Lesson plan school is our second home. "Our school is our second home." Exercise "Collect a proverb"
The childhood life of Nikolenka Irtenyev, the main character of the story, is shrouded in an atmosphere of high poetry, a bright and joyful worldview. The first-person narrative gives the style of the work features of pronounced lyricism and deep subjectivity. “The matured and matured Nikolenka talks about his early childhood with that feeling of tenderness, close to delight, which is also constantly present in all the writer’s memories of his childhood years.” The speech of the hero of the story merges with the speech of the author.
The hero’s manner of communication with other characters, as well as internal monologues, can tell the reader a lot about his character.
Who is Nikolenka Irtenev in the story “Childhood”? Just recently he “turned ten years old.” He often spoke “in a quiet, trembling voice, ... afraid not so much of what he said, but of what he intended to say.”
His imagination often carried him far, he often "reasoned with himself."
In early childhood, Nikolenka, like all children, experiences an organic need for games, fun, and entertainment. And, like all children, he is inquisitive, inquisitive, treats animals, birds, and insects with affection and love. He is sensitive to manifestations of human kindness.
A. Ananyev notes: “The boy constantly shows a tendency to evaluate and analyze the actions and behavior of others and to self-analysis. He has an analytical mindset, from childhood he learns to separate his own and others’ feelings.” You can verify this by turning directly to the analysis of the speech and behavior of the main character of the story. Before us is the first chapter -"Teacher Karl Ivanovich"
. Mentor Karl Ivanovich, protecting Nikolenka's sleep, hit a paper cracker over his head, accidentally waking up his pupil. Nikolenka was offended and annoyed:
Here there is resentment towards the teacher, Nikolenka naively explains the feeling of being treated unfairly by the fact that he is small. But while the hero mentally expresses his resentment towards Karl Ivanovich, he said in a kind voice that it was time to get up and began to tickle his heels. And “here Tolstoy very accurately reproduces child psychology, the emotional reaction of the hero. In this regard, a rapid change of feelings and moods (from joy to grief and vice versa) is characteristic.”
“How kind he is and how he loves us, and I could think so badly of him!” .
We see that Nikolenka at first sharply condemns Karl Ivanovich, but after a few minutes she shows violent love for her teacher.
The hero felt very ashamed that a minute ago he did not love his mentor.
As for the character’s speech, you can notice that Nikolenka pronounces her internal monologues in Russian, but responds to Karl Ivanovich’s German greeting in German:
Ach, lassen Sie Ah, leave it (German)., Karl Ivanovich! - I screamed with tears in my eyes, sticking my head out from under the pillows.
That is, it is already possible to detect some knowledge of the hero in the field of the German language.
In the same chapter, the boy is upset because of an imaginary dream in which his mother died, but “the morning sun shone cheerfully through the windows,” and Volodya imitated his sister’s governess so funny that Nikolenka soon “was completely amused.”
However, in the hero’s story about the teacher, sadness, pity and sympathy are heard:
“It used to be that he wouldn’t notice me, but I would stand at the door and think: “Poor, poor old man! There are many of us, we play, we have fun, but he is alone, and no one will caress him. He says the truth that he is an orphan. And the story of his life is so terrible!" And it would become so pitiful that you would go up to him, take him by the hand and say: "Lieber Dear (German). Karl Ivanovich!
And again we see that Nikolenka thinks in Russian, but, remembering her address to Karl Ivanovich, even mentally pronounces it in German.
The main character sympathizes with his old teacher, he is attached to him, he is very sorry that he has to offend this man:
“It would be better to study forever and not leave, not part with mother and not offend poor Karl Ivanovich. He is already very unhappy!” (chapter "Dad") .
We see that Nikolenka is even ready to make a “sacrifice” for the sake of people close to him.
In the chapter "Classes" This episode is interesting. The main character, upset by the upcoming separation, was unable to utter a simple German phrase due to tears during an educational dialogue with the teacher. Further - worse. The boy made a lot of blots while writing penmanship.
“...I could no longer hold back my tears and from sobbing I could not say: “Haben Sie die Zeitung nicht gelesen?” Haven’t you read the newspapers? (German) When it came to penmanship, I made such blots from the tears falling on the paper, as if I was writing with water on wrapping paper."
This once again confirms the sensitive, vulnerable nature of the protagonist.
In the chapter "Childhood" the little boy's inner monologue also conveys the idea that he is ready to sacrifice something for the sake of happiness
Karl Ivanovich:
“God grant him happiness, give me the opportunity to help him, to ease his grief; I am ready to sacrifice everything for him.”
Finally, it should be mentioned that Nikolenka, who wrote poems for his grandmother, took the Russian-language poem of his teacher as a model. And, I must say, he surpassed him:
"We will try to console
And we love you like your own mother."
Thus, we see that when communicating with the teacher Nikolenka speaks Russian, sometimes inserting german words and phrases, that is, Karl Ivanovich for this child is not just a teacher, but also a friend.
The housekeeper Natalya Savishna played almost the decisive role in the boy’s moral development. A serf woman whose whole life was “pure, selfless love and selflessness.” “In everything she did,” notes A. B Tarasov, “in her attitude towards Nikolenka, his parents and other children there was so much kindness and spontaneity, love and honesty that Natalya Savishna invariably seemed to the boy to be an exceptional person of high dignity , some “rare, wonderful creature” that is worthy of “love and wonder.”
This man has an incomparable “strong and beneficial influence” on Nikolenka’s spiritual and moral life.
In the chapter "Natalia Savishna" The old woman punished the boy for ruining the tablecloth. And Nikolenka, angry at her for the punishment, became indignant.
“What!” I said to myself, walking around the hall and choking on tears. “Natalya Savishna, just Natalia, speaks you to me and also hits me in the face with a wet tablecloth, like a yard boy. No, this is terrible!"
And when Natalya Savishna, seeing how Nikolenka “drooled,” ran away, the hero, continuing to walk, talked about how to repay the impudent Natalya for the insult. His feeling of anger gave way to feelings of love and shame when Natalya Savishna a few minutes later came up to him with a cornet made of red paper, in which there were two caramels and one wine berry, and, holding it out with a trembling hand, said:
“Come on, my father, don’t cry... forgive me, you fool... I’m to blame... you’ll forgive me, my darling... here you go.”
“I didn’t have enough strength to look the kind old lady in the face; I turned away and accepted the gift, and the tears flowed even more abundantly, but no longer from anger, but from love and shame.”
This is how the boy evaluates his behavior. This episode indicates that Nikolenka’s attitude towards Natalya Savishna does not depend on the fact that she is a serf; in fact, he loves her very much.
In the chapter only with her does the hero find solace, discussing last minutes his mother's life. He feels the warmth emanating from the old woman.
“I listened to her with bated breath, and, although I did not fully understand what she was saying, I believed her completely.”
“Conversations with Natalya Savishna were repeated every day; her quiet tears and calm pious speeches brought me joy and relief.”
And in the chapter "Grief" Nikolenka really begins to understand that only she truly unselfishly loved Natalya Nikolaevna.
"That's who truly loved her!" - I thought, and I felt ashamed of myself.
After the death of Natalya Savishna, visiting the graves of her and her mother, Nikolenka thinks:
“Did Providence really only connect me with these two creatures in order to forever make me regret them?..” .
A chance meeting with the holy fool Grisha left a deep imprint on the boy’s soul. At the age of ten, Nikolenka had a chance to see how this mysterious man, a beggar, a homeless wanderer, with some kind of obsession, frantically and passionately prayed to God, and the boy was amazed by the power of these religious feelings, reaching the point of ecstasy. There was something mysterious and inexplicably attractive about the holy fool for the boy.
“A lot of water has passed under the bridge since then,” says the hero of the story, “many memories of the past have lost meaning for me and become vague dreams, even the wanderer Grisha has long since finished his last journey; but the impression he made on me, and the feeling that aroused, will never die in my memory" (chapter "Grisha") .
Nikolenka’s complex and spiritually rich personality is formed under the influence of diverse events, facts, and phenomena of reality. "On his character and moral character, on his behavior in Everyday life and his subsequent fate was influenced in different ways by parents and teachers, people and nature, the entire visible and imaginary world."
In the chapter "Childhood" Nikolenka’s feelings for his beloved mother are especially clearly manifested; her authority was infallible and sacred for him.
The addresses to her themselves contain words and expressions that allow us to understand the boy’s true feelings:
“Oh, dear, dear mother, how I love you!”
“Enough! And don’t say that, my darling, my darling!” - I scream, kissing her knees, and tears flow in streams from my eyes - tears of love and delight.
We, of course, can notice that the use of the words “darling”, “darling”, “sweetheart”, “darling”, “dear”, “dear”, “my friend”, “my angel” is typical for all members of the Irteniev family in communicating with each other, with loved ones, with servants.
Boundless love and tenderness for his mother are also heard in the hero’s internal monologues:
“You come upstairs and stand in front of the icons, in your cotton robe, what a wonderful feeling you experience, saying: “Oh, God, save daddy and mummy.”
In the chapter "Parting" the hero, describing his behavior, again shows us how important his mother is to him. Internal monologues in this case are the best speech characteristic.
“When I heard this voice, saw her trembling lips and eyes full of tears, I forgot about everything and I felt so sad, painful and scared that I would rather run away than say goodbye to her. I realized at that moment that, hugging her father, she was already saying goodbye to us."
"Should I look at her again or not?.. Well, last time“- I said to myself and leaned out of the stroller towards the porch.
“Dad sat next to me and didn’t say anything; I was choking on tears, and something was pressing in my throat so much that I was afraid to suffocate...”
Finally, after the death of Natalya Nikolaevna, Nikolenka feels some kind of inferiority in life:
“Maman was no longer there, but our life went on the same course... nothing in the house and in our way of life had changed; only she was not there... It seemed to me that after such a misfortune everything should have changed; our ordinary way of life seemed to me an insult to her memory and too vividly reminded her of her absence" (chapter "Last Sad Memories"). .
Communicating with peers main character He also shows sincere feelings for them and does not try to hide it. He experiences his first love for Katya, the daughter of governess Mimi, and cannot resist kissing her shoulder (chapter "Something like first love"):
"Bent over the worm, Katenka made this very movement, and at the same time the wind lifted the scarf from her little white neck. During this movement, the shoulder was two fingers from my lips. I was no longer looking at the worm, I looked and looked and with all my might forcefully kissed Katenka’s shoulder... I didn’t take my eyes off Katenka. I had long been accustomed to her fresh, fair face and always loved it, but now I began to look at it more closely and fell in love even more.”
In the chapter "Grisha" the hero also feels sympathy for Katenka, he kisses her hand, and at the most unexpected moment:
“Someone took my hand and said in a whisper: “Whose hand is this?” It was completely dark in the closet; but by one touch and a voice that whispered right in my ear, I immediately recognized Katenka. Completely unconsciously, I grabbed her hand in short sleeves by the elbow and pressed his lips to her. Katenka was probably surprised by this act and pulled her hand away: with this movement she pushed the broken chair that stood in the closet. .
You can note that here the boy uses words with diminutive suffixes (“Katenka”, “shoulder”, “face”, “neck”, “kerchief”, “sleeve”, etc.), as if emphasizing the girl’s diminutiveness and special sympathy for her.
In Moscow, Nikolenka already liked another girl - a little guest named Sonechka Valakhina. Describing the appearance of this girl, the hero also uses words with diminutive suffixes, including adjectives:
"...from the muffled person came a wonderful twelve-year-old girl in a short open muslin dress, white pantaloons and tiny black shoes. There was a black velvet ribbon on her white neck; her head was covered in dark blond curls, which in front went so well with her beautiful face , and from behind - to bare shoulders...
The striking feature of her face was the extraordinary size of her bulging, half-closed eyes, which made a strange but pleasant contrast with her tiny mouth. Her lips were pursed, and her eyes looked so seriously that the general expression of her face was one from which you would not expect a smile, and the smile of which is all the more charming" (chapter "Guests Are Gathering") .
In the second paragraph of the girl's description, the main character's use of neutral words and words with diminutive suffixes creates a peculiar contrast: “on the one hand, a miniature beautiful girl again appears before us, on the other, Nikolenka admires this girl, and to some extent exalts her.”
It must be said that in noble families speaking French was common. The children were educated at home and studied foreign languages, studied music, dance, good manners. They could even address each other as “you.” Therefore, the hero, in order not to fall face first in front of Sonechka, begins the conversation in French:
Vous etes une habitante de Moscow? Do you live in Moscow permanently? (French)- I told her and after an affirmative answer I continued: - Et moi je n "ai encore jamais frequente la capitale And I have never visited the capital before (French)., - counting especially on the effect of the word "frequenter" to visit (French).(chapter "Before the Mazurka") .
However, after that Nikolenka was no longer able to continue the conversation in this spirit, and then Sonechka, like any spontaneous child, asked in Russian: “Where did you find such a hilarious glove?” And this time the boy childishly explained its origin. After the quadrille, Sonechka said “merci” in French.
In the chapter "After the Mazurka" A Russian-language dialogue took place between the children, at the end of which the girl suggested that the hero switch to “you,” but Nikolenka never had the courage to do this:
You know what? - Sonechka suddenly said, “I always talk to some of the boys who come to visit us You; let's talk to you too You. Want? - she added, shaking her head and looking me straight in the eyes.
At this time we entered the hall, and another, live part of the Grosfater began
- “Come on...those,” I said at a time when the music and noise could drown out my words.
- - Let's You“Don’t let me,” Sonechka corrected and laughed.
Grosfater ended, and I didn’t have time to say a single phrase with You, although he never stopped coming up with ones in which this pronoun would be repeated several times. I didn't have the courage to do it. .
Thus, we see that Nikolenka’s behavior and speech manner towards girls characterize him as a “shy, vulnerable and sensitive boy.”
The protagonist is childishly enthusiastic about Seryozha Ivin and regrets that, by trying to “imitate the big ones,” children are depriving themselves of “the pure pleasures of tender childish affection.”
“Not only did I not dare to kiss him, which I sometimes really wanted to do, to take his hand, to say how glad I was to see him, but I did not even dare to call him Seryozha, and certainly Sergei: that was the way it was with us. Every expression of sensitivity proved childishness and the fact that the one who allowed himself to be boy" (chapter "Ivins") .
We see that, imitating the other boys in their “adulthood,” Nikolenka cannot even name his idol the way he wants.
It also needs to be said that the main character is offended by his brother Volodya because he sometimes demonstrates his superiority and treats Nikolenka like a little one.
“Volodya was noticeably self-important: he must have been proud that he had arrived on a hunting horse, and pretended to be very tired.”
“Really, I don’t want to [play] - it’s boring!” - Volodya said, stretching and at the same time smiling smugly (chapter "Games").
“Volodya, without raising his head, said contemptuously: “What kind of tenderness?” (chapter "Something like first love")
- - What a fool! - he said, smiling...
- - Nonsense! - I shouted from under the pillows.
- “You don’t understand anything,” Volodya said contemptuously.
- “No, I understand, but you don’t understand and are talking nonsense,” I said through tears.
- - But there’s no need to cry. A real girl! (chapter "In bed") .
In the last dialogue we even see that Nikolenka’s brother’s speech is replete with rude expressions. And the last phrase is perceived by both the hero and the readers as an insult: after all, it was addressed to a boy, and besides, he was also easily vulnerable, sensitive and mentally delicate. Therefore, Nikolenka’s resentment can be understood.
In the chapter "Ivins" the hero condemns himself and the guys for laughing at others, humiliating them. Here is an example of Nikolenka’s internal monologue, where he recalls with a feeling of deep regret his attitude towards Ilenka Grap, the son of a poor foreigner, a thin boy who seemed to him “a despicable creature who was not worth regretting or even thinking about”:
“I absolutely cannot explain to myself the cruelty of my act. How did I not go up to him, protect and console him? Where has the feeling of compassion gone, which made me cry bitterly at the sight of a little jackdaw thrown out of the nest or a puppy being carried to throw over the fence, or a chicken carried by a cook for soup? wonderful feeling Was it drowned out in me by love for Seryozha and the desire to appear to him as good as he was? This love and desire to appear young were unenviable! They produced the only dark spots on the pages of my childhood memories"
“Nikolenka’s desire to analyze his actions, his behavior, his desire not to repeat what he will later condemn himself for is amazing,” writes Ts. I. Green.
We have already noticed that when talking with someone, talking about someone, the main character uses words with diminutive suffixes. He calls the girls “sister Lyubochka”, “Katenka”, “Sonechka”, Natalya Savishna - “old lady” (see examples above), the dog - “Darling”. His surrounding objects are “armchair”, “table”, “gazebo”, “box”, “box”. If he describes someone's appearance, he calls the face "little face", lips "sponges", neck "neck", shoulder "shoulder", hair "hairs". Those around them are dressed in “dresses”, “kerchiefs”, “hats”, “stockings” (see examples above).
“Darling,” I said, caressing her and kissing her face, “we are leaving today; goodbye! We will never see each other again” (chapter "Dad").
“Having run to your fill, you used to sit at the tea table, on your high armchair...” (chapter "Childhood").
“Karl Ivanovich had a box of his product in his hands...” (chapter "Poetry") .
This boy’s speech style can be explained, perhaps, by the fact that everything around him educates and teaches him.
The main character's language is characterized to a greater extent by the presence of soft and voiceless consonants. Nikolenka is internally drawn to her mother, unlike her older brother Volodya, and in his speech he, of course, imitates his mother. Moreover, as noted earlier, he affectionately calls all family members, even the dog (see examples above).
In the field of word formation, you can notice that Nikolenka often uses the prefix u- in her words, which has two meanings:
- 1) “move away; get rid of” (“I’ll run away”, “dodge”, “die”);
- 2) “strengthen something” (“I’ll kill”, “see you”, “surprise”).
And this, in our opinion, is not accidental and corresponds to the character of the main character.
“But at that very moment, as I spread my legs and was about to jump, the princess, hastily running around me, looked at my legs with an expression of dull curiosity and surprise. This look killed me” (chapter "Mazurka").
“...But if you knew how sorry I am (I wanted to say sad, but didn’t dare) that you will soon leave and we won’t see each other again” (chapter "After the Mazurka") .
In these examples we see that for Nikolenka the events happening to him are a real catastrophe, a tragedy. And here we can note the prefix y- in two meanings.
Also in the speech of the main character one can trace the use of common folk expressions and phraseological units (“alone,” “my dear,” “there were a lot of guests”) and the outdated conjunction “if” (in modern Russian “if”):
“There are many of us, we play, we have fun, but he is alone, and no one will caress him” (chapter Before us is the first chapter -).
“Enough! And don’t say that, my darling...” (chapter "Childhood").
“If we are going today, then there will probably be no classes...” (chapter "Dad") .
“The image of Nikolenka is also interesting because the author reproduces his internal monologues, of which there are a lot in the text,” says A. A. Bolshakova. We noticed that Nikolenka’s speech is often crumpled and timid, but her internal monologues are brighter, richer, more emotional. He constantly asks himself questions; lexicon much wider, many sentences, complex in structure:
“Suppose I’m small, but why does he bother me? Why doesn’t he kill the flies near Volodya’s bed? There are so many of them! No, Volodya is older than me; and I’m the least of all: that’s why he torments me. That’s all he thinks about all his life, how can I cause trouble" (chapter Before us is the first chapter -) .
In Nikolenka’s speech the interjection “ah” is often heard. This once again emphasizes his emotional, sensitive nature.
“Oh, dear, dear mother, how I love you!” (chapter "Childhood").
"Ach, lassen Sie Ah, leave it! (German)"Karl Ivanovich!" (chapter Before us is the first chapter -) .
We can also notice that in the speech of the main character, the category of state is most often found, which helps to convey his state of mind:
“After prayer, you used to wrap yourself in a blanket; your soul is light, bright and joyful...” (chapter "Childhood")
"The room is quiet..." (chapter Before us is the first chapter -) .
The genre approach to Nikolenka’s language allows us to indicate the following. In his speech, we can give priority to such genres as reasoning, repentance, gratitude, question:
“Poor, poor old man! There are many of us, we play, we have fun, but he is all alone...” (chapter Before us is the first chapter -)
"Hunting")
“How kind he is and how he loves us...” (chapter Before us is the first chapter -)
“But there won’t be a game, then what remains?..” (chapter "Games") .
His speech genres are always personality-oriented and lead to the harmonization of relationships when the interlocutor wants it.
Before completing the speech characterization of Nikolenka Irtenyev, it should be said that “the peculiarity of Tolstoy’s story is that he was able, on the one hand, to portray a child, reveal his inner experiences, and, thus, bring the child hero closer to the reader, and on the other hand on the other hand, at the same time analyze his actions, thoughts, feelings, i.e. convey child psychology." To realize such a complex idea, the writer chooses special form narratives. He uses a retrospective way of presenting the material. An adult remembers his childhood years: the atmosphere in which he grew up, the people who surrounded him. The text seems to combine two points of view on events: “then” (the time of development of the action) and “now” (the time of writing the memories), which is typical for memoirs. On the one hand, a child looks at the same events, and on the other, an adult. Nikolenka Irtenev turned out to be just such a hero.
Let's try to trace using means speech characteristics, where in the story the voice of little Nikolenka is heard, and where the narrator’s voice appears. The image of a ten-year-old boy is directly manifested in the hero’s direct speech, his actions, emotional reactions, and reasoning.
“Despite the fact that before us are the memories of an adult about his past, there are episodes in the text when the voice of a ten-year-old child sounds directly,” notes N. I. Romanova. Nikolenka enters into dialogue with other characters, he thinks a lot, thinks, analyzes, that’s why he appears the hero's inner speech. Let's give a few examples. In the chapter "Princess Kornakova" he reacts painfully to comments about his appearance:
“What did my cowlicks do to him... isn’t there another conversation?”
But Nikolenka justifies Seryozha Ivin’s cruel act:
“Yes, it’s true, Ilenka is nothing more than a crybaby, but Seryozha is a great guy... what a good guy he is!..” (chapter "Ivins") .
Many chapters reveal the image of the hero in actions, movements. Nikolenka behaves according to her age and her nature. He looks forward to lunch time as it means the end of classes; is dissatisfied with the fact that he is raised by Mimi, protecting the free expression of his nature; wants to impress with his horse riding; he enjoys an outdoor picnic because it goes beyond just hanging out; he is fascinated by children's games; Out of childish vanity, he hides the fact that his new suit is too tight; he does not like the “obnoxious shoes with bows” that prove that he is still a child; Nikolenka experiences great excitement during the hunt, not wanting to lose face when his father instructs him to catch a hare. This list of examples can be continued for a very long time. In all these episodes it is the child who acts.
“I watched with great impatience all the signs that proved the approach of dinner” (chapter "Classes").
“We went back together with the line. Volodya and I, wanting to surpass each other in the art of riding and youth, pranced around it” (chapter "Something like first love"). .
We already said earlier that Tolstoy very accurately reproduces the hero's emotional reaction, and gave examples (see above). Also interesting here is the episode where hunting is described (chapter "Hunting"). The hero cannot stay in nervous tension, and his thoughts quickly wander to another subject:
“Near the bare roots of the oak tree under which I was sitting, ants swarmed... I took a twig in my hands and blocked the road with it... I was distracted from these interesting observations by a butterfly with yellow wings...”.
In the chapter "Grisha" Nikolenka’s passionate interest in the holy fool’s prayer is described. “He watches him carefully, forgetting about everything that surrounds him. But soon the boy’s curiosity is satisfied, he is distracted by the noise of his comrades, and Nikolenka is already switching to another subject.”
“The feeling of tenderness with which I listened to Grisha could not last long, firstly, because my curiosity was saturated, and secondly, because I had served my life... and I wanted to join the general whispering and fuss..." .
In the chapter "Parting" the mood also changes several times. At first he is indifferent to leaving, he has only one desire - to hit the road as quickly as possible. But when Nikolenka sees his mother’s sadness, his mood changes sharply: he cries, “not thinking about anything except his grief.” However, road impressions quickly dispel his sad thoughts:
“Having driven about a mile away, I sat down more calmly and with persistent attention began to look at the nearest object in front of my eyes - the back of the harness, which ran from my side.”
Many of Nikolenka’s feelings are exaggerated. Disgrace at the mazurka is perceived as a disaster:
“Everyone despises me and will always despise me... the road to everything is closed to me: to friendship, love, honors... everything is lost!” (chapter "Mazurka")
It’s interesting that in a difficult moment for herself, Nikolenka remembers her mother (a completely childish reaction):
“If my mother were here, she wouldn’t blush for her Nikolenka...” (chapter "Mazurka")
The hero also exaggerates the significance of his failure in the hunting scene, when he misses the hare:
"Oh my God, what have I done!" (chapter "Hunting") .
Of course, the boy’s nature is clearly revealed here, who reacts painfully to many aspects of life, taking everything very close to his heart. “Volodya,” notes E. Yu. Kukushkina, “if he found himself in such a situation, he probably wouldn’t worry so much. But still, this is the reaction of a child, not an adult.” .
The text of the story often contains hero's reasoning, psychological reaction He is very understanding about events and people, but, as a rule, his motivations are naive. For example, “the hero believes that the most important issues are always resolved in his father’s office, explaining this by the fact that “everyone approached the office door, usually whispering and on tiptoe.”
In the chapter "Holy Fool" he reflects on Mimi's upbringing:
“What does she care about us!” you might think. “Let her teach her girls, and we have Karl Ivanovich for that.”
The image of the adult Irtenyev also manifests itself in several aspects: this speech phrases-signals, characteristics of oneself and others, phrases-comments, as if explaining everything that is happening.
“As I see now,” “I remember,” “it happened,” “so many memories of the past arise,” “much water has passed under the bridge since then,” etc. - such phrases introduce the voice of an adult into the text. Moreover, sometimes there is a clear contrast between “then” and “now”:
“When I now remember him [Ilenka Grapa], I find that he was a very helpful, quiet and kind boy; then he seemed to me such a despicable creature, about whom it was not worth either regretting or even thinking” (chapter "Ivins").
“Ever since I can remember, I remember Natalya Savishna, her love and caresses; but now I only know how to appreciate them...” (chapter "Natalia Savishna")
In some fragments of the text there is a clear hint of the future:
"This girl was La belle Flamande, about whom maman wrote and who later played such important role in the life of our entire family" (chapter "What awaited us in the village"). .
In the chapter that describes the departure of children ( "Parting"), the narrator’s voice is heard in a phrase where there is a clear allusion to the death of the mother:
“I realized at that moment that, hugging her father, she was already saying goodbye to us.”
These phrases are spoken by a person who has already experienced all these events and knows how it will all end.
I would like to note the following characteristics that relate directly to Nikolenka and which emphasize his young age:
“...I sat up in bed and began to pull the stockings over my small legs...” (chapter Before us is the first chapter -)
“Maman sat down at the piano, and we children brought papers, pencils, paints and settled down to draw near the round table” (chapter "Classes in the office and living room") .
“Throughout the entire story, the adult narrator gives his assessments of people. They can be detailed or, on the contrary, quite compressed, given as if in passing.” For example, a separate chapter is devoted to the father, in which he is assessed as an established personality, as a certain type of person (hence the title "What kind of man was my father?"):
“He was a man of the last century and had, common to the youth of that century, the elusive character of chivalry, enterprise, self-confidence, courtesy and revelry.
In the chapter "Natalia Savishna" tells in detail about the dramatic life of Natalya Savishna (obviously, the child could not know all the events). The portraits of Princess Kornakova and Prince Ivan Ivanovich are endowed with very vivid descriptions:
“The princess was a woman of about forty-five, small, frail, dry and bilious, with grey-green unpleasant eyes, the expression of which clearly contradicted her unnaturally tender mouth” (chapter "Princess Kornakova").
“He [Prince Ivan Ivanovich] was of small intelligence... well educated and well read...” (chapter "Prince Ivan Ivanovich") .
All these characters are looked at by an adult who notices the smallest character traits and gives deep assessments.
Commentary phrases may be very small fragments. When describing Nikolenka’s feelings for Sonechka, his fear of not liking her, the following line sounds:
“I did not understand that for the feeling of love that filled my soul with joy, one could demand even greater happiness...” (chapter "After the Mazurka") .
In the chapter where the death of Nikolenka’s mother is described ( "What awaited us in the village"), it talks about the smell of cologne and chamomile, which all his life reminded the hero of this terrible episode of death:
“This smell struck me so much that... my imagination instantly transports me to this gloomy, stuffy room and reproduces all the smallest details of the terrible moment.”
In the chapter "Last Sad Memories" a phrase is given that sums up the era of childhood:
“With the death of my mother, the happy time of childhood ended for me and a new era began - the era of adolescence.”
In some chapters of the story there are peculiar lyrical digressions. For example, chapter "Childhood" dedicated to this time. This is a poetic celebration of childhood, its purity and freshness:
“Happy, happy, irrevocable time of childhood! How can one not love, not cherish the memories of it?” .
“Before us,” notes K.V. Podartsev, speaking about this chapter, “there appears practically a poem in prose.”
And how can one not remember the narrator’s thoughts about a smile, which alone “consists of what is called the beauty of the face”; about vanity, which “is so firmly grafted into human nature that very rarely even the most intense grief drives it out”; about childhood cruelty that is difficult to explain; about why children deprive themselves of “the pure pleasures of tender childish affection just because of the strange desire to imitate their elders,” etc. (see examples above).
Thus, “in the story “Childhood” we have before us, as it were, two heroes: little Nikolenka and adult Nikolai Irtenyev.” The originality of the work lies precisely in the harmonious combination of two views. We see, on the one hand, how Nikolenka reacts to certain events, on the other hand, how an adult evaluates them. Moreover, “the image of the narrator does not cover the image of Nikolenka, he only explains what a ten-year-old boy could not see and understand.”
Observations of Nikolenka Irtenyev’s speech allow us to draw the following conclusions. Firstly, speech behavior The hero characterizes him as a very kind, loving person who wants everyone to be happy. Nikolenka does not divide those around him into people of his own circle and those not of his own; with the same sense of respect and love, he conveys his attitude towards loved ones, relatives, as well as towards the servants and the holy fool Grisha.
Secondly, through the character’s speech we saw that he differs from other children in that the need for the work of thought awakened in him early, he has an analytical mindset, his inner experiences are different great strength tension, deep emotionality.
Thirdly, his desire to analyze his behavior and actions helps him build relationships with people of different characters, different social backgrounds, helps him work on his shortcomings, and maintain the best spiritual qualities.
- creator of the story “Childhood”. The main character in it is Nikolenka Irtenev. The author introduces readers to the boy's early years, revealing the character's personality and worldview and assessing his actions. It is not without reason that the writer created such a touching image. The character's characteristics coincided with his personal character and biography.
Nikolenka Irtenev is among the curious young heroes, such as Ilyusha Snegirev, Kolya Krasotkin and.
History of creation
Tolstoy, like many writers, kept a diary. In it the Count wrote down thoughts, dreams, moral lessons that life presented to him. The writer was not always the same as readers remember. He acquired the image of a venerable old man preaching life in the world and love of God after many years of reflection and creativity. The story “Childhood,” published in 1852, became Tolstoy’s first work.
Nikolenka, or rather Nikolai Petrovich Irtenev, becomes the main actor the story and the trilogy to which it gave rise. The works “Childhood”, “Adolescence”, “Youth” describe the life of the hero. The character is autobiographical, and with his help Tolstoy answers questions that he repeatedly asked himself.
Illustration for Tolstoy's story "Childhood" Nikolenka is a representative of an aristocratic family. The child is 10 years old. He is a count, and his upbringing corresponds to the highest standards of secular society. The boy is looking for peace of mind and the meaning of life, developing as a person. His inner world is rich. He changed after the terrible event that befell the boy's family.
The narration is told in the first person. In this way, the author makes it possible to understand that the events discussed were important to him and taken from real life.
The story "Childhood"
The author introduces the main character in the very first lines of the story. The reader sees a sleeping boy, for whom his mentor tirelessly watches. The boy grows up in comfortable conditions. Despite the spoilage and quirks typical of a barchuk, he shows kindness of heart and tender feelings towards others. The story introduces the audience to the first years of Nikolenka’s life.
We get the opportunity to form an idea of the conditions in which a new generation of landowners and representatives of secular society was raised. The immorality and hypocrisy propagated in society are obvious in the example of a particular family.
Nikolenka Irtenev is not at all handsome. He has a large nose and plump lips, small eyes, and cowlicks sticking out at the back of his head. Appearance is important for a child, so he worries about shortcomings and often prays to God to send him beauty. Unpleasant traits are also noted by the adults around the child, even the closest person, the mother. She also talks about the boy’s spiritual beauty.
Nikolenka is distinguished by a quarrelsome character and a flaring feeling of envy, but the boy is gentle and affectionate with his loved ones, conscientious and kind to others. Positive features favor the hero. He is always ashamed of his misdeeds and wrong thoughts. Remorse and remorse that overtake a child become a punishment for him. And I want to believe that the boy will try to behave better. He is not faced with a choice of profession, but the boy makes the life choice that is available to the hero every day, relying on own feelings.
The contradictory personality of the main character is manifested in his actions and relationships with other characters in the story. The child studied at home. Nikolenka's mentor, a German who came to try his luck in Russia, evokes sympathy and pity in the boy.
Nikolenka wants to sacrifice for the sake of her beloved teacher, and he tries in every possible way to show his love. Sometimes he has breakdowns, and at such moments he gets angry and scolds at his older friend and teacher, is insolent and curses the German for a bad grade, a difficult exam or a reprimand. The boy is quickly overwhelmed by remorse, and he tries to obey.
Nikolenka’s character is also manifested in her friendship with Ilenka Grap, a sickly and modest peer from a failed family. Ilenka tolerated communication with the Irtenyevs, counting on subsequent patronage, and the master's children mocked the quiet boy and sometimes even beat him. He was brought to tears. This sin will torment Nikolenka’s soul for many years. He believed that he should have stood up for Ilenka, but he never did this, egged on by the older guys.
The main character, although distinguished by noble spiritual qualities, cannot hide his arrogance and arrogance. The boy understands perfectly well what status is expected for him, and what position Karl Ivanovich and. This could not be avoided, because from a young age the child heard that he was the master’s son. He realized that he was better than others due to his origin, and therefore worthy of respect. A sense of superiority in those years was instilled in children from an early age, so Nikolenka cannot be blamed for the formation of such a consciousness.
Trouble comes to any home. The death of the mother became a turning point in the child's life. His life was not as sweet as it seemed. The older brother mocked him, his friend, Dmitry Nekhlyudov, did not understand, his parents did not provide the necessary warmth and care, and the only bright image in his life was condemned to disappear. Nikolenka was not shy about his mother and loved her very much.
The main characters of the story "Childhood" He often spent time with her, so her responsiveness and kindness were passed on to him. Maman's death struck the child and caused him deep emotional trauma. Although he cried for her, feeling sorry for himself, showing selfishness and pride.
Tolstoy, using the example of Nikolenka Irtenyev, showed the formation inner world personality, described events that leave a mark on the soul and shape one’s outlook on life. Through the hero, he describes his own experiences and the path to the person he became at the time of writing the work.
Quotes
“I continued to cry, and the thought that my tears proved my sensitivity gave me pleasure and joy...”
“...I imagined that there was no happiness on earth for a person with such a wide nose, thick lips and small gray eyes as me...”
“...You used to remember about Karl Ivanovich and his bitter fate - the only person I knew who was unhappy - and you would feel so sorry, you would love him so much that tears would flow from your eyes, and you would think: “God grant him happiness, give him happiness.” I have the opportunity to help him, to ease his grief; I’m ready to sacrifice everything for him.”
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