dinners. The travelers performed the cook's duties in turns. Knut Haugland and Torstein Raaby tapped Morse keys every day, Heyerdahl himself diligently kept a diary of observations, recording every small detail (based on these notes, he later wrote a book that became famous). Ethnologist Bengt Danielsson took 70 works on sociology with him on a raft and turned into a bookworm. Hermann Watzinger constantly tinkered with meteorological instruments and other measuring instruments. Eric Hesselberg repaired sails and made funny drawings of his bearded companions and sea creatures.
Made tailed and winged comrades
“We established friendly relations with the shark that swam after us today. During lunch, we fed her and put pieces directly into her mouth. She behaved like a dog, about which it is impossible to say with certainty whether she is angry or affectionate.”
Thor Heyerdahl
There were not six, but seven members of the expedition on board the raft during the trip. The seventh was a green parrot, which Herman brought with him. The ruffled bird sat in a cage and chattered in Spanish, constantly amusing those around him. Soon the parrot became bolder, began to walk around the raft and became friends with the radio operators, regularly running into their corner. Unfortunately, after a couple of months of travel, the bird was washed overboard by a large wave. The ocean swallowed the parrot in a matter of seconds and was never seen again.
However, travelers began to make new friends. The crab Johannes settled in one of the holes in the raft: he lived not far from the steering oar and was looking forward to being given the next portion of food. Having grabbed a cookie or a piece of fish with its claws, the crab rushed into a hole, where it quickly grabbed the treat. The pilot fish also became friends with the crew, following the Kon-Tiki for hundreds of kilometers and touchingly waiting for people to start washing the dishes so they could gobble up the leftover food. But Heyerdahl’s most unexpected “friend” was a shark that stuck to the raft for several days. The travelers fed the predator fish and almost slapped her on the sides. However, the shark soon left, offended that his friends tried to grab it by the tail.
“Many ships in the Tuamotu archipelago area were trapped by underwater reefs and smashed to pieces on the coral. From the sea we could not see the insidious trap. We walked following the direction of the waves, and saw only their round crests glistening in the sun, which disappeared on the way to the island.”
Thor Heyerdahl
After 90 days of travel, Heyerdahl's team began to feel the approach of earth. Schools of birds appeared in the sky, purposefully flying to the west. The raft was no doubt bearing straight towards one of the many islands of Polynesia scattered across the ocean. On July 30, the travelers finally saw land - it was the island of Puka-Puka in the Tuamotu archipelago. But joy quickly gave way to disappointment: the current carried the poorly controlled raft past a piece of land and dragged it further.
A few days later, Thor Heyerdahl sailed to Raroia Atoll. Here, a whole obstacle course awaited the crew: to get to the ground, the team had to find a passage through a wall of razor-sharp coral reefs. It was important not to allow casualties and not to lose the raft - otherwise the success of the expedition would be jeopardized big question. Exhausted trying to break through the reef, the travelers decided to “ride” it at high tide. Holding tightly to the raft, they survived several terrible hours under the blows of powerful waves. After which they managed to cross the reef and wade to the sandy shore. The raft was saved and the mission accomplished! Ahead of the team were dances with the natives, festive ceremonies in Tahiti and a ceremonial return home - already on a passenger ship.
After 101 days of travel, the Kon-Tiki team set foot on the land of one of the islands of Raroia Atoll.
Who in childhood did not carve a boat out of pine bark in order to go on a journey along the ringing spring stream? But the boyish latent desire to build a model of a ship from bark repeats the thought of the most ancient shipbuilders: this is one of the most buoyant materials. This was brilliantly confirmed by the Norwegian anthropologist Thor Heyerdahl in 1947.
At that time, an unknown scientist hypothesized that thousands of years ago, at the dawn of humanity, people bravely crossed oceans and seas to develop uninhabited lands. Thor Heyerdahl was especially interested in the fact that the inhabitants of the American continent - Peruvians and Polynesian islanders - have much in common in their way of life and language. But how could the ancients cross the Pacific Ocean, when even today not all ships arrive at their destination port?
Thor Heyerdahl knew that the Peruvians use rafts built from balsa wood, which is very strong and light - lighter than cork! - wood resembling pine bark. By the way, similar vessels are also found in ancient rock paintings.
After careful preparations, Thor Heyerdaya built a raft of nine large balsa tree trunks, to which he entrusted the fate of himself and his five companions.
Brave travelers, drawn by the Humboldt Current, set off across the Pacific Ocean. It took them 101 days until they were finally able to exclaim: “Goal achieved!” The chain of islands on the horizon was Polynesia. (More recently, Thor Heyerdahl, who became a famous traveler, made another remarkable voyage: leaving Morocco on the papyrus boat "Ra-2", the expedition, in which the Soviet doctor Yuri Senkevich participated, reached the shores of America.)
Today we offer our readers a model of Thor Heyerdahl’s raft “Kon-Tiki”, made by modelers from the German Democratic Republic.
It is very decorative and exotic. The material used, as in the construction of the prototype, is balsa wood. You also need a piece of maple wood for the mast, yards, rudder, several pine planks for the structure of the breakwater and keel, straw imitating the wicker walls of the cabin and deck flooring. The sail can be cut from thin canvas.
The construction does not present any particular difficulties, so perhaps the most inexperienced ship modeler can handle it.
Balsa raft Kon-Tiki was built as a copy of an ancient South American Indian raft. The raft consisted of nine balsa logs brought from Ecuador and was operated by a team of six people with Thor Heyerdahl. Kon-Tiki sailed from Peru on April 28, 1947 and 101 days later reached Polynesia, covering a distance of just under 7,000 km. The possibility of migration of the ancestors of the Polynesians from South America has been proven.
CONTENTS OF THE MODEL SHIP SET
In their model of the ship, the Italian company Mantua uses the same lightweight balsa as on the real raft. Neat round balsa blanks with a diameter of about 25 mm are specially roughened, painted with dark stain (included in the kit), glued and additionally tied with thick thread. The only hut-hut is made using original technology with imitation wicker, and has a canopy of wide palm leaves on top.
The large scale allows you to make a raft not only using glue, but also to tie together logs, making cross beams, low bulwarks, a low bow side, fastening a primitive mast and making rigging. The image of the ancient God on the sail is made using the supplied stencil. The ship model is equipped with both oars and a rope ladder to the mast.
The instructions have about 150 color photographs of the step-by-step assembly of the model and have virtually no explanatory text, because From the photographs everything is very clear. scale 1:18 length 590 mm
Balsa raft "Kon-Tiki"
When the conquistadors of Francisco Pissaro in 1526 were preparing to set off on their second voyage from the Isthmus of Panama south towards Peru, one of the ships of the expedition somewhat separated from the main forces and went on reconnaissance towards the equator. When it reached the northern regions of modern Ecuador, the Spaniards noticed a ship at sea coming towards them under sail. It turned out to be a large balsa raft heading north. There were 20 people on the raft and its cargo was 36 tons. According to one of the Spanish sailors, the flat raft had a log base covered with a reed deck. It was raised so much that the load was not wetted by water. The logs and reeds were tied tightly together with rope made from plant fiber. The Spaniards were especially surprised by the sails and rigging of the raft: “It was equipped with masts and yards of very good wood and carried cotton sails of the same kind as our ship. Excellent tackle is made from the aforementioned henequin, which resembles hemp; two stones, similar to millstones, served as anchors.”
This is how Europeans became acquainted with unusual ships that were widely used off the west coast of South America. However, the Spaniards had heard about them before - from the Indians of Panama. They told Vasco Nunez de Balboa - the first European to see the Pacific Ocean - about a powerful state in the south, whose inhabitants set sail on ships with sails and oars, only slightly smaller in size than the Spanish ships. Descriptions of rafts that the Incas used even for very long voyages have reached us. They were all made from an odd number of logs, and the largest could carry up to 50 people (including heavily armed Spanish warriors) and several horses.
The chronicler noted: “The largest rafts of the Peruvian Indians living near forests, say, in the ports of Paita, Manta and Guayaquil, consist of seven, nine and even more logs Here's how they are made: logs lying nearby are tied with vines or ropes, which also grab other logs laid across. The middle log in the bow is longer than the others; further on, shorter logs are placed on both sides of it, so that in appearance and proportion they give the bow of the raft a resemblance to the fingers of a hand, and the stern is level. A flooring is placed on top of the logs so that the water that penetrates from below into the cracks between the logs does not wet people and clothes.” A “superstructure” (a hut made of bamboo) was installed on the rafts, and a special place for cooking was provided at the stern. To control the raft and maneuver, the Indians used guars - long wide boards inserted into the cracks between the logs, an analogue of the European centerboards that appeared much later.
"Kon-Tiki"
In the 20th century researchers studying the history of the settlement of the Pacific Islands drew attention to a strange circumstance: many plants cultivated by the Polynesians originated from South America. There were even theories that the settlement of the islands did not come from Asia, but from the American mainland. True, these theories were later recognized as untenable, but the likelihood of contacts between South American Indians and Polynesia looked quite realistic. However, there were great doubts: is a balsa raft capable of making such a long voyage? Will he drown when the logs become soaked? sea water? How will a “primitive” structure behave during a storm?
One of the enthusiasts who defended the theory of contacts between Indians and Polynesians was the Norwegian scientist and traveler Thor Heyerdahl. Having summarized the information at his disposal, he decided to set sail across the Pacific Ocean on a balsa raft. He managed to enlist the support of the President of Peru, who at the beginning of 1947 gave the go-ahead for the construction of the raft in the military port of Callao.
In honor of the hero of Indian legends, the raft was named “Kon-Tiki”. It consisted of nine balsa logs, and - as was supposed in accordance with ancient traditions - the central one was the longest, and the outermost ones were the shortest. On top of them, thin transverse logs were strengthened at intervals of a meter, on which a deck of split bamboo trunks was laid, covered with mats on top. In the middle of the raft, a little towards the stern, a small open cabin was built from bamboo branches, and in front of it was an A-shaped mast made of mangrove wood. A large quadrangular sail (on which expedition navigator Eric Hesselberg drew an image of Kon-Tiki) was attached to a yard made of two bamboo tables. There was a small bulwark in the bow to protect against waves. The maximum length of the structure was 13.5 m, width - 5.5 m. The crew consisted of five Norwegians and one Swede.
The voyage began on April 28, 1947, and the tug of the Peruvian fleet, Guardian Rios, was taken 50 miles from the port of Callao Kon-Tiki. After the raft reached the Humboldt Current, its independent navigation began. The travelers were going to steer the raft with the help of guars and a steering oar attached to the stern. Due to the lack of experience, this was not always successful; the Kon-Tiki turned out to be insufficiently maneuverable. But, according to Heyerdahl, the balsa raft “...didn’t rock very much. She rode the waves much more stable than any ship of the same size.” Gradually, we managed to solve the control problem by learning to use guar.
The sea element showed its tough temper several times, but there was only one truly dangerous incident - a man falling overboard. Hermann Watzinger was saved only by a miracle. On July 30, the sailors saw land: the raft passed the outermost island of the archipelago - Tuamotu. They managed to reach Polynesia, but one more difficult task remained to be solved: to land on the shore without crashing on the reefs. At the beginning of August, despite the attempts of the islanders to help Heyerdahl's team, it was not possible to approach the island of Angatau. In the end, the raft ended up washed up on a reef near a tiny uninhabited island on the 101st day of the voyage - August 7. Fortunately, no one from the team was seriously injured. A few days later, the Polynesians found the travelers and transported them to the inhabited island of Roiroa, and the raft was dragged into the lagoon during high tide. Then Thor Heyerdahl and his brave companions went to Tahiti, and from there to Europe. The Kon-Tiki, delivered on the deck of a Norwegian cargo ship, also got there. Nowadays he occupies a place of honor in a museum dedicated to him in Oslo.
Heyerdahl's book "The Voyage of the Kon-Tiki" was translated into many languages, and the film shot during the voyage received an Oscar for best documentary in 1951. Subsequently, several more successful balsa raft voyages were undertaken from the shores of South America to Polynesia. The theory about the contacts of the peoples inhabiting these parts of the world has received a lot of confirmation.
Balsa raft Kon-Tiki was built as a copy of an ancient South American Indian raft. The raft consisted of nine balsa logs brought from Ecuador and was operated by a team of six people with Thor Heyerdahl. Kon-Tiki sailed from Peru on April 28, 1947 and 101 days later reached Polynesia, covering a distance of just under 7,000 km. The possibility of migration of the ancestors of the Polynesians from South America has been proven.
Contents of the ship model kit
In their model of the ship, the Italian company Mantua uses the same lightweight balsa as on the real raft. Neat round balsa blanks with a diameter of about 25 mm are specially roughened, painted with dark stain (included in the kit), glued and additionally tied with thick thread. The only hut-hut is made using original technology with imitation wicker, and has a canopy of wide palm leaves on top.
The large scale allows you to make a raft not only using glue, but also to tie together logs, making cross beams, low bulwarks, a low bow side, fastening a primitive mast and making rigging. The image of the ancient God on the sail is made using the supplied stencil. The ship model is equipped with both oars and a rope ladder to the mast.
The instructions have about 150 color photographs of the step-by-step assembly of the model and have virtually no explanatory text, because From the photographs everything is very clear. scale 1:18 length 590 mm
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