What is morphological analysis of gerunds. Participle. Features, spelling, syntactic role. Is it correct to consider the gerund as an inflected form?

The scheme of morphological analysis of the gerund as a special unchangeable form of the verb is simpler than that of the participle.

There are usually no special difficulties. The participle does not have an initial form and does not change; it combines the characteristics of a verb and an adverb. Constant signs can be determined when the verb from which this gerund is derived is established. The form of the verb can be determined by the questions: what are you doing? what did you do?

PLAN FOR MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF PARPILICIPLES

1. Part of speech and general grammatical meaning.

2. Morphological characteristics:
Constants (P.p.):
- type (perfect or imperfect),
- returnability (returnable or non-refundable),
- transitivity (transitive or intransitive).
Impermanent (N.p.): unchangeable form.

3. The syntactic role of the gerund (a separate circumstance expressed by a participial phrase or a single gerund).

For examples, let’s take sentences from the autobiographical story of the naturalist writer Georgy Skrebitsky “Chicks Grow Wings.”

Examples of parsing participles

1) I already had a real hunting rifle, went hunting with adults and at the same time, often, walking alone in the garden or in the forest, I played hunting with myself.

1. Walking is a gerund, because. denotes an additional action, special shape verb gula(yut) + I.

2. Morphological characteristics:
Constants (P.p.):
- imperfect species,
- irrevocable,
- intransitive.

3. Played (when? doing what?) while walking alone in the garden or forest (a separate circumstance expressed by an adverbial phrase).

2) - Mom, will you let me and the guys go fishing overnight? - I asked quickly, rushing 3 to use this the right moment.

1. Haste - gerund, because. denotes an additional action, a special form of the verb spesh(at) + A.

2. Morphological characteristics:
Constants (P.p.):
- imperfect species,
- irrevocable,
- intransitive.
Impermanent (N.p.): unchangeable.

3. He asked (why? doing what?) in a hurry to take advantage of such an opportune moment (a separate circumstance expressed by an adverbial phrase).

3) “I’ll let you go, and I’ll let you go with an overnight stay,” my mother answered, smiling happily.

1. Smiling is a gerund, because denotes an additional action, a special form of the verb smile(yut)sya + Ya.

2. Morphological characteristics:
Constants (P.p.):
- imperfect species,
- returnable,
- intransitive.
Impermanent (N.p.): unchangeable.

3. She answered (how? by doing what?) smiling happily (a separate circumstance expressed by an adverbial phrase).

4) Mom listened with her 3 eyes wide open, smiling and constantly shaking her head.

1. Having opened - a gerund, because. denotes an additional action, a special form of the verb to reveal + V.

2. Morphological characteristics:
Constants (P.p.):
- perfect view,
- irrevocable,
- transitional.
Impermanent (N.p.): unchangeable.

3. She listened (how? did what?) with her eyes wide open (a separate circumstance expressed by an adverbial phrase).

5) “This is a student’s overcoat,” he said when he returned 3.

1. Having returned - a gerund, because. denotes an additional action, a special form of the verb return + LICE.

2. Morphological characteristics:
Constants (P.p.):
- perfect view,
- returnable,
- intransitive.
Impermanent (N.p.): unchangeable.

3. Declared (when? what did he do?) upon returning (a separate circumstance expressed by a single gerund).

Like the participle, the gerund can be considered as independent part speech (complex 2 and the latest editions of complex 1) or as a special form of the verb (complex 3 and previous editions of complex 1). We proceed from the understanding of the participle as a verbal form.

A gerund is a special form of a verb that has the following characteristics:

• 1. Denotes an additional action, answers the questions: what are you doing? or having done what?
• 2-3. It has the grammatical features of a verb and an adverb.

The signs of a verb include the form ( reading-- NSV, after reading-- SV), transitivity ( while reading a book-- transitive, sitting on a chair-- intransitive) and reflexivity ( washing- non-refundable, washing my face-- return). In addition, the gerund is characterized by the same control as other verb forms: reading / read / read / reading a book, But book reading.

The adverbial features of gerunds include immutability (gerunds do not have the morphological signs of mood, tense, person, gender, number, characteristic of the conjugated forms of the verb, and are not inflected, unlike participles); syntactic function of the gerund - circumstance; In a sentence, the gerund depends on the verb.

Imperfect participles answer the question doing what? and denote an action that is simultaneous with another action (for example, with the one indicated by the predicate): Standing on a stool, he took books from the top shelf.

NSV gerunds are formed from NSV verbs from the present tense stem using a formative suffix -and I).

At the verb be The participle is formed using the suffix - teach from the stem of the future tense: be-learn. The same suffix is ​​used to form stylistically colored variant forms of gerunds in some other verbs: game-i--Yuchi game.

Not all NSV verbs have imperfective participles; Thus, the NSV gerunds are not formed:

• -- from verbs to -whose:bake -- *baking (oven);
• -- from verbs to -no:wither -- *withering,;
• -- from some sibilant verbs based on the present tense: write, write --*writing,lick -- *licking(but adverb lying down);
• -- from verbs with a present tense stem consisting only of consonants, and derivatives from them: drink, drink(pj-ut)-*drinking.

At the verb give The participle is formed from a special stem: Giving(let's go).

Perfect participles answer the question what did you do? and denote the action that preceded the action of the main verb: Standing on a stool, he took out a book from the top shelf.

SV gerunds are formed from SV verbs from the past tense stem using suffixes

• -V from verbs with a stem to a vowel: done-in,
• -lice from reflexive verbs with a base on a vowel (or outdated, stylistically non-neutral gerunds like having seen, having looked etc.): mind you, lice,
• -shi from verbs with a stem to a consonant: baked-shi.

Some verbs have variable forms of the gerund participle SV: one is formed according to the scheme described above, the other by adding the suffix - and I) to the base of the future tense: frown-louse--frown-i-s.

Verbs read, gain do not have gerunds formed in the standard way, instead of which gerunds are used I read it, I found it, formed from the stem of the simple future tense using the suffix - I.

Bi-type verbs can have two gerunds, formed according to the rules for the formation of gerunds NSV and SV, for example:

promise: I promise-- NSV, promise-in-- NE,

marry:Zhenya-- NSV, marry-in-- NE.

The gerund must indicate the action of the object (person) that is named as the subject, and this object (person) must be the subject of two actions - named in the predicate and in the gerund. If these requirements are not met, incorrect sentences like

• *I got a headache when I left the house(gerunds and the conjugated form of the verb denote the actions of different subjects).
• *Lost, the puppy was soon found by his owners(the noun in the subject is the subject of the action, called the gerund, and the object of the action, called the predicate).

A gerund may name an additional action related to the main member of a one-part sentence, as well as to other members of the sentence, expressed by an infinitive, participle or other gerund. The sentence is constructed correctly if the additional and main action have the same subject. For example: Moving on street, shouldlook around on both sides.

Morphological analysis participles

The morphological analysis of the gerund, like the morphological analysis of the participle, depends on whether we recognize the gerund as a special form of the verb, or whether we consider the gerund independent part speech.

Scheme of morphological analysis of gerunds as a verb form:

• 1. Verb. Initial form-- infinitive.
• 2. Morphological characteristics:
  • a) constant:
    • - transitivity,
    • - repayment
    • -- view,
    • -- conjugation;
  • b) inconsistent symptoms: in the form of a gerund.

Educational complexes offer analysis of gerunds, corresponding to the approach to it as a hybrid part of speech.

Thus, complex 1 offers the following analysis: part of speech (gerund), immutability, aspect, syntactic function. Complex 2 suggests indicating recurrence and type. Complex 3 offers the following scheme: from what verb is it formed, aspect, syntactic function. If we proceed from the fact that the gerund is an independent part of speech, then the parsing scheme changes.

Scheme of morphological analysis of gerunds as an independent part of speech:

• 1. Participle.
• 2. Morphological characteristics:
  • a) constant:
    • - transitivity,
    • - repayment
    • -- view,
    • -- immutability;
  • b) inconsistent signs: no.
• 3. Syntactic role in the sentence.

Let's give an example of a morphological analysis of gerunds.

Sipping sour wine, squinting from the pipe smoke, he gloomily listened to what Zoya was telling him. When she finished, she cracked her fingers.(A.N. Tolstoy).

Analysis of gerunds as verb forms:

sipping-- verb, beginning form sip;

fast. signs: transition, non-return, NSV, I reference;

squinting-- verb, beginning form squint;

fast. signs: non-transition, return, NSV, II reference;

non-post signs: in the form of a gerund;

synth. role: part of the circumstance.

having graduated-- verb, beginning form finish;

fast. signs: transition, non-return, NE, II reference;

non-post signs: in the form of a gerund;

Analysis of the participle as an independent part of speech:

sipping-- participle;

fast. signs: transition, non-return, NSV, unchangeable;

non-post signs: none;

synth. role: part of the circumstance.

squinting-- participle;

fast. signs: non-transition, return, NSV, unchangeable;

non-post signs: none;

synth. role: part of the circumstance.

having graduated-- participle;

fast. signs: transition, non-return, NE, unchangeable;

non-post signs: none;

synth role: part of the circumstance.

For a competent morphological analysis of gerunds as a part of speech, this article provides detailed plan action with clear examples. The technique is also described morphemic parsing gerunds with ghost examples.

How to make a morphological analysis of gerunds?

Morphological analysis of the gerund as an independent part of speech includes the grammatical and syntactic characteristics of the word. During parsing, it is determined morphological characteristics participles, as well as its role in a sentence.

Plan for morphological analysis of gerunds as a part of speech:

I. Part of speech. General grammatical meaning. Which question does it answer?

II. Initial form. Morphological characteristics ( permanent).

• View ( perfect, imperfect);
• Recoverability ( returnable, non-refundable);
• Transitivity ( transitive, intransitive);
• Immutability.

III. Syntactic role.

TOP 1 articlewho are reading along with this

Examples of morphological analysis of gerunds

Having fed children, mom went to the store.

what did you do?

II. N. f. - having fed . Morphological features: perfective form, irrevocable, transitive, unchangeable word.

III. Syntactic role - circumstance (went - When? - having fed ).

Walking, the children saw a hare running out of the forest.

I. Participle, denotes an additional action, answers the question - doing what?

II. N. f. - walking . Morphological features: imperfective form, irreversible, intransitive, unchangeable word.

III. Syntactic role - circumstance (saw - When? - walking ).

Rejoicing, he greeted his friend.

I. Participle, denotes an additional action, answers the question - doing what?

II. N. f. - rejoicing

Morphological features: imperfective form, reflexive, transitional, unchangeable word.

III. Syntactic role - adverbial (welcomed - How? - rejoicing ).

Morphemic analysis of gerunds

In some sources, morphemic analysis of gerunds is included in general grammatical analysis. Participles are an unchangeable part of speech, therefore, when analyzed by composition, they do not have endings. The formative suffixes of gerunds are - -a/-i, -v/-lice/-shi.

Examples of morphemic analysis of gerunds

Having identified himself friend. Na-zv-a-vshi-sya - a derivative of the verb “to be called”; the basis - calling himself, console - on the-, root - -sound-, suffixes - -a-, -lice-, postfix - – sya.

Reading book. Chit-a-ya is a derivative of the verb “read”; the basis - reading, root - -cheat-, suffixes - -and I.

Tossing ball. Pod-bros-i-v - a derivative of the verb “toss”; the basis - tossing, console - under-, root - -throw-, suffixes - -and-, -in-.

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Participle – a special unchangeable form of the verb, which denotes an additional action with the main action expressed by the verb, and answers the questions WHAT IS DOING? WHAT DID I DO? HOW? HOW? and etc.

Morphological features of gerunds.

The participle has the characteristics of a verb and an adverb:

View

Participles come in perfect and imperfect form.

Repayment

Participles are reflexive and non-reflexive.

Writing NOT with gerunds.

NOT with gerunds is usually written separately.

For example :
without reading, without deciding.

NOT with gerunds is written together if the gerund is formed:
1) from verbs that are not used without NOT;
2) from verbs with the prefix UNDO-.

For example :
indignant
without looking, without sleep

The syntactic role of the gerund.

The participle in a sentence is always a circumstance.

The boy, having played enough, went home.

He opened the door talking on the phone.

1. As already noted (see paragraph 3.1. Parts of speech. The word and its forms), the gerund is characterized in linguistics in different ways.

Some linguists consider adverbs to be a special form of the verb, others - an independent part of speech. In this manual we adhere to the latter point of view.

Participle- an independent part of speech, which denotes an additional action, combines the properties of a verb and an adverb and shows how, why, when an action caused by a predicate verb is performed.

The participle answers questions doing what? what did you do? Questions are also possible How? Why? how? When? and etc.

Leaving, waiting, seeing.

A gerund with words dependent on it is called participial phrase.

Having gone to the village, waiting to go on stage, seeing my brother.

Basic signs of gerunds

2. Formation of participles- gerunds are formed from verbs using special suffixes - -a, -ya, -v, -lice, -shi:

• participles imperfect form are formed from the present tense stem using the suffixes -а, -я:

  be silent: silent - at → silently;
  decide: deciding - ut → deciding;

• participles perfect form are formed from the stem of the infinitive using the suffixes -v, -vshi, -shi:

  shut up: shut up - t → falling silent;
  decide: decide - t → having decided;
  to do: busy - t-xia → busy;
  bring: brought - you → having brought.

3. Single gerunds can lose the characteristics of a verb and become adverbs. In this case, the former gerunds cease to denote a secondary action (they cannot be replaced by verbal forms, they usually cannot be asked questions doing what? what did you do?), but denote only a sign of action, like adverbs, and answer the question how?

Participles that have become adverbs are not separated by commas.

For example: Dasha listened silently, often closing her eyes (Gorbatov). Closing - a gerund, since it has dependent words and can be replaced by a verb form (cf.:).

Dasha listened and often closed her eyes Silently How?- an adverb, since it no longer denotes an additional action (one question is asked to it doing what?; question cannot be specified); in this context, the following actions cannot be compared as equal actions: listened And was silent cannot be specified); in this context, the following actions cannot be compared as equal actions:).

(silence accompanied the only action -

4. Morphological analysis of gerunds:

(which part of the sentence is the participle in this sentence). He hurt himself falling from a horse

(Turgenev).

1. Having fallen Participle, as it denotes an additional action; answers the questions
2. When? what did you do? N. f. - having fallen
   . Morphological characteristics:
   A) Constant morphological characteristics:
   1) perfect form;
   2) irrevocable.
3. B) Variable morphological features (unchangeable word). Forms an adverbial phrase with a noun form from a horse