A concise summary of whether good manners are necessary. Presentation on the topic: “There are many books about “good manners”. These books explain how to behave in society, at a party and at home, with elders and younger ones, how to speak and how to dress.” Download for free and without register

There are many books about "good manners". These books explain how to behave in society, at a party and at home, with elders and younger ones, how to speak and how to dress. But people usually don't get much out of these books. This happens, I think, because books about good manners rarely explain why good manners are needed. There are many books about good manners. But people usually don't get much out of these books because they rarely explain why good manners are necessary.

What is the basic guide to acquiring good manners? Is this a simple collection of “recipes” for behavior? At the heart of all good manners lies one concern - that a person does not interfere with another, so that everyone feels good together. Why are “recipes” of behavior needed? At the heart of all good manners lies one concern - that a person does not interfere with another.

We must be able to not interfere with each other. Therefore, there is no need to make noise. Therefore, there is no need to slurp, loudly put your fork on your plate, or speak loudly at dinner. There is no need to talk with your mouth full so that your neighbors do not have concerns. And you don’t need to put your elbows on the table - again, so as not to disturb your neighbor. It is necessary to be neatly dressed because this shows respect for others: it should not be disgusting to look at you.

As you can see, there is a deep meaning in the so-called good manners. And you need to cultivate not so much manners as what is expressed in them - a caring attitude towards people and nature. You don’t need to memorize hundreds of rules, but remember one thing – the need to respect others. And then manners will come to you, the memory of the rules of good behavior, the desire and ability to apply them will come.

There are many books about good manners. But people usually don't get much out of these books because they rarely explain why good manners are necessary. Why are “recipes” of behavior needed? At the heart of all good manners lies one concern - that a person does not interfere with another. To learn not to disturb each other, you don’t need to make noise, slurp, speak loudly at dinner, or put your elbows on the table; you need to be neatly dressed. Good manners have a deep meaning - caring for people and nature. You don’t need to memorize hundreds of rules, but remember one thing – the need to respect others. Then you will have the desire and ability to apply the rules of good behavior.

EXCEPTION of repetitions; one or more of the synonyms; individual members of a sentence, some homogeneous members of a sentence; clarifying and explanatory structures; introductory words(some, not all!); sentence fragment; one or more sentences: omission of sentences containing secondary facts; skipping sentences with descriptions and reasoning; reducing a complex sentence by using a less essential part.

SIMPLIFICATION - merging several sentences into one; replacing a sentence or part of it with a demonstrative pronoun; replacement complex sentence simple / breaking a complex sentence into abbreviated simple ones; replacing a sentence fragment with a synonymous expression: converting direct speech into indirect speech; formation of complex (or simple with homogeneous members) sentences by merging two adjacent sentences talking about the same subject of speech.

EXCEPTION: supply level Reduction of individual terms of supply Placed in an absorption box, the coal absorbed the poisonous gas and released it fresh air, suitable for breathing. Placed in an absorption box, the coal absorbed the poisonous gas and released clean air.

Breaking down a complex sentence into abbreviated simple ones Let us bow to him, the man who grew bread, and let us be honest and conscientious before his great feat, great and modest at the same time; Before leaving the bakery with a loaf or a brick of warm bread, let us remember again and again with reverent heartfelt sympathy about the hands that sowed and grew this bread. Let us bow to the man who grew the bread, and let us be conscientious before his great and humble feat. Before leaving the bakery with a brick of warm bread, let us remember with heartfelt sympathy the hands that grew this bread.

EXCEPTION: sentence level Ellipsing / grammatical incompleteness The Russian expanses are wide. Coal, gold and copper are hidden in the depths. In one hand he held a fishing rod, and in the other he held a kukan with a fish. The Russian expanses are wide. In the depths there is coal, gold and copper. In one hand he held a fishing rod, and in the other - a kukan with a fish.

EXCEPTION: microtopic level Skipping sentences containing secondary facts It happens that on a frosty day, tits fly into open windows. Or in the canopy of houses. I tamed the tits that flew into my small house, and they quickly settled in it. It happens that on a frosty day, tits fly into open windows. I tamed the tits that flew into my small house, and they quickly settled in there.

GENERALIZATION OF SPECIFIC, SINGLE PHENOMENA SUPPLY LEVEL Geologists, engineers, technicians, and workers set out to storm the taiga in order to wrest from it the cherished secret of the Siberian platform - to find a diamond deposit and provide it with industry. People set out to storm the taiga in order to wrest from it the cherished secret of the Siberian platform - to find a diamond deposit and provide it with industry.

Not so long ago, scientists believed that success in life is directly related to our intellectual abilities. The more a person knows and can do, the greater the likelihood that he will achieve a lot in life. However, it turns out, as modern scientists say, a head filled with knowledge is not yet salvation from serious life failures and failures. The intellectual abilities and skills necessary for subsequent work are just the basis, the foundation. On this foundation, the building of professional success can only be built if a person has certain personal qualities. And one of these the most important qualities is the ability to understand others, feel their mood, and empathize with them. Psychologists have come to the conclusion that the perception of art, in particular, can help develop this ability. A person who receives pleasure from picturesque or sculptural images, feels the beauty of a poem or melody, feels the rhythm of a pattern - such a person is capable of what is necessary for life emotional experience. Through empathy, a person feels his involvement in those who live next to him and participates in what is happening around him. Therefore, having the ability to understand, feel and empathize, a person will be able to maintain harmonious relationships with the world, and therefore will be able to achieve success in this world.

Not so long ago it was believed that success in life directly depends on our intellectual abilities, knowledge and skills. Now scientists are coming to the conclusion that intellectual luggage is a necessary, but not sufficient condition for achieving success. To succeed, a person, among other things, must have the ability to understand others, feel their mood, and empathize with them. This ability can be developed, in particular, through the perception of art. A person capable of emotional experience will be able to maintain harmonious relationships with the world, and therefore will be able to achieve success in it.

Sections: Russian language

Goal: preparing students for the State Examination, the Unified State Exam.

Training in text compression techniques.

There are three methods of text compression known in science:

1. Exception,
2. Generalization
3. Simplification.

I. Exception details, details, specific examples, numerical data, author's explanations, digressions, etc.

The object of compression and abbreviation during abstracting can be not only the information itself, but also the linguistic form of its presentation. In other words, without shortening a thought, you can shorten its recording

II. Generalization several homogeneous small (private, isolated) issues. In this case, the student must first find these homogeneous particular facts in the text, isolate what is common in them, and then select the linguistic form of their generalized transmission, that is, reformulate the thought in his own words.

III. Simplification (Simplify the content of a paragraph of text; transform complex sentences into simple ones.)

The choice of one compression method or another depends on the characteristics of a particular text.

What tasks and exercises, in my opinion, help develop the skills of condensing secondary information and highlighting the main one, as well as reformulating it in a generalized form?

Forms of work:

1. Highlight support words in a sentence.
2. Transform difficult sentence into simplicity, maintaining its essence.
3. Compose a supporting phrase for a paragraph of the text you read, which would be the key to understanding it.
4. Concisely state the content of a sentence, paragraph, text.
5. Read the sentences in which the detailing words are underlined, first in full, and then without them, compare their meaning.
6. Underline words in the text that can be omitted without affecting the content.
7. Highlight the semantic parts in the text. In each part, identify the main idea. Give each part a title. Formulate main idea the entire text.
8. Do the following work with the text:
   a) make a plan for it;
   b) select the most significant information in the text and write it down in accordance with the plan.

Open lesson in 6th grade.

Subject: Text. Text compression techniques. Preparing for a condensed presentation

The purpose of the lesson:

1. create an algorithm for writing a concise presentation;
2. continue work on developing skills in text analysis, highlighting main and secondary information in the text;
3. prepare students to write a concise summary;
4. moral education students (why do we need good manners?)

Equipment:

1. Didactic material (text of presentation - 1 copy for each student)
2. Dictionary S. Ozhegova.
3. Memo “Text compression techniques.”

During the classes

1. The teacher's word.

Today we will prepare to write a concise summary.

How do you understand this term? (The content of the text is reproduced briefly and generally. Everything without which the text remains understandable and integral is excluded.)

We continue our conversation on key concepts, without which it is impossible to complete this work. You probably already guessed what concepts we are talking about.

Name them. (Text, microtheme, main idea, plan)

What is text? (These are two or more sentences related in meaning, as well as using linguistic means, and arranged in a certain sequence.)

Name the main features of the text. (Coherence, unity, integrity, completeness.)

What is a microtheme? (This is what is said in a certain section of the text.)

2. Explanation of new material.

1. What do you know about the author of this text?
2. Reading the text by Academician D.I. Likhachev.
3. Text analysis.

- What is this text about? Determine its main idea. (Why are good manners necessary?)

- How can you title it? (Why are good manners necessary?)

– What style can this text be classified as? Prove your opinion.

What type of speech is this text? Prove (reasoning).

We must reproduce the content of this text concisely.

Here are some reminders: Text compression techniques:

1. Exception(everything without which the text remains understandable and integral is excluded);
2. Generalization(reformulate the thought in your own words);
3. Simplification(excluding repetitions, replacing complex syntactic structures with simple ones).

Read the 1st paragraph of the text.

What micro-theme can be identified in it? (What are good manners for?) Is this paragraph important to the topic?

What text compression technique can be used. Emphasize keywords.

How can you title the first point of the plan?

1. Why are good manners needed?

Look at the 2nd, 3rd paragraphs.

Is it possible to combine them? Why? (General micro-topic.) Underline the key words.

What text compression technique can be used. (Generalization.)

How can you title the 2nd point of the plan?

2. What is the basis of the “recipes” of behavior?

Reading the 4th paragraph Look through it, highlight the key words, underline it with a pencil.

What micro-theme can we highlight? What text compression method can we use? (Simplification.). How are the sentences in this paragraph connected? (Chain connection, you can remove lexical repetition.) How can you title point 3 of the plan?

3. We must be able to not interfere with each other:

a) don't make noise
b) slurp
c) speak loudly at the table
d) put your elbows on the table

Look at the 5th, 6th paragraphs. Can we combine them? (Yes, a general micro-topic.) What text compression technique can we use? (A combination of exclusion and generalization.) How can you title the 4th point of the plan?

4. The most important rule to remember.

Likhachev puts his appeal to young people in the form of a letter; the text is appealing in nature, it is convincing and emotional. Language means characteristic of journalistic speech are used: rhetorical questions (they do not require an answer, their task is to draw our attention to the problem under discussion), lexical repetitions, inversion (this is why you need to be neatly dressed).

Read the condensed version of the text. What conclusion can you draw for yourself?

Express your attitude to the problem raised in the text.

How to avoid speech repetitions?

- Good manners.
– Recipes for behavior.
– Rules of good behavior.

ETIQUETTE, (working with a dictionary).

The next stage of work. Spelling and punctuation analysis of text.

1. What spellings may cause difficulties?
2. Punctograms?

(Books about good manners rarely explain why good manners are necessary. The reason to be neatly dressed is because it shows respect for others.)

Lesson summary. What's happened summary? What text compression techniques can you use?

On house: write a concise summary.

Modern social stereotypes show that etiquette no longer matters. That good behavior has lost its value. However, the rules speech etiquette, cultural behavior and manners never go out of style.

Etiquette, like all other types of cultural behavior, develops in accordance with modern requirements. Without it, members of society would show too much impatience and disrespect for each other. This would lead to insults, dishonesty, fraud, intolerance on the roads, fist fights, duplicity among people, and a whole host of other unpleasant incidents. Today we will talk about the importance of the rules of speech etiquette in society.

Definition of the concept - etiquette

Etiquette is simply a set of guidelines for politeness and good manners and kindness. With which we should always treat each other. It will always matter!

What is etiquette?

Etiquette, the complex network of rules that govern good behavior and our social and business interactions, is always evolving and changing as society changes.

It reflects our cultural norms, generally accepted ethical codes. And also the rules of the various groups to which we belong. It helps us show respect to others. And it makes those around us happy that we are with them. Without proper manners and etiquette, the customs of polite society will soon disappear. And we will act more like animals and less like people. Aggression and the “every man for himself” attitude will become dominant. In earlier times, etiquette rules were used for two purposes. To remind people of their own status in society and to reinforce certain restrictions on people.

The history of the rules of etiquette

During the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, etiquette dictated everything. From how low a man of lower rank had to bow to a man of higher rank. Before how long a man had to court a woman before two could get married. Even the way a person mourned was strictly regulated by the rules of etiquette. Until the onset civil war in Russia. After this, widows had to dress in “mourning clothes.” Or completely in black clothes and a veil for a whole year after the death of her husband. These types of rules in earlier societies were usually determined by the ruling classes. Because they set a goal to make the life of society as safe as possible.

Of course, strictly enforced rules of etiquette had to do with how one showed respect for the king and his high-ranking officials such as dukes and princes. This strengthened their authority. Etiquette rules regarding marriage, mourning and others important events in life, largely apply only to ruling classes or rich. Peasants and workers, if they followed the rules of etiquette relating to respect for their master, did not have to follow the formal rules of courtship. They tended to base their own courtship "rules" on good manners and common sense.

Over the centuries, as society became increasingly democratic, etiquette became an excellent combination of good manners, common sense and rules of conduct. Which, in turn, reflected the cultural norms and rules of our society as a whole. And not just one separate group inside it. This is not so much due to fashion this moment or with the one in power, but with peace and an ethical code of conduct.

Rules of speech etiquette in modern society

Today's etiquette performs several important functions:

1. Etiquette ensures personal safety. Knowing how to handle a given situation makes you more confident.
2. He protects the feelings of others. The rules of speech etiquette require you to respect the opinion of the other interlocutor.
3. This makes communication clearer. Etiquette simplifies communication by breaking down barriers rather than erecting them.
4. Using speech etiquette at work increases your status among your colleagues. In any work situation, you are perceived as more capable, more professional, and more intelligent. If you are familiar with the proper code of conduct in the workplace.
5. This makes a good first impression. The first five to seven seconds after meeting someone are critical. Your first impression remains in the other person's mind long after you've left. If you use proper speech etiquette, this first impression will be positive.

Society and our culture are changing so quickly now that the rules of speech etiquette are difficult to follow. Once a book of etiquette is published, it develops new form communication. Or the new dating style becomes more and more ardent. And someone announces last book etiquette is “hopelessly outdated.” Keep in mind that etiquette should be a guideline, not a set of strict rules set in stone.

These guidelines are developed using common sense, a sense of fairness, courtesy and, above all, consideration of others. If you allow consideration for others to be your final arbiter. You will be on your way to becoming the kind of polite person who instinctively understands the rules of speech etiquette.

Rules of speech etiquette in family relationships

The reason many young people today know little about speech etiquette is because they never learned it at home. Parents no longer teach etiquette directly to children and teenagers.

If you're reading this to learn more about proper manners and how to practice etiquette in public, it's best to start practicing it in private. It's difficult to only turn on good behavior when you feel like you "have to." In fact, we shouldn't act on our best behavior when we meet people we barely know or want to impress. Our best behavior should be for the people we love: our friends and family.

Therefore, adhere to the highest rules of speech etiquette at home. Be polite and kind to your spouse, your parents, and especially your children. So that they learn by example how to treat other people correctly. If they grow up with speech etiquette ingrained in them, it will be easier for them to form lasting relationships. Also, excel in your work and move through life with ease.

You will also find that speech etiquette becomes second nature to you rather than a set of rules. And yours own life will be more enjoyable.

People respond positively to those who are kind to them and treat them with respect.

General rules of politeness in society

Common rules of politeness are endless little gestures that we make almost unconsciously as we move through the day. When we go to work and go through our day. We communicate with bus drivers, waiters, people on the street and many others.

How we interact with the people around us can impact their day and ours. One should never forget the common courtesy of life. If you have a busy schedule, a grueling day at work, or one of your children is sick, you may have a lot of thoughts that put you in a bad mood. People around you may feel just as unhappy. But you don't necessarily want their suffering to fall on you.

You should not burden other people with your sorrows and misfortunes.

Instead, take the time to be polite. Even when you feel like you would like to be rude to someone. Other people will feel better, just like you.

Rules of speech etiquette on the road

Don't act like you're the only person on the sidewalk or road. And don't assume you have the right of way in every situation. Etiquette requires defensive driving and concern for the safety of others in any situation. Pedestrians should never cross traffic at traffic lights. This implies that you are above the law and do not care about drivers on the road.

Any time you are riding public transport and see someone who may not be comfortable standing for any length of time, offer that person your seat. This applies to pregnant women and the elderly. Also anyone who is on crutches, disabled or blind.

Don't let your belongings interfere with other people's personal space. If you sit in public transport with shopping bags, briefcases, do not place them on the seat next to you. And don't place them in an aisle where others might trip over them. You can put them under the seat or on your lap. Otherwise, hold everything as tightly as possible to the sides.

Remember that buses and other transportation services are for everyone, not for your personal transportation.

Services and places you visit

During the day, you can visit many places, from restaurants to dry cleaners. Treat every person you meet with the same respect, no matter where they work. Days of politeness resulting from life path recipient, are long gone.

First, you have no way of knowing if the person behind the counter is a recent graduate high school or doctor nuclear physics. The world is changing rapidly and very few people are working in their chosen field. On the other hand, everyone deserves courtesy and respect for doing their job. There is no shameful job.

At a dry cleaner or any other service where you pick up items left for cleaning or repair, try getting a ticket or receipt. Yes, the employee can find your name, but it will take longer and complicate the situation. The receipt was given to you for a reason and the staff will appreciate it.

When a salesperson helps you, make sure you are clear about what you want and ask for help with kindness. Don't be patronizing or demanding. Remember that the person is helping you and sincerely thanking you.

If you have to stand in front of others to take your seats in a theater, look at people's faces, not at the stage or movie screen. They'd rather see your face than your back. Don't forget to apologize for the inconvenience caused.

Restaurant staff

Restaurant servers are some of the most abused people in the service world, which is a real shame. These workers stand on their feet for hours, serving several tables at the same time. Most of the time, they remember the menu of their establishments and also know the special features of each day.

They keep track of all orders and check regularly to make sure customers have everything they need. They refill drinks and generally try to keep customers happy. And they do all this for minimum wage. They rely on advice for most of their income. Therefore, they make every effort to please their customers. Proper etiquette requires that you make the servers' lives as pleasant and easy as possible by knowing how to properly interact with them.

1. Give your staff your full attention when he or she speaks. And don't engage in conversation while others at your table are ordering. It's rude and makes it difficult for your wait staff to hear clearly in a noisy restaurant.
2. Listen carefully as he or she reviews specials and answers any questions so your group doesn't have to ask for a lot of repetition.
3. If your waiter introduces himself to you by name, use that person's name when addressing him or her.
4. It is not the waiter's fault if your order is prepared incorrectly; he didn't prepare it. Keep this in mind when you ask the waiter to send it back to the kitchen.
5. Never raise your voice, even if you are unhappy with your service. There is no reason to create a scene or publicly humiliate your service staff. You can politely state your opinion by speaking to him or her in an appropriate tone. If you cannot reach a satisfactory resolution, ask to speak to a manager.

The sound of silence

It seems that one of the most often ignored rules of etiquette today is the rule that everyone deserves a little peace and quiet. The old saying that “Silence is golden” is still true, but people are increasingly ignoring it in subways, parks, restaurants and even work spaces. The person sitting next to you or across from you doesn't want to forcefully hold hostage all the sounds you may be listening to or making.

Keep these etiquette tips in mind to respect the “sound space” of others.

1. Do not use your MP3 player at such a volume that it can be heard beyond the range of your headphones when you are in in public places. The reason the device has headphones is to make listening a personal affair.
2. Remember that while you may think your kids' endless chatter is adorable, most strangers won't. They have no vested interest in your children and may take advantage of the free moments on the train to take a short nap. Keep your children involved in quiet conversation or activity.
3. Conversations on mobile phone should be kept to a minimum. Nobody wants to hear intimate details of your life anymore.
4. On tours, such as museums, do not engage in conversation with your companion while the guide is speaking. The person not only disrespects management. But it also prevents loved ones from focusing on what they are trying to hear.
5. In movie theaters, do not talk or comment during the show. No one paid to hear your opinion or comment. This includes everything you would like to say during movie previews. Although you may not be interested previews, others may really want to see them. During breaks, conversations should be kept fairly quiet. So that others cannot hear what you say if they are not the interlocutors.

Subtleties of speech etiquette

An etiquette guide cannot resolve every possible intricacy that you will encounter in the course of your life. There are countless situations in life where you will have the opportunity to practice small courtesies. Which will reveal your true character. Every small action can make someone's life a little better. And that person can pass it on to someone else. So take the time to show kindness to strangers.

How? Open the door for someone tired from work. Hold the elevator for whoever is running to catch it. Ask for forgiveness from everyone you encounter. Offer your place in line to someone with a few items. Help a colleague who is behind on a project.

If we use the rules of speech etiquette, we will make the world around us much nicer and kinder.

Preview:

MAOU Galchinskaya secondary school

Project

Topic: “How to prepare for an essay-reasoning”

Completed by: Russian language teacher

and literature

Zaitseva S.S.

Domodedovo 2012

Introduction.

Stages of work on an essay - reasoning.

Working with text when writing an argumentative essay.

Conclusion.

Bibliography.

Introduction.

Subject: How to prepare for an essay – argument.

Relevance: The work contains theoretical information and practical recommendations to prepare for completing the task with a detailed answer to part C of the single state exam in the Russian language (composition - reasoning). Detailed analysis The presented student work will allow us to identify and systematize problem areas in preparing students for Part C.

Target: To develop the knowledge, skills and abilities necessary for a student to successfully pass the Unified State Exam.

An object: Educational – methodological manuals to prepare for an argumentative essay.

Hypothesis: Part C assignment is a task with a detailed answer and is an essay-reasoning based on the text read. It is this task that tests the state of graduates’ practical skills (their mastery of monologue speech, the ability to argue their point of view) and the general state of their culture, which requires certain preparation from them.

Research objectives:

1.research of educational and methodological material to prepare for an argumentative essay;

2. study of the stages of work on an essay-reasoning;

3. study of language analysis of the source text;

4.studying the analysis and evaluation of an essay-reasoning.

Theoretical significance:This work will allow graduates to systematize knowledge and skills in preparation for an argumentative essay.

Practical significance:This work will be of interest not only to the teacher, but also to high school students and their parents.

Methods: 1) theoretical method;

2) method of analysis;

3) practical method.

Stages of working on an argumentative essay.

The ways of forming and developing the main idea of ​​a text depend on the type of speech used in it. Traditionally, there are three main semantic types of speech: narration, description, reasoning.

Reasoning – This is a verbal presentation, explanation, confirmation of any thought. The task of reasoning is to consider the most important properties of objects and phenomena and establish cause-and-effect relationships between them.

The text - reasoning should consist of three parts:

Thesis (what is being proven or explained; the main idea that requires proof or explanation);

Evidence (arguments, arguments, justification, explanation, i.e. judgments that confirm the truth of the thesis);

Conclusion

A similar structure occurs in a complete argument; in an abbreviated argument, either the conclusion is omitted; or a thesis, because they are similar in content (a conclusion is a proven thesis; a conclusion expands the meaning of the thesis).

Reasoning differs from description and narration primarily in longer, complex sentences (with isolated phrases, different types union and non-union connection) and the abstract nature of the vocabulary, i.e. words denoting abstract concepts (the narrative is dominated by words denoting specific objects and phenomena):

Where to start talking about Russia? For me, a Russian, this is not easy: big things are seen from a distance.

Russia is great. On its territory you can accommodate thirty Frances or almost two Chinas. I remember school teacher He said: the sun even needs ten hours to reach Moscow from the Bering Strait.

Maybe we should start the conversation with how different Russia is? This is the treeless, completely frozen tundra in the Far North, and the dense taiga in Siberia; these are the mountains of the Urals and Transbaikalia, and the expanse of wheat fields of the Don and Kuban; these are millionaire cities and tiny villages that have never heard a locomotive whistle (According to B. Korotkov).

Almost all texts with other types of speech (narration, description) provide material for writing an argumentative essay. In order to write an essay of this kind, different types texts, you must first highlight the main idea that the author is trying to convey to the reader.

Remember! Types of speech can be distinguished by questions: the narration is posed with the question what happened?, the description is what?, the reasoning is why?

The main idea of ​​a narrative text, a descriptive text, is carried out by the author for a specific purpose, therefore the element of causality is undoubtedly present in these texts.

Text-narration

Lebedin's fidelity

The sun rose higher and higher above the bay, erasing the shadows.

The huntsman said:

“The snow-white swan fell into the reeds, not yet understanding what happened to him, he tried to fly into blue sky. (4) His right wing hung lifeless. (5) The poacher deprived the bird of its most precious flight. (6) The swan lay motionless in the reeds. (7) His girlfriend, white swan , was worried. (8) The bird uttered an alarming, guttural cry. (9) The flock has already left the peninsula and flew further to the north. (10) I didn’t want to fall behind, but you can’t leave a friend in trouble. (11) And then she approached and began to carefully pluck his feathers.

(12) I sailed into the bay early in the morning. (13) The swan took off and began to spin around anxiously. (14) I decided to examine the reeds. (15) Here I found a shot down bird. (16) He left the swan in a safe place, brought medicine and bandaged the wounded wing. (17) The next day I appeared again on the small island. (18) I walked around it and made sure there were no predators. (19) “What should we call you? – I thought. “The swan will now be Lotus, and the swan will be Lily.”

(20) I swam to the swan island for the whole month. (21) The lotus became cheerful and greeted me with a guttural cry. (22) One day, when I came to the hut, I saw an egg lying in the nest that had been built. (23) The swan swam up to my boat and took food from my hands. (24) I knew that Lotus would never have to fly: the wing was broken.

(25) Autumn has come. (26) Two more young swans swam in the place with Lotus and Lily. (27) And at this time the birds began to fly away. (28) Farewell voices were heard in the sky all night. (29) Lily listened to them anxiously.

(30) Before my eyes, the children of Lotus and Lily took off, joined the flock and flew to distant lands. (31) The Swan was worried, but soon swam up to the Lotus and began to preen its feathers. (32) Her whole appearance said: “Let our children fly away to warmer lands for the winter. And we’re doing well here too.”

(33) And soon the swan song reached me. (34) The handsome Lotus sang it. (35) No, this was not a farewell song - a hymn to life!

(K. Khromov)

The main idea allows you to ask the question why? – “Why does the author believe that the Lotus song is not a farewell song, but a hymn to life. This question may form the basisthesis (1) Proof (2)is a description of what happened to Lotus and how his faithful friend helped him in misfortune.

Conclusion (3) may be equal to a thesis.

Description text

First frost.

The night passed under a large, clear moon, and by morning the first frost had settled.

Everything was gray, but the puddles did not freeze. (3) When the sun appeared and warmed up, the trees and grass were bathed in such heavy dew, the spruce branches looked out from the dark forest with such luminous patterns that the diamonds of our entire land would not have been enough for this decoration.

(4) The queen, the pine tree, sparkling from top to bottom, was especially beautiful. (5) Joy jumped like a young dog in my chest.

(M. Prishvin)

The main idea of ​​the text allows you to ask the question why? - “Why did the first frosty day evoke such violent joy in the author’s chest?” This question may form the basis thesis. Proofserves to describe the picture of a frosty winter day. Conclusion may be equal to thesis.

Text - reasoning

(1)What is beauty? (2) Do we perceive beauty in the same way? (3) Is it possible to appreciate beauty? (4) Do ideas about beauty change over time?

(5) We often call beautiful what corresponds to the norms and ideals of our time. (6) Each era has its own ideals and fashion. (7) But there is imperishable, enduring beauty, to which humanity will certainly return. (8) We will never cease to be pleased with the proportions of the Parthenon, the harmony and unity with nature of the Church of the Intercession on the Nerl... (9) I am upset every time I hear the phrase: “There are no comrades for the taste and color...” (10) Just the opposite - you are surprised how many people have the same appreciation for beauty.

The main idea can form the basis thesis : True beauty is perceived equally.ProofThe author’s reasoning about the incorruptibility of true beauty, despite many factors associated with ideals and fashion, can serve.

Ways to connect parts of reasoning.

In reasoning, a question is often used to move from thesis to proof. Why?, particle after all and such constructions as: and that's why; this can be proven as follows; let's prove it; this is easy to verify; and this is understandable.

The conclusion is connected with the evidence most often through introductory words: so, thus, etc., words and combinations; therefore, that's why...; sentences like: Let's summarize everything said above. Let's summarize. From everything said above it follows that, etc.

Many other introductory words and combinations can also indicate the connection and sequence of thoughts. For example, firstly, secondly, finally, for example, let's say, let's propose, so, therefore, therefore, etc.

Another combination of parts of the argument is possible: without conjunctions, without introductory words, only according to meaning.

Ways to connect sentences in a text.

When constructing a proof, you should remember that each sentence must be related to the previous one. Only in this case can we talk about logic and consistency of reasoning. This connection of sentences can be done using

Lexical repetition

Personal pronoun

Synonym

Antonyma

Of the opposing union

Particles

Adverbs

Demonstrative pronoun

Pronouns with preposition

Possessive pronoun

Similar words. There may be cases when not one means of communication is used, but several.

WORKING WITH THE TEXT WHEN WRITING AN ESSAY-REASONING.

Text.

(1) Are good manners necessary? (2) The latest machines could calculate how much it costs the country bad mood, irritability generated by the rude and even unkind behavior of people, and tell us sensational figures. (3) A person who feels calm and comfortable in the company of his fellow citizens is many times more efficient and enterprising than one who must always, every minute, be on alert to prevent undeserved insult, rudeness and rudeness. (4) In my opinion, good manners are a manifestation of inner delicacy and culture, a necessary attribute healthy image life.

(5) But often the most good people offend their loved ones. (6) And this usually happens without any malicious intent, without the intention to offend, humiliate, insult, but simply due to oversight, thoughtlessness, inattention. (7) These good people, often busy with big and important things, did not find time to think through the form of their behavior, did not develop those simple and useful rules with the help of which you can improve the mood of the entire team, make life more pleasant, and your nerves healthier.

(8) Every young person should draw two very important conclusions. (9) First: a kind attitude towards others does not require large expenses and does not exhaust a person. (10) This is, in the full sense of the word, a free addition to life, and later, when it becomes a habit, it is done automatically and does not lose its beneficial effect. (11) Second: a person who has learned to treat his neighbors well not only brings joy to them, but also receives enormous pleasure from such behavior.

(12) Therefore, good manners and properly developed behavior are not only a person’s great contribution to society. (13) This deposit brings the investor himself the most valuable income in the world - a good mood and an optimistic mood.

(According to N. Akimov)

In order to write an essay-argument on this text, you need to do the following work:

See how this idea is expressed in the text. Convert Special attention to those sentences where it is most clearly expressed. In our text these are sentences (3), (4), (11), (12), (13);

They should be read again to formulate a thesis, which might sound something like this:“Good manners need to be acquired not only in order to be considered a well-mannered person. N. Akimov claims that “correctly developed behavior” improves the life of both the individual and the entire society.”

As evidence, you can rely on the proposals already listed (see above):"And that's why. Firstly, according to N. Akimov, a person living in a team of well-mannered people feels much more productive, because he does not have to waste time repelling aggression from colleagues. Secondly, good manners and good manners contribute to a healthy lifestyle. Thirdly, a person with good manners brings joy not only to those around him. He himself gets great pleasure from it, being in a good mood.”

Conclusion to the first part of the essay.A person lives in a society, therefore, knowledge of etiquette is a contribution that undoubtedly improves both the life of one person and society as a whole.

To convey the main idea and convey it to the readerthe author uses such means of expression, as synonyms and gradation. Synonyms (“And this usually happenswithout any intent, without the intention to offend, humiliate, insult, and so simply - due to oversight, thoughtlessness, inattention ") is used by the author for greater expression, since it does not allow a more complete determination of the properties and nature of the subject of the story. All synonyms are built on the principle of ascending gradation (“...to prevent undeserved insult, rudeness and rudeness "), which allows the author to show a negative attitude towards the consequences associated with ignorance or ignorance of etiquette.

Next you should write your agreement/disagreement with the author, which can be expressed as follows:I agree (agree) with the author’s opinion that knowledge of etiquette has social significance. It’s unpleasant if they try to insult you, if they talk to you rudely. The result is a ruined mood, a ruined day. And this in no way contributes to a healthy lifestyle.

Read the lines in italics - and you will see an example essay-reasoning on the given text, which meets the criteria of the Unified State Exam.

Conclusion.

The most important condition for successfully writing an argumentative essay based on a read text is an understanding of the source text, an adequate perception of its topic, the problems raised by the author, and the author’s position.

Before writing your own text, clarify your intention and your attitude to the position of the author of the text. If you share this position, select examples - evidence to support your chosen position. If not, then arguments that will allow you to object to the author.

Think over the composition and speech format of your essay. Remember that you are writing an essay, not a presentation. Your text should be an interpretation of the issues raised in the source text, their interpretation. The author's thoughts can be briefly conveyed, retold, quoted, indicated by reference to sentence numbers in the text, or indicated when presenting your own point of view. Arguing own attitude(own position), the writer must not only agree or disagree with the author of the original text, but also convincingly argue his opinion.

When conveying the author’s position on a particular issue, try not to distort the original information, follow the course of the author’s thoughts and not go beyond the scope of the issue under discussion. You cannot replace the facts cited by the author with others - this will be considered the most serious mistake.

When working on an essay, remember that poor speech, that is, speech limited by the volume of vocabulary, imprecise word usage, and syntactic monotony, reduces the impression of the work and can lead to a lower grade for it. Use a variety of syntactic constructions, try to use words in accordance with their meaning and lexical compatibility.

List of used literature

Gvozdev A.N. Essays on the stylistics of the Russian language. M., 1965.

Golub I.B. Exercises on the stylistics of the Russian language. M., 1997.

Golub I.B., Rosenthal D.E. Interesting style. M., 1988; They are. A book about good speech. M., 1997

Golub I.B. Grammatical stylistics of the modern Russian language. M., 1987

Gorbanevsky M.V., Karaulov Yu.N., Shaklein V.M. Don't speak in rough language. M., 1999. pp. 171-174.

Gorbachevich K.S. Norms of modern Russian literary language. M., 1989.

Graudina L.K. Issues of normalization of the Russian language. Grammar and variations.

Ippolitova N.A. Culture of Russian speech. M., Flinta, 2004.

Kapinos V.I. , Puchkova L.I., Tsybulko I.P., Gosteva Yu.N. Guidelines for assessing tasks with a detailed answer: Russian language. – M.: “Unicum-Center”, 2004, 2005.

Kapinos V.I. , Puchkova L.I., Tsybulko I.P., Gosteva Yu.N., Vasiliev I.P., Lvov V.V., Lvova S.I. Materials for independent work experts in assessing tasks with a detailed answer: Russian language. –M.: “Unicum-Center”, 2004, 2005.

Kozhina M.N. Stylistics of the Russian language. 3rd edition. M., 1993.

The culture of Russian speech and the effectiveness of communication. M., 1996

Rosenthal D.E. A culture of speech. M., 1960; It's him. Practical stylistics of the Russian language. M., 1985.

Rosenthal D.E. Handbook of spelling and literary editing. M., 1997.

Ruzavin G.I. Logic and argumentation. M., 1997.

Russian language of the late twentieth century. M., 1996.

Senkevich M.P. Culture of radio and television speech, M., 1987.

Skovorodnikov A.P. On the state of speech culture in Russian media mass media(experience of describing typical violations of literary and linguistic norms) // Theoretical and applied aspects verbal communication. Scientific method. Bull. No. 3. Krasnoyarsk, 1998.

We all want to have many friends, be liked by the people around us, and make a good impression on them. And for this it is not at all important to have external beauty, to be beautifully and fashionably dressed. Just as the main thing is not the ability to tell many interesting stories, anecdotes, etc. The art of pleasing people is embedded somewhere within ourselves and it is developed over the years and hard work. “Treat others the way you would like others to treat you,” they say wise people. And this is the basic rule that everyone who wants to be a welcome guest in any company, in any home, must follow.

The ability to treat people favorably plays a very important role, of course. important role in the life of every person. But in the art of communication there is very great importance has the ability to behave correctly. “Virtue itself can offend if it is combined with repulsive manners,” argued N.V. Shelgunov. You may not have a great mind, not have any unique abilities, not be very sociable, not particularly beautiful, but at the same time arouse the sympathy of others. F. Chesterfield said: “If you find that, imperceptibly for yourself, you have become imbued with sympathy for a person who has neither high merits nor any outstanding talents, think about it and see why exactly this person made such a good impression on you, and you will see that this is pleasant manners, courtesy and the ability to behave.” Usually people like those who show sincere attention to them, know how to listen, understand, sympathize or rejoice with them. Each of us experiences such a need for the attention of others. Therefore, if you want to be loved, to be treated attentively, love, appreciate those around you, be kind to them, show sincere concern for their troubles and joys. But always observe moderation, because in the life of every person there are moments when he wants to be left alone, so that his too active attention is not imposed on him. The ability to discern, understand where the border between attention and obsession lies, a sense of tact is one of the main characteristics of a polite person.

Probably, each of us has noticed more than once that the same actions under different circumstances, in different conditions, towards different people may look and feel completely different. What is accepted and even welcomed in one case may well become the subject of condemnation in another. But there are general rules good upbringing, which always and for all occasions of life remain unchanged. These are, for example, such as a friendly attitude towards all people without exception. You should never deliberately form a negative opinion about a person, think that there is more bad than good in him. All people are different - and someone may not like us at first sight either. You also cannot burden those around you with your own worries, or shift part of your work onto others - they have their own needs, responsibilities, affairs, and this must be constantly remembered. Therefore, we should also not take away a lot of time from a person for communication without asking in advance whether we are taking him away from important matters or even just from relaxation. Help given to you should be accepted with gratitude, but you should not demand or expect constant “good deeds” from others. It is considered bad form to flaunt one's virtues. No matter how proud you are of your achievements, talents, knowledge, appearance, etc., you should never brag about them to others. If these advantages are real, they will definitely be noticed. And modesty and the ability to remain silent about one’s own merits will multiply these merits many times over. It is not without reason that they say that modesty adorns a person. That is why you should not often talk about yourself, about affairs, events, incidents that are important only for yourself, because they may be uninteresting and unimportant for others. If a person wants you to share your joy or sorrows with him, if he decides to take part in your fate, he will definitely say so himself or make it clear in some other way. Otherwise, you need to limit yourself to just mentioning what worries you or what happened in your life. Conversely, you should never try too hard to force the other person to talk about something they don’t want to talk about. Not every person feels the need to discuss their personal affairs with strangers - even with their best friends. You need to remember this constantly. You can't try to give advice to others all the time - especially in the presence of other people. If someone really cares about your opinion, they will ask about it.

If you think that your advice will be useful, express it unobtrusively, once and in private. Because any remark made among people can be perceived as a reproach. Refusing another person's request is bad. But in the lives of each of us there are circumstances when, for objective reasons, we cannot give consent. In these cases, the refusal must be polite and accompanied by a sincere explanation of the reasons. This list could go on for quite a long time. The art of etiquette - whole science, which must be approached with all seriousness and responsibility.

Of course, many of us are familiar with the basic rules of behavior in society. But not everyone knows how to use them - either from reluctance, or from the inability to correctly assess the situation, or simply because of their own selfishness. After all, the main thing in the art of communicating with people is attention to them, and many of us think about ourselves first. And then they get offended and wonder why others don’t want to communicate with them. N.V. Shelgunov wrote: “Many are impolite not because they want to be so, but because they do not know how to act better; many seem cruel, focused and proud, when in essence they are only shy.” Of course, shyness is not a vice. But people who are truly valued in society are people who are open, ready to express their opinions, listen to others, and communicate. A shy person strives to avoid awkward situations, is afraid of appearing not in the best light, of being wrong. We can say that in this way he is trying to protect himself from minor inconveniences. But T. Jefferson argued: “Politeness is the habit of sacrificing small conveniences.” R. Emerson wrote about the same thing: “Good manners consist of small self-sacrifices.” So, if you want to please people, you need to be able to overcome your shyness and be open in communication.

There is an opinion that politeness is only external, ostentatious. “There is no good in your soul - at least gain a good appearance,” says the Indian proverb. But I can't agree with this. It seems to me that it is impossible to teach good manners to an angry, selfish, rude, vain, arrogant, envious person. All these shortcomings will certainly manifest themselves, and false, sophisticated courtesy, not coming from the heart, can only alienate others from such a person. After all, good manners are designed to decorate and emphasize our virtues, and not to cover our shortcomings with a mask of decency.

“Rules of conduct are the translation of virtue into a public language,” argued F. Bacon. “Virtue and wisdom without knowledge of the rules of conduct are like foreign languages, because they are then generally not understood.” Therefore, learn good manners so that others understand you, see and appreciate your merits, and feel sincere sympathy for you!

Essay on the topic: WHY ARE GOOD MANNERS NEEDED

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