On the periodic table. Periodic table of chemical elements by D.I. Mendeleev. Metals, non-metals, metalloids
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MENDELEEV'S PERIODIC TABLE
The construction of Mendeleev's periodic table of chemical elements corresponds to the characteristic periods of number theory and orthogonal bases. The addition of Hadamard matrices with matrices of even and odd orders creates a structural basis of nested matrix elements: matrices of the first (Odin), second (Euler), third (Mersenne), fourth (Hadamard) and fifth (Fermat) orders.
It is easy to see that there are 4 orders k Hadamard matrices correspond to inert elements with atomic mass divisible by four: helium 4, neon 20, argon 40 (39.948), etc., but also the basics of life and digital technology: carbon 12, oxygen 16, silicon 28, germanium 72.
It seems that with Mersenne matrices of orders 4 k–1, on the contrary, everything active, poisonous, destructive and corrosive is connected. But these are also radioactive elements - energy sources, and lead 207 (the final product, poisonous salts). Fluorine, of course, is 19. The orders of the Mersenne matrices correspond to the sequence of radioactive elements called the actinium series: uranium 235, plutonium 239 (an isotope that is a more powerful source of atomic energy than uranium), etc. These are also alkali metals lithium 7, sodium 23 and potassium 39.
Gallium – atomic weight 68
Orders 4 k–2 Euler matrices (double Mersenne) correspond to nitrogen 14 (the basis of the atmosphere). Table salt is formed by two “mersenne-like” atoms of sodium 23 and chlorine 35; together this combination is characteristic of Euler matrices. The more massive chlorine with a weight of 35.4 falls just short of the Hadamard dimension of 36. Table salt crystals: a cube (! i.e. a docile character, Hadamards) and an octahedron (more defiant, this is undoubtedly Euler).
IN atomic physics transition iron 56 - nickel 59, this is the boundary between elements that provide energy during the synthesis of a larger nucleus ( H-bomb) and decay (uranium). Order 58 is famous for the fact that not only does it not have analogues of Hadamard matrices in the form of Belevich matrices with zeros on the diagonal, it also does not have many weighted matrices - the nearest orthogonal W(58,53) has 5 zeros in each column and row (deep gap ).
In the series corresponding to the Fermat matrices and their substitutions of order 4 k+1, by the will of fate it costs Fermium 257. You can’t say anything, an exact hit. Here there is gold 197. Copper 64 (63.547) and silver 108 (107.868), symbols of electronics, do not, as can be seen, reach gold and correspond to more modest Hadamard matrices. Copper, with its atomic weight not far from 63, is chemically active - its green oxides are well known.
Boron crystals under high magnification
WITH golden ratio boron is bound - the atomic mass among all other elements is closest to 10 (more precisely 10.8, the proximity of the atomic weight to odd numbers also has an effect). Boron is a rather complex element. Boron plays an intricate role in the history of life itself. The structure of the framework in its structures is much more complex than in diamond. Unique type chemical bond, which allows boron to absorb any impurity, is very poorly understood, although a large number of scientists have already received awards for research related to it Nobel Prizes. The boron crystal shape is an icosahedron, with five triangles forming the apex.
The mystery of Platinum. The fifth element is, without a doubt, noble metals such as gold. Superstructure over Hadamard dimension 4 k, 1 large.
Stable isotope uranium 238
Let us remember, however, that Fermat numbers are rare (the closest is 257). Crystals of native gold have a shape close to a cube, but the pentagram also sparkles. Its nearest neighbor, platinum, a noble metal, is less than 4 atomic weight away from gold 197. Platinum has an atomic weight not of 193, but slightly higher, 194 (the order of the Euler matrices). It's a small thing, but it brings her into the camp of somewhat more aggressive elements. It is worth remembering, in connection with its inertness (dissolves, perhaps, in aqua regia), platinum is used as an active catalyst chemical processes.
Spongy platinum ignites hydrogen at room temperature. Platinum’s character is not at all peaceful; iridium 192 (a mixture of isotopes 191 and 193) behaves more peacefully. It's more like copper, but with the weight and character of gold.
Between neon 20 and sodium 23 there is no element with atomic weight 22. Of course, atomic weights are an integral characteristic. But among the isotopes, in turn, there is also an interesting correlation of properties with the properties of numbers and the corresponding matrices of orthogonal bases. The most widely used nuclear fuel is the uranium 235 isotope (Mersenne matrix order), in which a self-sustaining chain chain is possible. nuclear reaction. In nature, this element occurs in the stable form uranium 238 (Eulerian matrix order). There is no element with atomic weight 13. As for chaos, the limited number of stable elements of the periodic table and the difficulty of finding high-order level matrices due to the barrier observed in thirteenth-order matrices correlate.
Isotopes of chemical elements, island of stability
How to use the periodic table? For an uninitiated person, reading the periodic table is the same as for a gnome looking at the ancient runes of the elves. And the periodic table can tell you a lot about the world.
In addition to serving you well in the exam, it is also simply irreplaceable in solving a huge number of chemical and physical problems. But how to read it? Fortunately, today everyone can learn this art. In this article we will tell you how to understand the periodic table.
Periodic table chemical elements (periodic table) is a classification of chemical elements that establishes the dependence of various properties of elements on the charge of the atomic nucleus.
History of the creation of the Table
Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev was not a simple chemist, if anyone thinks so. He was a chemist, physicist, geologist, metrologist, ecologist, economist, oil worker, aeronaut, instrument maker and teacher. During his life, the scientist managed to conduct a lot of fundamental research in various fields of knowledge. For example, it is widely believed that it was Mendeleev who calculated the ideal strength of vodka - 40 degrees.
We don’t know how Mendeleev felt about vodka, but we know for sure that his dissertation on the topic “Discourse on the combination of alcohol with water” had nothing to do with vodka and considered alcohol concentrations from 70 degrees. With all the merits of the scientist, the discovery of the periodic law of chemical elements - one of the fundamental laws of nature, brought him the widest fame.
There is a legend according to which a scientist dreamed of the periodic table, after which all he had to do was refine the idea that had appeared. But, if everything were so simple.. This version of the creation of the periodic table, apparently, is nothing more than a legend. When asked how the table was opened, Dmitry Ivanovich himself answered: “ I’ve been thinking about it for maybe twenty years, but you think: I was sitting there and suddenly... it’s done.”
In the mid-nineteenth century, attempts to arrange the known chemical elements (63 elements were known) were undertaken in parallel by several scientists. For example, in 1862, Alexandre Emile Chancourtois placed elements along a helix and noted the cyclic repetition of chemical properties.
Chemist and musician John Alexander Newlands proposed his version of the periodic table in 1866. An interesting fact is that the scientist tried to discover some kind of mystical musical harmony in the arrangement of the elements. Among other attempts, there was also Mendeleev’s attempt, which was crowned with success.
In 1869, the first table diagram was published, and March 1, 1869 is considered the day the periodic law was opened. The essence of Mendeleev's discovery was that the properties of elements with increasing atomic mass do not change monotonically, but periodically.
The first version of the table contained only 63 elements, but Mendeleev made a number of very unconventional decisions. So, he guessed to leave space in the table for still undiscovered elements, and also changed the atomic masses of some elements. The fundamental correctness of the law derived by Mendeleev was confirmed very soon, after the discovery of gallium, scandium and germanium, the existence of which was predicted by the scientist.
Modern view of the periodic table
Below is the table itself
Today, instead of atomic weight (atomic mass), the concept of atomic number (the number of protons in the nucleus) is used to order elements. The table contains 120 elements, which are arranged from left to right in order of increasing atomic number (number of protons)
The table columns represent so-called groups, and the rows represent periods. The table has 18 groups and 8 periods.
- The metallic properties of elements decrease when moving along a period from left to right, and increase in the opposite direction.
- The sizes of atoms decrease when moving from left to right along periods.
- As you move from top to bottom through the group, the reducing metal properties increase.
- Oxidizing and non-metallic properties increase as you move along a period from left to right.
What do we learn about an element from the table? For example, let's take the third element in the table - lithium, and consider it in detail.
First of all, we see the element symbol itself and its name below it. In the upper left corner is the atomic number of the element, in which order the element is arranged in the table. The atomic number, as already mentioned, is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus. The number of positive protons is usually equal to the number of negative electrons in an atom (except in isotopes).
The atomic mass is indicated under the atomic number (in this version of the table). If we round the atomic mass to the nearest integer, we get what is called the mass number. The difference between the mass number and the atomic number gives the number of neutrons in the nucleus. Thus, the number of neutrons in a helium nucleus is two, and in lithium it is four.
Our course “Periodical Table for Dummies” has ended. In conclusion, we invite you to watch a thematic video, and we hope that the question of how to use periodic table Mendeleev’s concept has become more clear to you. We remind you that it is always more effective to study a new subject not alone, but with the help of an experienced mentor. That is why you should never forget about the student service, which will gladly share its knowledge and experience with you.
How to use the periodic table? For an uninitiated person, reading the periodic table is the same as for a gnome looking at the ancient runes of the elves. And the periodic table can tell you a lot about the world.
In addition to serving you well in the exam, it is also simply irreplaceable in solving a huge number of chemical and physical problems. But how to read it? Fortunately, today everyone can learn this art. In this article we will tell you how to understand the periodic table.
The periodic table of chemical elements (Mendeleev's table) is a classification of chemical elements that establishes the dependence of various properties of elements on the charge of the atomic nucleus.
History of the creation of the Table
Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev was not a simple chemist, if anyone thinks so. He was a chemist, physicist, geologist, metrologist, ecologist, economist, oil worker, aeronaut, instrument maker and teacher. During his life, the scientist managed to conduct a lot of fundamental research in various fields of knowledge. For example, it is widely believed that it was Mendeleev who calculated the ideal strength of vodka - 40 degrees.
We don’t know how Mendeleev felt about vodka, but we know for sure that his dissertation on the topic “Discourse on the combination of alcohol with water” had nothing to do with vodka and considered alcohol concentrations from 70 degrees. With all the merits of the scientist, the discovery of the periodic law of chemical elements - one of the fundamental laws of nature, brought him the widest fame.
There is a legend according to which a scientist dreamed of the periodic table, after which all he had to do was refine the idea that had appeared. But, if everything were so simple.. This version of the creation of the periodic table, apparently, is nothing more than a legend. When asked how the table was opened, Dmitry Ivanovich himself answered: “ I’ve been thinking about it for maybe twenty years, but you think: I was sitting there and suddenly... it’s done.”
In the mid-nineteenth century, attempts to arrange the known chemical elements (63 elements were known) were undertaken in parallel by several scientists. For example, in 1862, Alexandre Emile Chancourtois placed elements along a helix and noted the cyclic repetition of chemical properties.
Chemist and musician John Alexander Newlands proposed his version of the periodic table in 1866. An interesting fact is that the scientist tried to discover some kind of mystical musical harmony in the arrangement of the elements. Among other attempts, there was also Mendeleev’s attempt, which was crowned with success.
In 1869, the first table diagram was published, and March 1, 1869 is considered the day the periodic law was opened. The essence of Mendeleev's discovery was that the properties of elements with increasing atomic mass do not change monotonically, but periodically.
The first version of the table contained only 63 elements, but Mendeleev made a number of very unconventional decisions. So, he guessed to leave space in the table for still undiscovered elements, and also changed the atomic masses of some elements. The fundamental correctness of the law derived by Mendeleev was confirmed very soon, after the discovery of gallium, scandium and germanium, the existence of which was predicted by the scientist.
Modern view of the periodic table
Below is the table itself
Today, instead of atomic weight (atomic mass), the concept of atomic number (the number of protons in the nucleus) is used to order elements. The table contains 120 elements, which are arranged from left to right in order of increasing atomic number (number of protons)
The table columns represent so-called groups, and the rows represent periods. The table has 18 groups and 8 periods.
- The metallic properties of elements decrease when moving along a period from left to right, and increase in the opposite direction.
- The sizes of atoms decrease when moving from left to right along periods.
- As you move from top to bottom through the group, the reducing metal properties increase.
- Oxidizing and non-metallic properties increase as you move along a period from left to right.
What do we learn about an element from the table? For example, let's take the third element in the table - lithium, and consider it in detail.
First of all, we see the element symbol itself and its name below it. In the upper left corner is the atomic number of the element, in which order the element is arranged in the table. The atomic number, as already mentioned, is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus. The number of positive protons is usually equal to the number of negative electrons in an atom (except in isotopes).
The atomic mass is indicated under the atomic number (in this version of the table). If we round the atomic mass to the nearest integer, we get what is called the mass number. The difference between the mass number and the atomic number gives the number of neutrons in the nucleus. Thus, the number of neutrons in a helium nucleus is two, and in lithium it is four.
Our course “Periodical Table for Dummies” has ended. In conclusion, we invite you to watch a thematic video, and we hope that the question of how to use the periodic table of Mendeleev has become clearer to you. We remind you that it is always more effective to study a new subject not alone, but with the help of an experienced mentor. That is why you should never forget about, who will gladly share his knowledge and experience with you.
Many have heard about Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev and about the “Periodic Law of Changes in the Properties of Chemical Elements in Groups and Series” that he discovered in the 19th century (1869) (the author’s name for the table is “Periodic System of Elements in Groups and Series”).
The discovery of the table of periodic chemical elements was one of the important milestones in the history of the development of chemistry as a science. The discoverer of the table was the Russian scientist Dmitry Mendeleev. An extraordinary scientist with a broad scientific outlook managed to combine all ideas about the nature of chemical elements into a single coherent concept.
Table opening history
By the middle of the 19th century, 63 chemical elements had been discovered, and scientists around the world have repeatedly made attempts to combine all existing elements into a single concept. It was proposed to place the elements in order of increasing atomic mass and divide them into groups according to similar chemical properties.
In 1863, the chemist and musician John Alexander Newland proposed his theory, who proposed a layout of chemical elements similar to that discovered by Mendeleev, but the scientist’s work was not taken seriously by the scientific community due to the fact that the author was carried away by the search for harmony and the connection of music with chemistry.
In 1869, Mendeleev published his diagram of the periodic table in the Journal of the Russian Chemical Society and sent notice of the discovery to leading world scientists. Subsequently, the chemist repeatedly refined and improved the scheme until it acquired its usual appearance.
The essence of Mendeleev's discovery is that with increasing atomic mass Chemical properties elements do not change monotonously, but periodically. After a certain number of elements with different properties, the properties begin to repeat. Thus, potassium is similar to sodium, fluorine is similar to chlorine, and gold is similar to silver and copper.
In 1871, Mendeleev finally combined the ideas into the periodic law. Scientists predicted the discovery of several new chemical elements and described their chemical properties. Subsequently, the chemist’s calculations were completely confirmed - gallium, scandium and germanium fully corresponded to the properties that Mendeleev attributed to them.
But not everything is so simple and there are some things we don’t know.
Few people know that D.I. Mendeleev was one of the first world-famous Russian scientists of the late 19th century, who defended in world science the idea of ether as a universal substantial entity, who gave it fundamental scientific and applied significance in revealing the secrets of Existence and to improve the economic life of people.
There is an opinion that the periodic table of chemical elements officially taught in schools and universities is a falsification. Mendeleev himself, in his work entitled “An Attempt at a Chemical Understanding of the World Ether,” gave a slightly different table.
The last time the real Periodic Table was published in an undistorted form was in 1906 in St. Petersburg (textbook “Fundamentals of Chemistry”, VIII edition).
The differences are visible: the zero group has been moved to the 8th, and the element lighter than hydrogen, with which the table should begin and which is conventionally called Newtonium (ether), is completely excluded.
The same table is immortalized by the “BLOODY TYRAN” comrade. Stalin in St. Petersburg, Moskovsky Avenue. 19. VNIIM im. D. I. Mendeleeva (All-Russian Research Institute of Metrology)
The monument-table of the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements by D. I. Mendeleev was made with mosaics under the direction of Professor of the Academy of Arts V. A. Frolov (architectural design by Krichevsky). The monument is based on a table from the last lifetime 8th edition (1906) of D. I. Mendeleev’s Fundamentals of Chemistry. Elements discovered during the life of D.I. Mendeleev are indicated in red. Elements discovered from 1907 to 1934 , indicated in blue.
Why and how did it happen that they lie to us so brazenly and openly?
The place and role of the world ether in the true table of D. I. Mendeleev
Many have heard about Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev and about the “Periodic Law of Changes in the Properties of Chemical Elements in Groups and Series” that he discovered in the 19th century (1869) (the author’s name for the table is “Periodic System of Elements in Groups and Series”).
Many have also heard that D.I. Mendeleev was the organizer and permanent leader (1869-1905) of the Russian public scientific association called “Russian Chemical Society” (since 1872 - “Russian Physico-Chemical Society”), which throughout its existence published the world-famous journal ZhRFKhO, until until the liquidation of both the Society and its journal by the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1930.
But few people know that D.I. Mendeleev was one of the last world-famous Russian scientists of the late 19th century, who defended in world science the idea of ether as a universal substantial entity, who gave it fundamental scientific and applied significance in revealing secrets Being and to improve the economic life of people.
Even fewer are those who know that after the sudden (!!?) death of D.I. Mendeleev (01/27/1907), then recognized as an outstanding scientist by all scientific communities around the world except one St. Petersburg Academy Sciences, his main discovery - the “Periodic Law” - was deliberately and widely falsified by world academic science.
And there are very few who know that all of the above is connected together by the thread of sacrificial service of the best representatives and bearers of the immortal Russian Physical Thought for the good of the people, the public benefit, despite the growing wave of irresponsibility in the highest strata of society of that time.
In essence, the present dissertation is devoted to the comprehensive development of the last thesis, because in true science, any neglect of essential factors always leads to false results.
Elements of the zero group begin each row of other elements, located on the left side of the Table, “... which is a strictly logical consequence of understanding the periodic law” - Mendeleev.
A particularly important and even exclusive place in the sense of the periodic law belongs to the element “x”—“Newtonium”—to the world ether. And this special element should be located at the very beginning of the entire Table, in the so-called “zero group” zero row" Moreover, being a system-forming element (more precisely, a system-forming essence) of all elements of the Periodic Table, the world ether is the substantial argument of the entire diversity of elements of the Periodic Table. The Table itself, in this regard, acts as a closed functional of this very argument.
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