Idra volost administration with the upper prison. The era of volost rule. Vow of abstinence

Government The government in Spain is monarchical and unlimited. It is very fickle: it often changes its ministers and never pays them. The tangled circumstances of finance and government affairs could only be corrected by an enlightened ministry,

Botev A.V.

“To be without a feeling of a living connection with grandfathers and great-grandfathers -
it means not having a foothold in history.”

Pavel Florensky

“Vanity of vanities, said Ecclesiastes, vanity of vanities, - all is vanity!... A generation passes, and a generation comes... There is no memory of the former; and there will be no memory of what will happen for those who come after.”

“There is no memory of the past.” And how sometimes you want to look into the past and find out who your ancestors were and what they did. And this is possible - documents from the State Archive Kirov region can tell us about the life of our ancestors, their destinies, social status, property status, profession, family, and even funny incidents that happened to them.

Such information is contained in documents from the funds of local authorities: volost boards, volost zemstvo councils, volost police departments, volost military commissariats, etc.

The activities of volost boards, as executive bodies of peasant class self-government, were regulated " General provision about peasants emerging from serfdom" dated February 19, 1861.

According to the law, the volost administration consisted of:

1) volost meeting;

2) volost foreman with volost government and

3) volost peasant court.

The scope of powers of peasant public self-government included “popular numbers”, “control over matters of faith”, protection of public order, safety of persons and property, passport control, medical affairs, food supply, fire-fighting measures, management of the economy of rural society, collection of taxes, performing duties (primarily recruiting).

The State Archives of the Kirov Region preserved 101 funds of volost boards of the Vyatka province, or 13,738 units. hr. The funds of the volost boards contain files from 1804 to 1918. The documents of many volost boards have not survived, so their funds are missing.

The following documents have been deposited in the funds of the volost boards: “Books and orders” for a record of incoming and outgoing papers, for a record of resolutions of the volost board, verdicts of volost assemblies, on free livestock, for a record of penalties imposed by the volost foreman and village elders, for a record of transactions and agreements , about those under arrest, a list of unfulfilled decisions of the volost court, an alphabet of persons under the supervision of society and the police, an alphabet about the criminal records of peasants, a book of receipts for the sale and exchange of horses and other large livestock, books about births, deaths, marriages (Old Believers), on the search for persons, livestock and property, on monitoring commercial and industrial establishments, on private penalties, on the serving of military service by peasants, family lists of rural volost societies and other documents.

Books for recording certificates of trade and crafts contain information about industrial and commercial establishments of a particular volost, presented in the form of a table, which consists of several columns: the first column is the location of the enterprise, the type and name of the enterprise; second column - title, first name, patronymic, last name of the owner of the enterprise; third column - information about the number of employees at the establishment; the fourth column is “the amount of trade turnover”.

For example, “Journal of the general verification of commercial and industrial enterprises of the Medyansk volost of the Vyatka district for 1907”: “The village of Sorokin, a shop with food supplies, and in it: tea, sugar, flour, drying, cereals, gingerbread, candy, nuts, fish, soap, candles, kerosene, matches, leaves, needles, lace, locks, nails, cheap lamps, peasant and tobacco products: tobacco, cartridges and cigarettes", "title, first name, patronymic, surname of the owner - Vikul Mikhailov Metelev", "amount turnover per last year- 250 rubles.”

Information about the occupations of the peasant population can be found in the “Gazette on the number of artisans and industrialists,” for example, the Shcherbininsky volost of the Vyatka district for 1892.

In the collections of volost administrations one can even find “information on measuring the distance from peasants’ courtyard buildings to bathhouses, barns and forges.”

“Books of the auxiliary cash desk on a note of the verbal requests of peasants for a loan” contain requests from peasants to extend their loan repayment period. The document indicates the year, month and date of taking out the loan, which county, township, town or village the person asking for the loan is from, the term of the loan, and the amount of the previous loan. For example, “Book of an auxiliary cash desk for a note of verbal requests from peasants for a loan for 1909 (Zagarskaya volost)”: “On March 16, 1909, a peasant from the village of Pesok, Pavel Ivanov Botev, submitted a petition to defer a loan of 20 rubles for one year, taken on March 2, 1907, and introduced the guarantors of the peasants of the same village, Ilya Andreev Botev and Ivan Vasilyev Botev, who agreed to guarantee and answer with their property in the event of the borrower’s insolvency.”

Information on the payment of various payments and fees by peasants, as well as a list of householders in villages, contains “Personal accounts of householders’ payers.” The document indicates the name of the village, the name of the payer, and the number of shower plots.

For example, “Personal accounts of payers of householders in the villages of the Pustoshinsky rural society of the Zagarsky volost of the Vyatka district for 1906”: “The village of Krasnoglinskoye (Sand). Householder Andrey Konstantinovich Botev. The number of shower areas is 1 ½. Insurance payments - 66 kopecks - paid on March 23 (1906). Monetary collection for the formation of grain reserves instead of collection in kind - arrears: 35 kopecks unpaid on November 5. Secular fees (volost, rural and settlements together) - 1 ruble 41 kopecks paid on March 23.”

Among the documents stored in the funds of the volost boards, the documents “On persons held under the supervision of society, the police, and the criminal record of peasants” were deposited, which contain certificates of criminal record.

For example, a criminal record certificate (Zagarskaya volost): “Last name, first name, patronymic – Glukhikh Anna Ivanovna; place of birth and registration - the village of Osinovitsa; summer - 19 years old; what she was accused of - theft; what she was sentenced to - arrest for 15 days; when the convict served his sentence - from November 2 to November 17, 1916.”

Apparently, with age, the convict did not stop committing crimes. Already in the files of the Office of the Zagarskaya Volost Police we find: “from the People’s Court of the 6th precinct on December 4, 1928, a paper was received with a statement from citizen Potanin Grigory Prokopievich, living in the village of Medyana, about the theft of 1 felt boot from him.” Suspect - Anna Ivanovna Glukhikh, Osinovitsa village. On December 16 of the same year, 1928, policeman Fokin delivered a report to the Department “about the theft of 2 pairs of felt boots from a citizen of the village of Osinovitsa, Ivan Vasilyevich Mylnikov.” Anna Ivanovna Glukhikh is again suspected.

The funds of the volost administrations contain the draft lists of peasants, files on the passage of conscripts to the selection committee, and “Certificates of fulfillment of military service.” For example, “Certificate of fulfillment of military service for a warrior of the 1st category of the 155th Cuban Infantry Regiment, Private Yakov Urvantsev”: “year of birth - April 26, 1853; accepted into service - November 11, 1874; took part in campaigns and affairs - against the Turks in 1877 and 1878; insignia - has a holy bronze medal; dismissed - to the Vyatsky district, Vyazovsky volost, in the village of Podgortsy on March 21, 1880.”

“Cases of conscripts who passed admissions committee when present for military service" contain information about conscripts, presented in the form of a table, which consists of several columns: the first column - full name; the second column - date of birth, age according to the revision tale or according to the family list; third - age according to registration certificate; fourth - marital status, which gives the right to benefits under Article 48 of the charter; fifth column - a note about those under investigation or a criminal record; sixth - the decision to attend military service.

For example, “The file of conscripts who passed the selection committee while present for military service (Zagarskaya volost)”: Full name of the conscript – Krasnoglinskaya village (Sand), Shastin Dementiy Ivanov; year, month, birthday according to the metric - a schismatic, not recorded in the metric books, but according to the application at the gathering he is of conscription age; marital status of the conscript, giving the right to benefits under Article 48 of the charter - father - 52 years old (born July 19, 1852), siblings Lukoyan - 13 years old, Vasily - 9 years old; belief, language, marital status, education, occupation, craft, trade - schismatic, Russian, married by step-marriage to Maria Timofeeva for 17 years, has no children, illiterate, agriculture, has the right to a 2nd category benefit as the only able-bodied son of his father, capable of work, and a brother with brothers incapable of work.”

An important document containing information on the composition of peasant families is "Family lists", which were compiled for persons of the tax-paying classes (peasants and burghers). They were conducted with 1858 state chambers and volost boards. They acquired particular significance in connection with the new statute on military service of 1874, which abolished the recruitment system and prescribed the compilation of draft lists for persons of tax-paying classes based on family lists. Since that time, every year the parish priests checked the peasant family lists with metric books, and since 1885 this responsibility was assigned to volost elders and clerks, therefore lists of male persons who turned 20 years old in the next year, with information about the composition of their families, were deposited in the volost government. Family lists are stored in regional archives (funds of resettlement departments, volost boards, class institutions, city councils, treasury chambers, bourgeois elders, district zemstvo chiefs). Once compiled, the family list was supplemented with new information over the years, and when making new amendments became difficult, a new one was created. Therefore, in the collections of volost boards you can find 3-4 family lists. The family list form, printed in a typographical manner, had 11 columns. The first column indicated the family number in order, the second - the family number according to the latest revision tale. Columns 3–8 were filled in with information about the male part of the family: the third column - nickname (or surname), name and patronymic of the head of the family and the names of his sons, grandchildren, brothers and sons who lived together. Columns 4–6 showed the age of men (year, month and birthday) - as of January 1 of the current year. The seventh column included information about the year in which the family member died, the name and number of years of the newly born person. The eighth indicated the beginning of entry into active service, its end, transfer to the reserve, etc. The ninth column indicated the names and patronymics of wives (who is the husband) and the names of daughters. The tenth column indicated the facts of marriage and death of women. For example, “Family list of persons called up for active service in 1902 (Zagarskaya volost)”:

The general problems of peasant life are reflected in the books recording volost and rural verdicts. The verdicts of volost and village assemblies contain information on the selection of volost and rural officials: desiatsky (rural police), volost elders, village elders, firefighters, clerks. They can be signed by participants in the gatherings, and sometimes contain voting sheets with the names of voters and those elected and the number of votes received. The verdicts of village assemblies and decisions of the volost government on the construction of public buildings in the volost, the fight against epidemics, etc. were deposited in the funds of the volost boards.

Unfortunately, the funds of many volost boards are missing; perhaps some of them were destroyed, and some were sold, as evidenced by the “files on the sale of archival documents” stored in the funds of some volost boards.

For example, in the fund of the Shcherbininsky volost administration there is kept the “Case of the sale of old archival materials... and an inventory of these materials.”

From the document it follows that “the Vyatka Provincial Peasant Affairs Presence, in resolving the issue raised by some volost boards about the sale of old archival files, notified the Vyatka World Congress that the archival files and books of the volost boards ... from 1770 to 1857 cannot be sold without exception and should be... sorted by family by volost boards under the supervision of a peace mediator... who should determine which of the files can be left for storage and which are destroyed...". “As a result of this, according to the resolution of the world congress,” the peace mediator of the 1st section of the Vyatka district of the Vyatka province ordered the volost boards “entrusted to the 1st section to oblige the volost clerks to start sorting out archival files and books... and then draw up inventories of those that will be subject to destruction, submit them to preliminary review."

Such an “inventory of affairs and books” was compiled by the Shcherbininsky volost government and presented to the peace mediator on December 23, 1868 under No. 1114. It included 1370 documents “from 1761 to 1857...”. Here are some of them:

The Shcherbininsky volost administration was entrusted with files and books “for references and guidance that may be found, 143 copies in total, to immediately select and store in the archives of the board... For the sale of the remaining files and books, appoint a legal auction, with rebidding...”.

The volost government sent out announcements with the following content to other boards of the Vyatka district: “The Shcherbininsky volost government announces that in the presence of this board on May 19, an auction has been scheduled with a legalized re-auction in 3 days for the sale of old archival files and books... those wishing to buy the said files and books have come to the local volost government on the dates specified above with cash. The sale of documents and books will be carried out non-retail, as if according to the needs of everyone who wants to buy them ... ".

It follows from the trade act that the auction took place on May 19, 1869. State peasants of the Shcherbininsky volost Dorofey Andreev Timin, Yakov Klimontov Klabukov, Leonty Efimov Klabukov came to the auction.

On May 23, 1869, a rebidding took place. It was attended by state peasants of the Shcherbininsky volost Polikarp Emelyanov Klabukov, Nikolai Ivanov Timin, Vyatka merchants of the 2nd guild Pyotr Vasilyevich Altsybeev and Alexander Vasiliev Bashmakov, “at the re-auction he presented each with 5 rubles in silver.”

The mediator approved the sale of “archival files and books to the peasant Nikolai Timin, “from the price given to him at the auction at 84 kopecks per pood.” “The paper turned out to be 26 poods 20 pounds for 22 rubles 26 kopecks.”

From the proceeds, the volost government was allowed to buy “three chairs, but so that they were made in the most durable way and upholstered in good leather...”.

The fund of another, Palnichny, volost administration contains the file “On the sale of archival files from 1887 to 1900.”

It shows that on June 12, 1917, members of this volost board wrote to the Vyatka district commissioner: “On September 12, 1915... the volost board presented to the Zemsky chief of the 6th section of the Vyatka district a register of archival files from 1887 to 1900, subject to destruction, to authorize the sale in accordance with the circular of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of April 21, 1903, No. 12. 1 ½ years have already passed since the submission of the register and the submission has not received any progress. The cases for the period indicated above are completely unnecessary and in view of the imminent introduction of the volost zemstvo, they will only burden and take up time for transfer ... ". On July 24, 1917, the Vyatka district commissioner allowed “to destroy the files, preserving the files” shown for preservation. On July 25, 1917, members of the Palnichny volost board decided to schedule an auction for the sale of archival files on August 6.

886 cases were put up for sale. Of these, 27 cases were subject to preservation. On July 25, 1917, the volost board sent notices of sale to nine nearby volost boards. But the auction scheduled for August 6, 1917 did not take place “due to the non-appearance of those willing to buy.” Secondary trading was scheduled for August 27.

From the sales sheet “for the sale of archival files...” it is clear that two persons came to the auction - Konstantin Stepanov Yuzhanin and Ivan Lukin Chetverikov, who initially offered a price for all “archival files from 1887 to 1900” at 10 and 12 rubles, respectively. During the auction, the highest price was offered by Konstantin Stepanov Yuzhanin - 71 rubles 50 kopecks.

Of the proceeds from the sale of archival files, 20 rubles were given as a reward to the volost clerk Mokhov, and the remaining 51 rubles 50 kopecks were credited to the income of the volost.

In 1917, the affairs of the volost boards were transferred for storage to the volost zemstvo councils, as evidenced by the “acts of transfer” of archival documents. The volost boards themselves were liquidated by the resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of December 30, 1917 “On Local Government Bodies.”

Thus, the documents of the funds of the volost boards of the State Archives of the Kirov Region contain extensive information about the life, fate, property and social status of our ancestors: books for registering transactions and contracts, spiritual wills, books for recording certificates of trade and crafts give an idea of ​​the economic potential of a peasant family , “inventories and valuation information for industrial establishments”, documents “on secular quitrent (income) items”, lists of landowners, owners of real estate of the volost, documents on the allocation of estates for the maintenance of new buildings and their correct construction, lists of owners of horses, livestock, “tables of detailed calculation of lands owned by state peasants”, etc. Books for registering decisions of the volost court, books for recording fine amounts make it possible to identify and study the category of the population prone to offenses and the nature of offenses. Books of recording oral complaints, “registers of persons who have not been to confession”, lists of the schismatic population, files “about commoners” and other documents stored in the funds of volost boards make it possible to study the mentality of the peasantry, presenting the diversity of peasant positions in relation to labor and property (your own, relatives and neighbors), mutual assistance between relatives, relationships of friendship and neighborhood, the prevalence of theft, sabotage, hooliganism and robbery, intra-family conflict relations, attitudes towards the Church, authorities, the prevalence of literacy among the population, etc. Conscription files contain lists of conscripts (general by volost or systematized by village) indicating the surname, first name and patronymic of the conscript, his date of birth or age, religion, occupation, degree of literacy, marital status, all male family members and their ages, information about being on trial or under investigation. Some files on military conscription contain responses from various village boards and parishes to requests from the volost board regarding conscripts who are on the volost list, but actually live outside their communities or are evading military service and were wanted. Others have also been deposited in the funds of the volost boards documents on the performance of military service by residents of the volosts. These are verdicts from gatherings, notices of those killed and missing on the fronts of the First World War, lists and materials on examining the situation of military families, statements for the issuance of benefits, etc.

Sources

1. Antonov D.N., Antonova I.A. Sources of genealogical reconstructions of peasant families (using the example of Yasnaya Polyana) // http://liber.rsuh.ru.
2. Eremyan V.V., Fedorov M.V. Local self-government in Russia of the XII – XX centuries. – M.: New Lawyer, 1998.
3. GAKO. F. 599. Op. 1. D. 261. L. 4 vol. - 5.
4. GAKO. F. 611. Op. 1. D. 521. L. 5.
5. GAKO. F. 606. Op. 2. D. 13.
6. GAKO. F. 611. Op. 1. D. 64.
7. GAKO. F. 593. Op. 1. D. 4. L. 57.
8. GAKO. F. 593. Op. 1. D. 104.
9. GAKO. F. 593. Op. 1. D. 23. L. 45 vol. – 47.
10. GAKO. F. 593. Op. 1. D. 63. L. 12 vol. - 13.
11. GAKO. F. 593. Op. 1. D. 123. l. thirty.
12. GAKO. F. 593. Op. 1. D. 82. L. 50 – 51.
13. GAKO. F.R. 1294. Op. 1. D. 96. L. 22 vol. – 23.

Russian legislation of the X-XX centuries. - vol. T.7.: Documents of peasant reform. Rep. ed. O.I.Chistyakov. - M.: Legal literature, 1989.

Eremyan V.V., Fedorov M.V. Local self-government in Russia of the 12th–20th centuries. – M.: New Lawyer, 1998.

Material from Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia

volost government- a collegial body of elected officials that governs the volost, administrative unit peasant self-government in the Russian Empire.

The volost government was not elected, but was a collection of persons personally selected for their positions. The board consisted of the volost elder and all village elders of the volost, as well as tax collectors - assistant elders (where such positions existed). If it was inconvenient for the elders to participate in board meetings, the volost assembly could elect assessors to replace them.

The volost government was responsible for a very limited range of affairs:

• Production, from volost funds, of all kinds of monetary expenses already approved by the volost assembly;
• Hiring and dismissal of hired volost officials;
• Sale of peasants’ property based on claims and demands, if this is not the responsibility of other authorities.

The volost administration performed some simplified notarial functions, namely, it kept a book of contracts, where peasants could voluntarily enter transactions between themselves for an amount of no more than 300 rubles, and also registered the wills of peasants.

The volost government in the form described was established by the “General Regulations on Peasants Emerging from Serfdom” dated February 19, 1861, and did not undergo changes until 1917. The responsibilities of the volost government were the same wherever there were peasants as a class, regardless of whether provincial institutions, zemstvo institutions and zemstvo chiefs were introduced in these areas.

In reality, volost boards rarely (or never) met, and real power in the volost belonged to the volost elder and the clerk.

see also

Literature

• General provision on peasants// Code of Laws of the Russian Empire. - (unofficial edition). - 1912. - T. IX, appendix. - P. 1-82.
• Volchkov V.

6 funds, 561 units. archive, 1816–1919, inventory

Established in accordance with the Decree “On the division of state-owned villages into volosts and on the procedure for their internal management” of August 7, 1797. They were an advisory body under the volost elder. They collected peasant debts in favor of the treasury and private individuals, hired and fired hired officials, served as notary institutions in the village, and managed funds. They were elected by the volost assembly. The composition included the volost foreman, village elders or assistants to the volost foreman. They acted under the supervision of zemstvo police officers, controlled by peace intermediaries, since 1880 - by district presences for peasant affairs, since 1893 - by zemstvo chiefs. Abolished in 1917 by the Provisional Government in connection with the creation of volost zemstvos.

Belikulsky volost administration; With. Belikulskoye, Shadrinsky district, Perm province

F. I-138, 5 units. chronicle, 1890–1912, op. 1

Brodokalmak volost government; With. Brodokalmakskoye, Shadrinsky district, Perm province

F. I-140, 9 units. chronicle, 1816–1858, op. 1

Bulzinsky volost administration; With. Bulzinskoye, Ekaterinburg district, Perm province

F. I-141, 1 unit. chronicle, 1892, op. 1

Ognevsky volost administration; With. Ognevskoye, Ekaterinburg district, Perm province

F. I-150, 1 unit. chronicle, 1891, op. 1

Russian-Techensky volost government; With. Techenskoye, Shadrinsk district, Perm province

F. I-145, 89 units. chronicle, 1880–1919, op. 1

Until 1906, the volost was called Techensko-Russkaya.

Ust-Karabol volost administration; With. Ust-Karabolskoye, Shadrinsk district, Perm province

F. I-125, 456 units. chronicle, 1856–1916, op. 12

• Instructions of provincial and district institutions (form I-125, 1870–1877, 1880–1887, 1890–1915).
• Books of recording verdicts of volost, village assemblies (f. I-125, 1872, 1880–1893, 1897–1911, 1916), orders, resolutions of elders, decisions of volost boards and courts (f. I-125, 1881–1918 .; f. I-145, 1880–1918).
• Statistical reports, information, statements on the number of residents of the volost, their religion, nationality and class affiliation (f. I-125, 1882, 1883, 1886–1888, 1896–1899; f. I-145, 1915, 1916 .), on compulsory education, on the birth and death of children (form I-125, 1876, 1877, 1915), on the collection of salaries, taxes and duties (form I-125, 1872, 1873, 1879–1881 , 1893–1906, 1910–1915), on the number of churches, industrial establishments, rural societies and villages, public grain warehouses (f. I-125, 1876, 1894–1899, 1909, 1910), on the grain harvest and hay collection (form I-125, 1869, 1870, 1879, 1906–1909), on the condition and quantity of grain and food supplies, livestock, land (form I-125, 1868, 1869, 1873–1880 , 1890, 1891, 1899–1909).
• Correspondence with the peace mediator, district police officers, volost boards (1867–1899, 1903–1912), the Perm Treasury Chamber (1896, 1899) (f. I-125).
• Lists (including expanded ones) of residents of villages (1869–1878, 1884–1892, 1904–1911). Lists settlements, establishments, public and private buildings (1869–1878, 1884–1892, 1904–1911) (f. I-125).
• Books of accounting for the income and expenditure of peasant worldly reserve capital, grain reserves, sums of money, worldly fees (f. I-125, 1880–1890, 1901–1906, 1912, 1913; f. I-145, 1893–1898, 1902 gg.).
• Journal of inspection of trade and industrial enterprises, personal trade activities (f. I-125, 1890–1916).
• Revision tales (f. I-140, 1816, 1850, 1858).
• Ownership records for land with. Belikulsky, village. Shurankul (f. I-138, 1890), p. Techensky, village Beloyarskaya (f. I-145, 1890), village. Slobodchikova (f. I-150, 1891).
• Documents (acts, decisions, resolutions) on the activities of the volost court (form I-125, 1906, 1911, 1912).
• Criminal and civil cases on accusations and prosecution of peasants, on claims of peasants (f. I-125, 1894–1909).
• Desk registers of volost courts (f. I-125, 1903–1910).
• Decree Governing Senate on the conduct of the first general population census (form I-125, 1896). Circulars of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (f. I-125, 1874–1878, 1900–1902, 1911–1915).
• Journals of the meetings of the Perm provincial presence on peasant affairs (f. I-125, 1867–1876).

volost government, will perform in Russia. body of peasant government in volosts (see Local government). Established for all categories of peasantry during Peasant reform 1861 acc. with the “General Regulations on Peasants Emerging from Serfdom” dated February 19. 1861 (originally introduced in 1797 to manage appanage peasants, in 1838 - state peasants). Included in V.p. The volost foreman and clerk entered and sat down. elders appointed by the volost assembly, 1-2 special assessors, tax collectors, etc. It was headed by the vol. foreman (elected by the volost for a period of 3 years). It was subordinate to the peace intermediaries, from 1874 to the district presences for peasant affairs (see Provincial presences for peasant affairs), from 1889 to the zemstvo district commanders. It had to meet at least once a week (on Sundays or holidays). It was endowed with administrative and household services. (reception and dismissal of vol. officials and employees for hire, supervision of the execution of vol. and zemstvo duties, expenditure of funds approved by the vol. assembly, control over vol. property, issuance of passports, etc.), fiscal (collection of taxes, vol. and zemstvo taxes, etc.), court and police. (assisting the protection of public order, the activities of volost courts, etc.) and other powers (registered transactions and agreements not exceeding 300 rubles, collected statistical materials, etc.).

In the Orenburg province and Ufa province V.p. introduced by decree of March 18, 1866. They were subordinate to peace mediators, from 1877 - to district presences for peasant affairs (according to the decree of June 6, 1877 “On the abolition of the positions of peace mediators in the provinces of Astrakhan, Orenburg and Ufa"), from 1894 - to zemstvo district chiefs (according to Decree of June 6, 1894 “On the implementation of the laws of July 12, 1889 on the transformation of peasant and judicial institutions in the provinces of Astrakhan, Olonets, Orenburg and Ufa”). According to the “Regulations on the Bashkirs” of May 14, 1863 and the law “On the transfer of control of the Bashkirs from the military to the civil department” of July 2, 1865, volosts were created. (yurt) boards. Led by oxen. (yurt) foreman, they included ox. clerk, sat down. headmen, special assessors, tax collectors, messengers, etc. Personnel V.p. often remained unchanged and consisted of the most. wealthy, respected peasants, due to the lack of literate people, oxen played a major role. clerks (especially in rural societies with a non-Russian population). The boards distributed and collected oxen. taxes, miscellaneous taxes and arrears on them, paid insurance payments (to victims of fires, floods, etc.); supervised the execution of orders. and zemstvo duties, incl. military, by order of the Vol. lands, spending approved vol. collection of funds, controlled volost grain stores, schools and colleges, property (mills, markets, etc.), guardianship of orphans and the elderly; kept records of the admission and dismissal of oxen. officials, employees, sales of peasant property for collection by the treasury or a private person; assisted in the consideration of land and property. and other disputes in Vol. courts, development of cooperatives, police activities to protect communities. order, etc. V.p. registered the decisions of the Vol. gathering and ox. courts, transactions and agreements; issued passports, received and issued correspondence, and sold postage stamps; had its own premises, incl. to contain troublemakers; assisted in collecting statistics. materials (data on the number of inhabitants, state of land use, number of crops, productivity, etc.) for provinces, district and zemstvo institutions (see Zemstvo statistics), etc. Main. functions V.p. passed in 1917 to the Vol. zemstvos, then to the vol. will perform committees (see Soviet power).