The statesman Dmitry Andreevich Tolstoy was born. Unified State Exam. Russian history. Alexander II. Alexander III. Materials for a historical essay. Statesmen. D.A. Tolstoy What did the Minister of Education Count Tolstoy call Vyatka?

TOLSTOY DMITRY ANDREEVICH

Tolstoy (Count Dmitry Andreevich, 1823 - 1889) - statesman. He graduated from the course at the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum; from 1848 he was a member of the Department of Spiritual Affairs of Foreign Confessions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and was involved in compiling the history of foreign confessions; in 1853 he was appointed director of the office of the maritime ministry and in this rank he took part in drawing up the economic charter of the maritime ministry and new regulations on the management of the maritime department; in 1861 he managed the Department of Public Education for some time, then was appointed senator; in 1865 he was appointed Chief Prosecutor of the Holy Synod, and in 1866 - Minister of Public Education and held both of these posts until April 1880, when he was appointed a member of the State Council. In May 1882, Tolstoy took the post of Minister of Internal Affairs and Chief of Gendarmes and remained in this post until his death. As Minister of Public Education, Count Tolstoy carried out a reform of secondary education (1871), which consisted of significantly strengthening the teaching of Latin and Greek in gymnasiums, and only pupils of classical gymnasiums were given the right to enter the university; former real gymnasiums were transformed into real schools (1872). Under Tolstoy, the following were opened: the Historical and Philological Institute in St. Petersburg (1867), the University of Warsaw and the Agricultural Institute in New Alexandria (1869), the Russian Philological Seminary in Leipzig for the training of teachers of ancient languages ​​(1875); The Nizhyn Lyceum was transformed into a historical and philological institute, and the Yaroslavl Lyceum into a legal lyceum. In 1872, regulations on city schools were published, in 1874 - regulations on primary schools; for the supervision of which the positions of inspectors of public schools were established back in 1869. In the ecclesiastical department under Count Tolstoy, a transformation of religious educational institutions was carried out (1867 - 69). As Minister of Internal Affairs, Tolstoy was a champion of "strong" power. Legislative measures carried out and prepared under him were aimed at the rise of the nobility, the regulation of peasant life and the transformation of local government and self-government in the sense of expanding the influence of the administration. Laws on peasant family divisions and on the hiring of rural workers were issued, regulations on zemstvo bosses and new zemstvo regulations were prepared. Freedom of the press was significantly limited by temporary rules of 1882. Since 1882, Tolstoy was also president of the Academy of Sciences. He wrote "The History of Financial Institutions in Russia from the Founding of the State to the Death of Empress Catherine II" (St. Petersburg, 1848), "Le Catholicisme romain en Russie" (Paris, 1863 - 64) and a number of articles on the history of education in Russia in the "Journal Ministry of Public Education" and in the "Russian Archive". On his initiative, the publication of “Materials for the History of the Academy of Sciences” was undertaken.

Brief biographical encyclopedia. 2012

See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what TOLSTOY DMITRY ANDREEVICH is in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:

• TOLSTOY DMITRY ANDREEVICH in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  (1823-89) count, statesman and historian, honorary member (1866), president (since 1882) of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. In 1864-80, Chief Prosecutor of the Synod, in 1865-80...
• TOLSTOY DMITRY ANDREEVICH in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  Dmitry Andreevich, count, Russian statesman, member of the State Council (1866). Graduated from the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum (1843). WITH …
• TOLSTOY DMITRY ANDREEVICH
  (count, 1823-89) - statesman. He graduated from the course at the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum; from 1848 he was a member of the Department of Spiritual Affairs of Foreign Denominations...
• TOLSTOY DMITRY ANDREEVICH in the Modern Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  (1823 - 89), count, statesman and historian, president (from 1882) of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. In 1864 - 80 Chief Prosecutor of the Synod, ...
• TOLSTOY DMITRY ANDREEVICH in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  (1823 - 89), count, statesman and historian, president (from 1882) of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. In 1864 - 80 Chief Prosecutor...
• TOLSTOY DMITRY ANDREEVICH in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia:
  (Count, 1823?89) ? statesman. He graduated from the course at the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum; from 1848 he was a member of the Department of Spiritual Affairs of Foreign Denominations...
• TOLSTOY in Wiki Quotation Book:
  Data: 2009-03-23 ​​Time: 18:08:43 * Alexey Konstantinovich Tolstoy - Russian poet, writer, playwright, satirist. * Alexey Nikolaevich Tolstoy - Russian...
• TOLSTOY in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Weapons:
  M.A., inventor of artillery pieces. Russia. Near …
• TOLSTOY in the Encyclopedia of Russian surnames, secrets of origin and meanings:
  
• TOLSTOY in the Dictionary of Russian surnames:
  The surname retained the ancient form of Russian adjectives with the emphasis not on the base, but on the ending. In 1383 he moved from abroad...
• TOLSTOY in the Encyclopedia of Surnames:
  Of course, the bearer of this surname is in no way associated in people’s perception with a person of very heavy build. But his ancestor is certainly...
• DMITRIY in the Bible Encyclopedia of Nikephoros:
  (belonging to Dimitra or Roman Ceres, the goddess of agriculture) - the name of four persons: 1 Mac 7:1-4, 9:1-10, 15, 22:25, 2 Mac 14:1-36 - Demetrius ...
• TOLSTOY in Sayings of Great Men:
  A vocation can be recognized and proven only by the sacrifice that a scientist or artist makes for his peace and well-being. L. N. Tolstoy - ...
• TOLSTOY in 1000 biographies of famous people:
  D. A., Count (1823 - 1889) - Minister of Education and Internal Affairs of Tsarist Russia. He began his career in the department...
• ANDREEVICH
  Andreevich, see Soloviev, Evgeniy ...
• TOLSTOY in the Literary Encyclopedia:
  1. Alexey Konstantinovich, count - poet, playwright and fiction writer. He spent his early childhood in Ukraine, on the estate of his uncle A. ...
• ANDREEVICH in the Literary Encyclopedia:
  - pseudonym of Evgeniy Andreevich Solovyov - critic and literary historian (other pseudonyms: Skriba, V. Smirnov, Mirsky). Wrote a number of essays...
• TOLSTOY
  Dmitry Andreevich, count (1823-89), statesman, historian. In 1865-80, Chief Prosecutor of the Holy Synod, at the same time in 1866-1880, Minister of Public Education. Getting carried away...
• TOLSTOY in the Pedagogical Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  Lev Nikolaevich, count (1828-1910), writer, thinker, teacher. During the first period of pedagogical activity (1859-62), called by T. the time of “three years of passion for pedagogical...
• TOLSTOY in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
  (Count Alexey Konstantinovich) - famous poet and playwright. Born on August 24, 1817 in St. Petersburg. His mother, the beautiful Anna Alekseevna Perovskaya, ...
• TOLSTOY
  TOLSTOY Fed. Peter. (1783-1873), count, medalist, sculptor, painter and graphic artist, vice-president. (1828-59), comrade pres. (1859-68) St. Petersburg. OH. In his…
• TOLSTOY in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  TOLSTOY Peter And. (1645-1729), count, state. activist, ambassador to the Ottoman Empire (1702-1714). He achieved the return of Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich to Russia...
• TOLSTOY in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  TOLSTOY Peter Al-dr. (1761-1844), count, diplomat, infantry general (1814). Participant of the Russian tour. (1787-91) and Russian-French. (1798-1800) wars. In 1807-08...
• TOLSTOY in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  TOLSTOY Nikita Il. (1923-96), philologist-Slavist, academician. RAS (1987). Works on the history of glory. lit. languages, incl. according to old glory language, its...
• TOLSTOY in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  TOLSTOY Leo Nick. (1828-1910), count, Russian. writer, c.-k. (1873), rev. acad. (1900) Petersburg. AN. Starting with the autobiography. tril. "Childhood" (1852), ...
• TOLSTOY in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  TOLSTOY Dm. Andes. (1823-89), count, state. activist and historian, honorary h. (1866), pres. (since 1882) St. Petersburg. AN. In 1865-80, Chief Prosecutor...
• TOLSTOY in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  TOLSTOY Al. Nick. (1882/83-1945), count, Russian. writer, academician USSR Academy of Sciences (1939). In 1918-23 in exile. Prod. about the life of a dwindling estate...
• TOLSTOY in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  TOLSTOY Al. Const. (1817-75), count, Russian. writer, c.-k. Petersburg AN (1873). Ballads, satirical. poetry, history rum "Prince Silver" (1863), drama. ...
• DMITRIY in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  DMITRY SHEMYAKA (1420-53), Prince of Galich-Kostroma, son of Yuri Dmitrievich. During the war in 1446, Vasily was captured and blinded...
• DMITRIY in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  DMITRY KONSTANTINOVICH (1323 or 1324-83), Prince of Suzdal (from 1356), Grand Duke of Vladimir (1360-63) and Nizhny Novgorod-Suzdal (from 1365). In alliance with...
• DMITRIY in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  DMITRY IVANOVICH (1582-91), prince, ml. son of Ivan IV. In 1584 he was sent with his mother (M.F. Naga) to the Uglich estate. Died at...
• DMITRIY in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  DMITRY DONSKOY (1350-89), Grand Duke of Moscow (from 1359) and Vladimir (from 1362), son of Ivan II. Under him, in 1367, a...
• DMITRIY in the Russian Synonyms dictionary:
  Dimitry, ...
• DMITRIY in the Complete Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language:
  Dmitry, (Dmitrievich, ...
• TOLSTOY in the Modern Explanatory Dictionary, TSB:
  Alexey Konstantinovich (1817-75), count, Russian writer, corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1873). Ballads, satirical poems, historical novel “Prince Silver” (published in ...
• HORIS LOGGIN ANDREEVICH (LUDWIG ANDREEVICH) in the Brief Biographical Encyclopedia:
  Khoris [Loggin (Ludwig) Andreevich] - traveler and painter (1795 - 1828). German by origin, he was brought up in a Kharkov gymnasium. IN …
• DMITRY NIKOLAEVICH SMIRNOV in Wiki Quote Book:
  Data: 2009-01-02 Time: 21:11:27 Navigation Topic = Dmitry Smirnov Wikipedia = Smirnov, Dmitry Nikolaevich (composer) Wikisource = Dmitry Nikolaevich Smirnov ...
• ARTEMY ANDREEVICH LEBEDEV in the Wiki Quote Book:
  Data: 2009-07-09 Time: 06:03:24 Navigation Wikipedia = Lebedev, Artemy Andreevich Artemy Andreevich Lebedev is a Russian designer, founder, art director and owner of...
• RUDAKOV DMITRY IVANOVICH
  Open Orthodox encyclopedia "TREE". Rudakov Dmitry Ivanovich (1879 - 1937), psalm-reader, martyr. Memory November 14,...
• OVECHKIN DMITRY KIPRIANOVICH in the Orthodox Encyclopedia Tree:
  Open Orthodox encyclopedia "TREE". Ovechkin Dmitry Kiprianovich (1877 - 1937), priest, martyr. Commemoration of November 1 and...
• LEBEDEV DMITRY ALEXANDROVICH in the Orthodox Encyclopedia Tree:
  Open Orthodox encyclopedia "TREE". Lebedev Dmitry Alexandrovich (1871 - 1937), archpriest, martyr. Memory November 14, at...
• KRYUCHKOV DMITRY IVANOVICH in the Orthodox Encyclopedia Tree:
  Open Orthodox encyclopedia "TREE". Kryuchkov Dmitry Ivanovich (1874 - 1952), priest, confessor. Memory 27 August. ...
• KARAULOV VASILY ANDREEVICH in the Orthodox Encyclopedia Tree:
  Open Orthodox encyclopedia "TREE". Karaulov Vasily Andreevich (1854 - 1910), politician, member of the III State Duma, chairman ...
• GRIGORIEV DMITRY DMITRIEVICH, JUNIOR in the Orthodox Encyclopedia Tree:
  Open Orthodox encyclopedia "TREE". Grigoriev Dmitry Dmitrievich (1919 - 2007), archpriest (Orthodox Church in America), professor ...
• VETELEV ALEXANDER ANDREEVICH in the Orthodox Encyclopedia Tree:
  Open Orthodox encyclopedia "TREE". Vetelev Alexander Andreevich (1892 - 1976), archpriest, professor, doctor of theology. Born 24...
• BENEVOLENSKY DMITRY MIKHAILOVICH in the Orthodox Encyclopedia Tree:
  Open Orthodox encyclopedia "TREE". Benevolensky Dmitry Mikhailovich (1883 - 1937), archpriest, martyr. Commemorated November 14th and...
• BAYANOV DMITRY FEDOROVICH in the Orthodox Encyclopedia Tree:
  Open Orthodox encyclopedia "TREE". Bayanov Dmitry Fedorovich (1885 - 1937), archpriest, church composer. Born February 15, 1885...

The pseudonym under which the politician Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov writes. ... In 1907 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the 2nd State Duma in St. Petersburg.

Alyabyev, Alexander Alexandrovich, Russian amateur composer. ... A.'s romances reflected the spirit of the times. As then-Russian literature, they are sentimental, sometimes corny. Most of them are written in a minor key. They are almost no different from Glinka’s first romances, but the latter has stepped far forward, while A. remained in place and is now outdated.

The filthy Idolishche (Odolishche) is an epic hero...

Pedrillo (Pietro-Mira Pedrillo) is a famous jester, a Neapolitan, who at the beginning of the reign of Anna Ioannovna arrived in St. Petersburg to sing the roles of buffa and play the violin in the Italian court opera.

Dahl, Vladimir Ivanovich
His numerous stories suffer from a lack of real artistic creativity, deep feeling and a broad view of the people and life. Dahl did not go further than everyday pictures, anecdotes caught on the fly, told in a unique language, smartly, vividly, with a certain humor, sometimes falling into mannerism and jokeiness.

Varlamov, Alexander Egorovich
Varlamov, apparently, did not work at all on the theory of musical composition and was left with the meager knowledge that he could have learned from the chapel, which in those days did not at all care about the general musical development of its students.

Nekrasov Nikolay Alekseevich
None of our great poets has so many poems that are downright bad from all points of view; He himself bequeathed many poems not to be included in the collected works. Nekrasov is not consistent even in his masterpieces: and suddenly prosaic, listless verse hurts the ear.

Gorky, Maxim
By his origin, Gorky by no means belongs to those dregs of society, of which he appeared as a singer in literature.

Zhikharev Stepan Petrovich
His tragedy “Artaban” did not see either print or stage, since, in the opinion of Prince Shakhovsky and the frank review of the author himself, it was a mixture of nonsense and nonsense.

Sherwood-Verny Ivan Vasilievich
“Sherwood,” writes one contemporary, “in society, even in St. Petersburg, was not called anything other than bad Sherwood... his comrades in military service shunned him and called him by the dog name “Fidelka.”

Obolyaninov Petr Khrisanfovich
...Field Marshal Kamensky publicly called him “a state thief, a bribe-taker, a complete fool.”

Popular biographies

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As a conductor of counter-reform policies.

Biography

Representative of the Volga region, relatively seedy, branch of the Tolstoys. His father, staff captain Count Andrei Stepanovich Tolstoy (1793-1830), died when his sons Vsevolod (1824-1843) and Dmitry and daughter Elizabeth were in childhood. Mother Praskovya Dmitrievna, née Pavlova (d. 1849), having become a widow, married Vasily Yakovlevich Wenkstern. The only sister Elizaveta (1825-1867), in her first marriage was Petrovskaya, in her second marriage she was married to the Samara governor N.A. Zamyatnin (1824-1868).

In 1865 (from June 3) he was appointed Chief Prosecutor of the Holy Synod, from April 14, 1866 - Minister of Public Education and held both of these posts until April 1880, when he was appointed a member of the State Council. Under Tolstoy, the following were opened: (1867), the University of Warsaw, the Agricultural Institute in New Alexandria (1869), the Moscow Higher Women's Courses (1872), the Russian Philological Seminary in Leipzig for the training of teachers of ancient languages ​​(1875); Tomsk University (1878). The Nizhyn Lyceum was transformed into the Historical and Philological Institute, and the Yaroslavl Lyceum into a legal lyceum. In 1872, regulations on city schools were published, in 1874 - regulations on primary schools, for the supervision of which the positions of inspectors of public schools were established back in 1869. In the ecclesiastical department under Count Tolstoy, a transformation of religious educational institutions was carried out (1867-1869).

Since 1882, Count D. A. Tolstoy was also president of the Imperial Academy of Sciences. At that time he lived on the Fontanka embankment, in house number 16.

He was granted the court ranks of chamberlain cadet (1848), chamberlain (1858) and “in the position of chamberlain” (1860); the ranks of Actual State Councilor (1856), Chamberlain Master (1861) and Actual Privy Councilor (04/16/1872).

He was buried in the family estate - the village of Makovo, Ryazan province.

Tolstoy's educational reform

As Minister of Public Education, Count Tolstoy carried out a reform of secondary education in 1871, which consisted, according to the historian A. A. Kornilov, in the introduction of large volumes of mathematics into the curriculum, along with a significant strengthening of the teaching of Latin and Greek in gymnasiums, and only to students of classical gymnasiums were given the right to enter the university; former real gymnasiums were transformed into real schools (1872).

The most important contribution to the development of the ideology of this reform was made by the publicist and professor M. N. Katkov. One of the goals of the reform was to develop students' ability to think thoroughly and thus prevent the spread of superficial radical views. With similar goals (to eliminate the need for students to travel to European universities and thereby prevent the spread of the “revolutionary infection” from Europe), serious efforts were made to create and properly equip research laboratories in Russian universities.

Family

In his youth, Count Tolstoy was in love with the wonderful beauty Maria Yazykova, who later married the diplomat D. O. Shepping. The count proposed to her and was already considered the groom, but the wedding did not take place due to the fact that his uncle convinced him to what extent it would be reckless for him to marry a girl who, like him, has no fortune.

On November 8, 1853, Count Tolstoy married Sofya Dmitrievna Bibikova(1827-1907), daughter of the Minister of Internal Affairs D. G. Bibikov. According to contemporary reviews, she was a woman of very narrow minds, not beautiful, but extremely kind and complacent. She more than compensated for her shortcomings by bringing her husband a significant fortune, and he had unlimited power over her, so that his slightest whim was a law for her. Tolstoy was on bad terms with his father-in-law, but he especially hated his mother-in-law, he never met her, did not want to hear about her. This irreconcilable hostility was caused by nothing more than monetary calculations; “Count Tolstoy constantly complained that he was deprived, that he was given only part of what he was entitled to.” Countess Tolstaya held high positions at court, was a lady of state and a cavalry lady of the Order of St. Catherine of the Small Cross (1873). Children:

• Sofia (10/12/1854-02/14/1917), maid of honor, married to Count S.A. Tolem, St. Petersburg governor. She is known for her charitable activities and as the author of a book about Freemasonry.
• Gleb (10/17/1862-01/15/1904), titular councilor, served as a zemstvo commander in the Ryazan province.

Awards

Confession

Scientific activity

D. A. Tolstoy wrote “The History of Financial Institutions in Russia from the time of the founding of the state until the death of Empress Catherine II” (St. Petersburg, 1848), a study on the history of Catholicism in Russia ( Le Catholicisme romain en Russie; P., 1863-1864 volume 1, volume 2) and a number of articles on the history of education in Russia, published in the “Journal of the Ministry of Public Education” and in the “Russian Archive”. On his initiative, the publication of “Materials for the History of the Academy of Sciences” was undertaken.

The work "Roman Catholicism in Russia", which appeared in French in 1864, attracted the attention of the papal curia and in 1866 was included in the "Index of Prohibited Books" with a rare certification " opus praedamnatum" - a certification that is given in the index only to the works of the most terrible heretics.

Selected works

• Tolstoy D. A. Academic gymnasium in the 18th century: according to handwritten documents from the Archives of the Academy of Sciences. - St. Petersburg. : type. Academician Sciences, 1885. - 114 p. - (Collection of the Department of Russian Language and Literature of the Academy of Sciences - vol. 38, no. 5).
• Tolstoy D. A. Academic University in the 18th century: based on handwritten documents from the Archives of the Academy of Sciences. - St. Petersburg. : type. Academician Sciences, 1885. - 67 p. - (Collection of the Department of Russian Language and Literature of the Academy of Sciences - vol. 38, no. 6).
• Tolstoy D. A. A look at the educational part in Russia in the 18th century until 1782. - St. Petersburg. : type. Academician Sciences, 1885. - 100 p. - (Collection of the Department of Russian Language and Literature of the Academy of Sciences - vol. 38, no. 4).
• Tolstoy D. A.[Types and considerations that guided the Minister of Public Education when submitting a draft charter for real schools to the State Council]. - St. Petersburg. , 1872. - 13 p.
• Tolstoy D. A. The most humble memorandum ... on the activities of the Orthodox Spiritual Department from June 1, 1865 to January 1866 - St. Petersburg. , 1866. - 67 p.
• Tolstoy D. A. City schools during the reign of Empress Catherine II. - St. Petersburg. : type. Academician Sciences, 1886. - 214 p. - (Collection of the Department of Russian Language and Literature of the Academy of Sciences. - T. 41, No. 2).
• Tolstoy D. A. Remarks of the Chairman of the Committee, the highest approved for the organization of spiritual affairs of the Orthodox confession in Finland, ... on the draft regulations on the organization of Orthodox parishes in Finland. - [SPb.]: B. i., . - 4 s.
• Tolstoy D. A. Extract from the report of the director of the Office of the Maritime Ministry for 1858. - [SPb.]: B. i., . - 10 s.
• Tolstoy D. A. Joseph, Metropolitan of Lithuania, and the reunification of the Uniates with the Orthodox Church in 1839. - St. Petersburg. : printing house of V. Golovin, 1869. - 71 p. - (Extracted from the Journal of the People's Republic of the People's Republic).
• Tolstoy D. A. The history of Russian financial institutions from the founding of the state until the death of Empress Catherine II. - St. Petersburg. : type. K. Zhernakova, 1848. - 258 p.
• Tolstoy D. A. People of Catherine's time: A reference book for the reign of the Emperor. Catherine II. - St. Petersburg. : type. V. S. Balashova, 1882. - 636 p.
• Tolstoy D. A. About the initial establishment and subsequent changes in the structure of the Admiralty Board. - St. Petersburg. : type. Academician Sciences, 1855. - 25 p. - (from the Marine collection. - 1855. - No. 6).
• Tolstoy D. A. About the Jesuits in Moscow and St. Petersburg: Historical. excerpt. - St. Petersburg. : type. 2nd department of own e.i.v. office, 1859. - 23 p.
• Tolstoy D. A. Review of educational institutions of the Olonets province (in August 1877). - Petrozavodsk: Olonetsk. lips stat. com., 1877. - 46 p.
• Tolstoy D. A. Speeches and articles. - St. Petersburg. : type. V. S. Balasheva, 1876. - 187 p.
• Tolstoy D. A. Speech of the Tsar and Grand Duke Ivan Vasilyevich to the lords of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, transmitted through them later. - M., 1847. - 7 p.
• Tolstoy D. A. Roman Catholicism in Russia: Historical. study. - St. Petersburg. : V. F. Demakov, 1876-1877.

-Russian statesman and historian.

Count Dmitry Andreevich Tolstoy (March 1, 1823, Moscow - April 25, 1889, St. Petersburg) - Russian statesman and historian: Chief Prosecutor of the Holy Governing Synod (June 23, 1865 - April 23, 1880), Minister of Public Education (1866-1880) , Minister of the Interior and Chief of Gendarmes (1882-1889). Also member of the State Council (since 1866), senator. Under Alexander II he was known as an energetic reformer, and under Alexander III as a conductor of the policy of counter-reforms.

Portrait of Count D.A. Tolstoy, President of the Imperial Academy of Sciences.

Ivan Nikolaevich Kramskoy

A representative of the Volga region, relatively seedy, branch of the Tolstoys. His father, Staff Captain Count Andrei Stepanovich Tolstoy (1793-1830), died when his sons Vsevolod (1824-43) and Dmitry were at a tender age. Mother Praskovya Dmitrievna, née Pavlova (d. 1849), having become a widow, married Vasily Yakovlevich Wenkstern. The only sister Elizaveta (1825-67), in her first marriage was Petrovskaya, in her second marriage she was married to the Samara governor N.A. Zamyatnin (1824-1868).

In 1842 he completed a course at the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. Since 1848, he was attached to the Department of Spiritual Affairs of Foreign Confessions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and was involved in compiling the history of foreign confessions. In 1853, he was appointed director of the office of the Maritime Ministry and in this rank he took part in drawing up the economic charter of the Maritime Ministry and new regulations on the management of the Maritime Department. In 1861, he managed the Department of Public Education for some time, then was appointed senator.

In 1865 he was appointed Chief Prosecutor of the Holy Synod, in 1866 - Minister of Public Education and held both of these posts until April 1880, when he was appointed a member of the State Council. Under Tolstoy, the following were opened: the Historical and Philological Institute (1867), the University of Warsaw, the Agricultural Institute in New Alexandria (1869), the Moscow Higher Women's Courses (1872), the Russian Philological Seminary in Leipzig for the training of teachers of ancient languages ​​(1875); Tomsk University (1878). The Nizhyn Lyceum was transformed into the Historical and Philological Institute, and the Yaroslavl Lyceum was transformed into a legal lyceum. In 1872, regulations on city schools were published, in 1874 - regulations on primary schools, for the supervision of which the positions of inspectors of public schools were established back in 1869. In the ecclesiastical department under Count Tolstoy, a transformation of religious and educational institutions was carried out (1867-1869).

In May 1882 he took the post of Minister of the Interior and Chief of Gendarmes and remained in this post until his death. He was considered a conductor of political reaction and a champion of “strong” power. Legislative measures carried out and prepared under him were aimed at the elevation of the nobility, the regulation of peasant life and the transformation of local government and self-government in the sense of expanding the influence of the administration. Laws on peasant family divisions and on the hiring of rural workers were issued, regulations on zemstvo bosses and new zemstvo regulations were prepared. Freedom of the press was significantly limited by the provisional regulations of 1882. For more details, see Counter-reforms of Alexander III.

Since 1882, Count D. A. Tolstoy, with the rank of actual privy councilor, was also president of the Imperial Academy of Sciences. At that time he lived on the Fontanka embankment, in house No. 16. He was buried in the family estate - the village of Makovo, Ryazan province.

Count Dmitry Andreevich Tolstoy

Tolstoy's educational reform

As Minister of Public Education, Count Tolstoy carried out a reform of secondary education in 1871, which consisted, according to the authoritative historian A. A. Kornilov, in introducing large amounts of mathematics into the curriculum, along with a significant strengthening of the teaching of Latin and Greek in gymnasiums, and only to students classical gymnasiums were given the right to enter the university; former real gymnasiums were transformed into real schools (1872).

The most important contribution to the development of the ideology of this reform was made by the publicist and professor M. N. Katkov. One of the goals of the reform was to develop students' ability to think thoroughly and thus prevent the spread of superficial radical views. With similar goals (to eliminate the need for students to travel to European universities and thereby prevent the spread of the “revolutionary infection” from Europe), serious efforts were made to create and properly equip research laboratories at Russian universities

Count Dmitry Andreevich Tolstoy

Family

In his youth, Count Tolstoy was in love with the wonderful beauty Maria Yazykova, who later married the diplomat D. O. Shepping. The count proposed to her and was already considered the groom, but the wedding did not take place due to the fact that his uncle convinced him to what extent it would be reckless for him to marry a girl who, like him, has no fortune.

On November 8, 1853, Count Tolstoy married Sofya Dmitrievna Bibikova (1827-1907), daughter of the Minister of Internal Affairs D. G. Bibikov. According to contemporary reviews, she was a woman of very narrow minds, not beautiful, but extremely kind and complacent. She more than compensated for her shortcomings by bringing her husband a significant fortune, and he had unlimited power over her, so that his slightest whim was a law for her. Tolstoy was on bad terms with his father-in-law, but he especially hated his mother-in-law, he never met her, did not want to hear about her. This irreconcilable hostility was caused by nothing more than monetary calculations; “Count Tolstoy constantly complained that he was deprived, that he was given only part of what he was entitled to.” Countess Tolstaya held high positions at court, was a lady of state and a cavalry lady of the Order of St. Catherine of the Small Cross (1873).

Unknown artist of the mid-19th century Office in the estate of Count D.A. Tolstoy Znamenskaya Voronezh province 1870-188o-e

Sofia (10/12/1854—02/14/1917), maid of honor, married to Count S.A. Tolem, St. Petersburg governor. She is known for her charitable activities and as the author of a book about Freemasonry.

Years of life: 1823-1889

From the biography:

• Dmitry Andreevich Tolstoy- one of the prominent statesmen of Russia. His activities are connected with the reign of two emperors - Alexander II and Alexander III.
• From 1865-1889 - served as Chief Prosecutor of the Holy Governing Synod
• From 1866-1880 - Minister of Public Education of Russia
• From 1886-1889 - Minister of the Interior and Chief of Gendarmes.
• Since 1866 - member of the State Council.
• If under Alexander II D.A. Tolstoy was a reformer, then under Alexander III he was an ardent conservative.

The main activities of D.A. Tolstoy and their results

D.A Tolstoy - Chief Prosecutor of the Holy Governing Synod (1865-1889)

• The church continued to remain under state control.
• Children of priests received the right to enter gymnasiums and cadet schools
• The salaries of clergy were increased

D.A. Tolstoy - Minister of Public Education of the Russian Empire (1866-1880)

• The education reform began even before D.A. Tolstoy. The new minister continued to carry it out.
• Since 1871 - secondary education reform
• Introduction of a large number of hours of mathematics and ancient languages ​​- Greek and Latin. A course was taken towards the classical education system.
• Only those who graduated from a classical gymnasium could enter universities
• 1872 - real gymnasiums were transformed into real schools. They increased the hours for mathematics and drawing and reduced the hours for humanities subjects.
• Much has been done to equip laboratories at universities.
• The number of students studying abroad was sharply reduced in order to prevent the spread of Western revolutionary ideas in Russia.
• Under him, many higher educational institutions were opened in Russia (the University of Tomsk in 1878, the Historical and Philological University in 1868, the Moscow Higher Women's Courses in 1872, etc.)
• Primary education also changed: along with parochial schools, secular primary schools began to open, which were under the care of zemstvos.
• Tolstoy paid special attention to the spread of education among the non-Orthodox peoples of Russia. On his initiative, a primary education system was created in native language, teachers were trained and textbooks were written for national schools

The result of the activity there was a significant increase in secondary and higher educational institutions (almost three times), and lower ones - almost 20 times; The development of primary education for national minorities and the reform of the primary education system can also be considered a merit of D.A. Tolstoy.

D.A. Tolstoy - Minister of Internal Affairs and Chief of Gendarmes

(1886-1889)

• He advocated strong government, was an ardent conservative, and a supporter of counter-reforms.
• 1881- " Regulations on enhanced and emergency protection”, which strengthened administrative and police control. Regional and provincial authorities could declare a state of emergency for an indefinite period. It was possible to expel unwanted persons, close educational institutions and media outlets. Created under the Ministry of Internal Affairs Special meeting, which could arrest suspicious persons without trial for up to 5 years.
• 1882 - Freedom of the press limited Temporary rules. Pre-censorship was restored.
• During his activity, 251 illegal organizations were uncovered, including the group of A.I. Ulyanov. 2,851 people were convicted for political reasons

The result there was a decrease in the number of people's speeches. From the mid-1880s, the revolutionary movement also began to decline. Terrorist activity has also decreased. Only two attempts were made: in 1882, the prosecutor of Odessa Strelnikov was killed, and in 1884, a failed attempt was made on Alexander III. There were no more terrorist attacks until the beginning of the 20th century.

Material for a historical essay

This material can be used in preparation for task No. 25.

On the site you can find material on historical portraits and examples of historical essays according to their eras

Material prepared by: Melnikova Vera Aleksandrovna