New in the section. Slow reading. The first rule about slow reading

Without a book in the world there is night and mind

human wretchedness,
Without a book, like a herd,
nations are meaningless.
There is virtue in it, duty, in it
the power and salt of nature,
Your future lies in it
and the guarantee of faithful blessings.

Victor Hugo

Good morning dear friends!

Today we continue the conversation about books and slow reading. First of all, I would like to clarify that the rules are purely advisory in nature, however, lecturers and literature teachers from leading universities in the world refer to them, and this is not accidental. They should not be perceived as an attempt to limit the freedom of imagination. On the contrary, they help it gain wings and reveal itself like the book you are reading. The point of the slow reading rules is not to show the reader that this is how one should always read and that this is the only correct way. Their purpose is to show how the reading experience can expand, what treasures can be discovered by starting to read slowly and patiently. It also teaches you to take small steps without trying to know and get everything at once. We acquire and train this skill through slow reading, and it will also serve us well in other areas of life - in communication, in work, in sports and in acquiring useful habits.

So, the first and most important rule, followed by all the others - Be patient.

The author means a lot by patience. We have to be patient when overwhelmed by the complexities of the book . We must allow ourselves to be confused and confused in order to figure out through trial and error how to ask the book the right question. We must be patient and invest the time and effort required to read deeply and thoughtfully.

Any project worth anything always begins with uncertainty, and reading is no exception. Every reader remembers how it all began, when we were just learning to add the letters of the alphabet. But over time, this process turns into joy - we begin to recognize words and their meanings. Thus, even in childhood, we gain the necessary experience - we continue to make many attempts, refusing to get bogged down in difficulties. As adults, we continue to learn to discern what is worth working on before we understand, and what is worth just letting go. But before you understand this, you need to be patient.

Patient reading also means joyful and somewhat obsessive attention to detail. The power of reading increases in enormous proportion when we We focus on the characters of the book and their reasoning in the smallest but most significant moments. These moments are islands in the flow of poetry or prose, in them we leave the anchor of our perception.

When reading, there is no need to rush to quickly understand the meaning or demand that the author present his point of view easily and appetizingly, in accordance with our expectations. If we are disappointed that the author's style is rather evasive and difficult to understand, if he refuses to convey to us his main idea simply and clearly, then we need to remember that trying to find the meaning of a book is what we read for . This skill is very important in life - after all, not all important answers lie on the surface.

The joy lies in the process of finding the answers you need. This the process should not be painful or violent . Forcing you to read is like forcing you to eat, and it only causes the opposite process in a person at any age. Therefore, if you feel that you are literally tormented while finishing a book, in the hope of starting something important in it, and at the same time the process does not give you any joy, then it is better to put this book aside and do something else. There is a very important lesson in learning to recognize your condition. Sometimes you just have to be patient and give a book a chance, even if you don't like it right away. And it’s a completely different matter to persistently continue to read something that causes obvious antipathy. However, even in this case, it is important to ask yourself the question - why does this book evoke such feelings, what values ​​​​in it contradict yours.

Patience is a necessary skill for the development of reading, which in a broader sense is a cognitive skill and also contributes to the development of imagination. When we read slowly, thoughtfully, we make an effort and thereby train these skills, and the more we practice, the better shape we are and the more we read becomes understandable.

Never skip part of the text in a book just to get closer to finishing it.. Patient and slow reading is not compatible with this strategy. By asking yourself the right questions, you will be able to discover the many shades of meaning invested by the author and his personal experience and this makes reading especially useful.

Exists a few key questions questions that you can ask yourself while reading - “Who is saying this?”, “How does this character show himself?”, “What images and turns of phrase attract the most attention and why”? "What can you tell about heroes from their words?" At every moment of reading, you need to remain active and keep in mind the topics and questions that arise as you read.

You need to be prepared for the fact that some parts of the book will remain inaccessible the first time. It is impossible to cover everything at once, so you can and should return to books, reread them over and over again. and each time they will open from new, previously unknown sides.

When reading a book, you need to show the same patience as when communicating with a new person. The golden rule of communication is listening skills . Before you make judgments about a book, you need to give it a chance to be heard. She always directly addresses the one who holds her in his hands and every time she has something to tell you. The more attention you put into a book, the more bang for your buck you get. You can agree and argue with the book. At some point, a book may make you reconsider your views on yourself, on the world, just like a conversation with a good friend does. But before you answer anything, you need to be patient and listen to the book first.

Stay with us. We will continue talking about the rules of slow reading in exactly one week.

The culture of speech of an individual person reflects his general cultural level - education, good manners, ability to control himself, the ability to understand people of other cultures, receptivity to works of art, modesty... By the way a person constructs his speech, selects words, one can judge his moral qualities.

The example and most a shining example Academician D.S. Likhachev, with his modesty, sincere respect for people, with his highest general culture, with his understanding and love for genuine treasures of art, became a person with a high culture of speech. Central Television announcer I. L. Kirillov says this about the speech of D. S. Likhachev: “If I were asked to give an example of a sample of Russian speech, I would, without hesitation, name the speech of Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev. It is, as I often say, flowing, free, born right before your eyes.” The standard for Dmitry Sergeevich was the language of the actors of the Maly Theater, who cherished the tradition since Shchepkin’s times.

With the acquisition of freedom to express their thoughts and views, a low culture of speech was revealed: people were unable to express their thoughts clearly and intelligibly. As he said in one of his latest interviews D.S. Likhachev, “the general degradation of us as a nation affected the language primarily.” A wave of borrowings, an increasing number of archaic words, the obsolescence of truly Russian words, the language of the street - swearing, swear words - are now not uncommon in literary works, and in public speaking. Dmitry Sergeevich spoke about this with pain: “If the shamelessness of everyday life (abuse) passes into language, then the shamelessness of language creates an environment in which shamelessness is already a common thing.”

What to do? How can you resist this process? To instill a taste for beautiful speech, Likhachev advised reading aloud to children and generally teaching them to read slowly.

But few people know that upon entering the university, Dmitry Sergeevich, by his own admission, “could hardly express his thoughts in writing.” The fact is that at school the future academician and his classmates did not write cool work and homework. The classrooms were not heated, the students sat in mittens, and the teachers had no time to check homework, everyone was working part-time. And after graduating from university, Dmitry Sergeevich came up with the following system: first, read a lot of well-written books, make extracts from them, phraseological units, individual words, expressions. And secondly, write every day, write without stopping, “without taking your eyes off the paper,” record your own, internal oral speech.

The perception of literature largely depends on the quality of reading. If a work of art has had a strong positive or, conversely, negative impact on the reader, or even left him completely indifferent, and this happens more and more often, then he is inclined to explain this more by the quality of the work itself than by the quality of his reading. And the quality of reading any literary text depends on many factors: the level of culture, the amount of knowledge and life experience, the level of performance at the moment of perception of the text and even on the mood.

To improve the quality of reading, the Soviet writer and literary critic N.Ya. Eidelman proposed a special reading technique, which he designated by a term that was widely used in the 19th and early 20th centuries - SLOW READING.

The term “slow reading” is convenient because it is immediately understandable. Slow means “not fast.” “Slow reading,” wrote Eidelman, “is an old term: this is a situation when the reader not only glides over the surface of a poem, story, novel (however, over a beautiful surface!), but also plunges into amazing depths.

Slow reading is a journey through literature with frequent, constant stops at a word or verse. Slow reading of the classics, let’s say in secret, is the fastest, that is, effective; and the fast is the slowest, unprofitable.”

In the seventies of the 20th century, the technique of speed reading began to gain increasing recognition and distribution, the followers of which argued that it was also acceptable for fiction.

N.Ya Eidelman, whom we have already mentioned, in his article “Learn to Read!” wrote: “Quick reading courses, as you know. spread: wonderful, progressive, we don’t dare argue... On one condition. If slow reading courses are also recognized!

Let us express a seditious judgment: teaching more people to really read is more important than releasing an extra million or two book copies: what’s the point if we can’t take advantage of that wealth!..”

Since the mid-twentieth century, M.O. Gershenzon, D.S. Likhachev, A.V. Zapadov wrote about slow reading, who, unlike N.Ya. Eidelman, viewed slow reading as a virtuoso art rather than as a specific technique improving the quality of understanding readable text. Thus, it turns out that the reading itself work of art– this is also a kind of art, creativity.

D.S. Likhachev repeatedly spoke about the need to learn to read slowly, deeply and thoughtfully. “It is very important to read aloud to children. So that the teacher comes to class and says: “Today we will read “War and Peace.” Do not disassemble, but read with comments. This is what our literature teacher Leonid Vladimirovich Georg read to us at Lentovskaya school. Most often this happened during the lessons that he gave in place of his sick fellow teachers. He read to us not only War and Peace, but also Chekhov’s plays and Maupassant’s stories. Showed us how interesting it is to teach French, rummaged through dictionaries in front of us, looking for the most expressive translation. After such lessons, I studied only French for one summer.

The saddest thing is when people read and unfamiliar words do not interest them, they skip them, follow only the movement of intrigue, the plot, but do not read in depth. We must learn not to read quickly, but to read slowly. Academician Shcherba was a promoter of slow reading. Over the course of a year, he and I only managed to read a few lines from “ Bronze Horseman" Each word seemed to us like an island that we had to discover and describe from all sides. From Shcherba I learned to appreciate the pleasure of reading slowly.

Let's turn to poetry too. In poems of the 19th century there are often words and details that, at first glance, are incomprehensible to the modern reader and cause difficulties. But the point is that we know little about those features of life that were close to the poets. It’s not for nothing that “Eugene Onegin” is called “the encyclopedia of Russian life,” and even if this expression has become a cliche, there is no better way to say it. If you read the poem creatively, i.e. slowly, thoughtfully, without skipping unfamiliar words, turning to dictionaries, historical sources, comments, how much deeper our understanding of Russian life itself will become. What a good and qualified history lesson we will learn for ourselves.

Likhachev also cites excerpts from “Eugene Onegin”: stanza II of the fifth chapter begins with lines familiar to everyone from childhood:

Winter!.. The peasant, triumphant,

On the firewood it renews the path;

His horse smells the snow,

Trotting along somehow...

Why does the peasant triumph? Has it become easier for him to drive? Why is “renewing the path” through freshly fallen snow associated with some kind of special celebration for the peasant? Pushkin knew peasant life, and everything that is connected in his poetry with the village is very precise and not at all accidental. The peasant’s “triumph” does not refer to “renewing the path” through pure white snow, but to the fallen snow in general. The previous first stanza of the same chapter says:

That year the weather was autumn

I stood in the yard for a long time,

Winter was waiting, nature was waiting.

Snow only fell in January

On the third night...

If the autumn weather had stayed longer, the winter crops would have died. The peasant triumphs and rejoices in the snow, because... the snow that fell on the third night saved the harvest.”

In our fast-moving 21st century, we are constantly fussing, rushing somewhere, and we have almost no time left to carefully and leisurely read classic works. And you need to read the masterpieces of world literature slowly, without missing anything: not a single detail, not a single word, not a single comma.

The ability to see in every word, in every expression, sentence and even in punctuation marks the hidden poetic meaning that is not on the surface - this is a subtle art, this is co-creation with the writer.

“Classics is not aggressive, it teaches goodness...” believed D.S. Likhachev. Readers of previous years were expected to have a high degree of education, but now, following the advice of the great Russian scientist, academician and simply intelligent person, from whom we should take an example, we need to learn to read thoughtfully, without missing strangers, unclear words. How much our vocabulary will be enriched if we speak the same language with a 19th century writer. And add to this modern progress, new phenomena and words that call them, borrowings, expansion of the lexical layer. But only in aggregate, only by putting something new on the basis of the already existing wealth of the Russian language, without replacing it with borrowings, thereby displacing it from use, will we achieve the highest level of education. Under no circumstances should we ignore the disappearance and oblivion of good, kind words; we should not completely adapt to modern trends in the Russian language. “You need to learn good, calm, intelligent speech for a long time and carefully - listening, remembering, noticing, reading and studying. Our speech is the most important part of not only our behavior, but also our personality, our ability not to succumb to the influences of the environment if it is “dragging”.

Oksana Klibanova, teacher of Russian language and literature, Pushkin Lyceum No. 1500

2012
A fragment of the book is published with the permission of the author.
A link to the original source when quoting is required.

The second fundamental drawback is the small field of view when reading.

The field of view is understood as a section of text that is clearly perceived by the eyes during one fixation of the gaze. If a child or adult reads slowly, this does not mean that he reads poorly; this may be an individual feature of perception. Let's think about it: during traditional reading, when letters, words, or at best two or three words are perceived, the field of vision is very small. As a result, the eyes make many unnecessary jumps and fixations (stops). This technique can be called fragmentation of the gaze. The wider the field of view, the more information is perceived at each stop of the eyes, the fewer the number of these stops in the text becomes, and as a result, reading is more effective. A fast reader, in one fixation of his gaze, manages to perceive not two or three words, but an entire line, an entire sentence, sometimes an entire paragraph.

Reading text in whole phrases is more effective not only from the point of view of speed - it also contributes to a deep, correct understanding of what is read. This happens because the perception of large fragments of text at the moments of fixation of the gaze evokes visual-figurative ideas that clearly and deeply clarify the meaning of the text. IN popular literature sometimes they mistakenly talk about the angle of view; this is incorrect, because the angle of view is determined by the optical properties of the visual system, and not by training.

Significantly reduces reading speed and unproductive transition of the eyes from the end of each read line to the beginning of a new one. There are so many lines on the page, so many unnecessary transitions, i.e., idle eye movements. This wastes not only time, but also our energy. As we will learn later, when reading quickly, eye movement is more economical: vertically, from top to bottom in the center of the page.

The third drawback is reading regression.

This refers to involuntary return movements of the eyes to misunderstood phrases, words, and sentences. Repeated fixations with the eyes of the same section of text occur. However, during regressions on a line, the eyes move back, but not to the initial point of fixation, but only near it, limiting themselves only to a kind of prediction zone, in which there is no clear and accurate perception of the word being read. A child often reads poorly because he is accustomed to returning his gaze to the beginning of a line or circling his gaze within the same word. Later, the child’s stereotype is transferred to the adult’s reading style.

This drawback is one of the most common. According to our observations, some readers, unnoticed by themselves, read any text twice - both easy and difficult, as if to be sure.

When reading regression slowly - quite common occurrence and usually range from 10 to 15 for a text of 100 words. It is clear that such frequent recurrent eye movements sharply reduce reading speed.

Along with regressions during slow reading, recurrent eye movements were also noticed, caused by the apparent difficulties of the text. These returns are also a reading flaw. Very often, further reading removes the questions that have arisen and makes such returns unnecessary. However, there are returns that can be considered reasonable; they arise when new thoughts appear. Some researchers call such voluntary return movements, in contrast to regressions, recipi- tions. If regressions by their nature are involuntary, mechanical return movements, then receptions are mental, targeted and, as a rule, justified returns to an already read text. Their main goal is a deeper understanding of the text that has already been read once. The speed reading technique recommends re-reading only after finishing reading the entire text.

The fourth disadvantage of traditional reading is complex, and it can be conditionally called the lack of a flexible reading strategy.

The three shortcomings we considered relate to the so-called investigative factors. Indeed, the mechanisms of speech and eye movements are consequential factors, and their appropriate training is important, but does not determine reading speed. It is much more important to change the causal factors, i.e. the functioning of the brain mechanisms that control reading.

Prof. A. A. Leontiev noted in one of his works that the main thing in the problem of fast reading is not so much speed as optimality, the efficiency of obtaining meaningful information thanks to the right choice strategies for semantic perception of text. It is clear that this or that speed and reading technique are subject, first of all, to the goals, objectives and guidelines that the reader sets for himself. It is the development of appropriate programs to the point of automation, the ability to flexibly use each of them at the right moment, that determines the ability to read quickly.

The fifth drawback is lack of attention when reading.

As has been established by numerous observations, slow reading most often means sloppy, inattentive reading. Most readers' reading speed is far below what they could achieve without compromising comprehension. For a slow reader, during the reading process, attention often switches to extraneous thoughts and objects, and interest in the text decreases. Therefore, large fragments are read mechanically, and the meaning of what is read does not reach consciousness. Such a reader, noticing that he is thinking about extraneous things, is often forced to re-read the passage again.

Such a person reads everything at the same speed: a methodological letter in the ministry, a fascinating story, and a scientific article. A person who reads quickly, depending on the difficulty of the text, the purpose of reading and other factors, can flexibly change the reading strategy and is able to control his attention. If your child doesn't read well, he may need some attention.

What are the reasons for slow reading?

Data processing The human brain has been studied by scientists for decades. Certainly, machining process models a lot has been considered, but any complex model of information processing during reading ends with the same conclusion about the causes slow reading.

Main reason It is generally accepted that it is an elementary habit to coordinate what you read with your inner voice. This comes from the fact that everyone, without exception, learns to read aloud. First, syllable by syllable, and then pronouncing syllables and phrases faster and faster. However, after training, and reading to ourselves (not out loud), we all get used to listening to our thoughts and catching our eyes on a complex syllable, placing two consonants next to each other, or thinking about soft sign at the end of a word.

Speed ​​limit such a reading ends at 900 characters per minute or about 150 words, that’s all.

During the period of training a person to speed read, the most first thing remove the habit of reading with a speech-hearing analyzer. This is exactly what stops the speed of thinking and processing of what is seen on the sheet.

You can also call this training suppression of hidden pronunciation.

Forced suppression gradually sends it faster and faster from the visual analyzer to the semantic one, skipping sound channels. But it's not that simple. Even this long process of learning to read quickly can simply come to naught if a person inclined to reading aloud. Sooner or later, this skill will outweigh the acquired “filter” and the speed of reading to yourself will return to its previous figures.

Second barrier between reading and grasping information at a faster rate is small field of view.

Jumping between words, we are forced to make 4-7 eye movements, constantly restoring focus, seeing up to three words maximum or up to 15 characters. This is a completely adapted speed for reading with pronunciation. Maintaining intonation, pronouncing sounds and pausing between phrases allows you to focus on the next pair of words, having processed the previous one. But in speed reading, this time is simply unacceptably wasted and lost in processing.

Developing peripheral vision, reading speed can be increased three times, gradually losing the ability to “swim” next to the word in the book.

After some training, which, by the way, are not limited to theory and two or three practical exercises, human visual functions are noticeably improving and up to three fixations are enough for reading. This means that anyone who has trained their peripheral vision can read three times faster than any normal educated person.

If you start exercises to eliminate speed reading interference immediately, then the result will be clear to you in two weeks, but you need to work on yourself daily.

Try increasing your reading speed and within two weeks you will want more!

Usually towards the end primary school Children develop a stable basic skill of reading one word at a time. Most people do not further increase their reading speed, leaving it at the 4th-6th grade level. Before the advent of the Internet and the subsequent information explosion, this situation suited many, but now this is no longer enough to achieve success. Why?

The first disadvantage of slow reading: I look at the book and see nothing

Try to answer the question that I always ask during speed reading classes: “Does it ever happen to you that, while reading some text, you are distracted by extraneous thoughts?” The answer “yes” is chosen by 99% of people, because reading at first speed (when a person pronounces every word) is too slow compared to the speed at which the brain perceives information. Therefore, when reading this way, the brain automatically occupies itself with something else.

In other words, the average person's speed of thinking and perceiving information is usually three or four times faster than the speed of reading one word at a time. Our thinking is too developed to not be distracted during slow reading. Let me give you an example from life.

An ordinary person reads page 1 of an A5 book at speed in two minutes, and his brain is able to understand what is written in 30 seconds, which is what happens most often. As a result, a person is left with a minute and a half, which the brain tries to occupy with at least something more or less useful and is distracted from reading.

Is this bad? In principle, this indicates your desire for efficiency and time optimization and at the same time your inability to achieve this efficiency without compromising the quality of reading. Let me give you another example.

If you drive a car, remember how you feel when you get stuck in a traffic jam. While the car was moving, you were completely focused on the road. Stuck in a traffic jam, you can no longer use the horsepower and potential of your car to its full potential, and therefore you start switching to something else: listening to the radio, calling your mother, finding something else to do.

To be less distracted while reading, you need to increase its speed at least twice and bring it at least to the speed of your thinking. However, some people, trying to equalize the speed of reading and thinking, make mistakes that cause the second disadvantage of slow reading.

The second disadvantage of slow reading is fatigue.

Let me ask you the second question (which I ask my listeners): “Do you ever get tired quickly while reading? Or that you get bored working, for example, with contracts, documentation, textbooks and similar materials? About 60% of our class participants note that they regularly encounter the second disadvantage of slow reading - fatigue and boredom. Very often, children do not want to pick up a book because they are simply bored with reading texts slowly, and they do not yet know another speed.

When does fatigue occur? When a person tries to keep all the power of his mind at a low speed of perception, adapting it to slow reading. A huge amount of energy is spent on slowly perceiving the text and not allowing the mind to be distracted by other important thoughts, and it is because of this that a person gets tired very quickly.

Remember the example of a driver stuck in a traffic jam. Imagine that he is trying to occupy himself with something, and concentrates all his attention on the road: his car stands in one place for ten minutes, and all this time the man is sweating, carefully watching the back of the car standing in front of him. It would seem great - such an attentive driver! But after such a trip, a person most often gets out of the car, squeezed like a lemon, he will have no strength left for anything.

The biggest benefit of slow reading at Speed ​​I is that you can read. Perhaps sometimes the text is read slowly, boringly, its content is difficult to understand and remember. But if you can, in principle, read what is written, understand its essence and even remember it, then you are 99.9% able to work with texts meaningfully.

The third disadvantage of slow reading is the consequences of the information explosion

And now I will ask the third question: “Did you know that, according to statistics, the volume of digital information doubles every 18 months, the number of information blogs on the Internet doubles every six months? Do you feel like you're missing everything more time to learn everything you need to know?”

Since the end of the 20th century, a global information explosion has begun in the world. More and more new technologies are appearing. A person acquires one profession, and after 5-10 years it ceases to exist. For example, in the 1980s and 1990s, a Polaroid camera expert thrived, but with the advent of digital cameras, he urgently needed to retrain.

The processing speed of computer data is increasing: five thousand operations per second in 1944 for the first ENIAC computer, one quadrillion for the IBM Roadrunner in 2008, 20 quadrillion operations per second for the Titan in 2012 - and the race continues!

Do people increase their ability to process the resulting flow of information faster? Do you train your thinking to work faster and better? Remember the first phrase that the boss says to a university graduate on his first day at work: “Now forget everything you learned at the institute. The first task is to master this direction.” If a person cannot quickly learn and get involved in a process that is new to him, then he will continue to hang around in lower positions.

The strategy of the last century was to learn one thing in some area and then spend your whole life doing just that, without really learning anything else. Just as you learned to knit bast shoes, you use the same acquired skills. This is hardly possible to achieve success in our time. Even if you opened your own store and learned to keep records on paper, modern retail chains will push you out of business. big cities their modern systems, cost optimization, resulting in lower prices and many other modern tools used.

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