Language styles and speech styles. Functional styles of language. Cheat sheet: Stylistic features of conversational style of speech Stylistic features of speech

07.10.2023

Stylistic features in the speech of modern politicians

Introduction

Definition of stylistics

Stylistic features of speech

Chernomyrdin's ambiguity and flexibility

"Economy" Luzhkov

Conclusion

Introduction

What is the basis for the contact of a political leader with the people? Why does one, having started his career to deafening national applause, quickly lose popularity, while another, having entered politics to the accompaniment of mocking comments from the press, gains an unprecedented rating in a matter of months, which then lasts for years? Of course, the biblical “by their works you will know them” always remains in force, but for the mass consciousness, as a rule, the true meaning of what people in power are doing is closed. A man of the masses is not a political scientist, but he is a great esthete and perceives political chronicles as a “soap opera”: he recognizes some characters as “his own” and then worries about them as if they were relatives, but for others he resolutely refuses his sympathy . The ideal democratic politician must renounce all personal passions and only “represent” the interests of those who elected him.

But those who take the demands of the democratic ideal seriously never make bright, any noticeable politicians - except perhaps industry lobbyists. Already in order to be noticed and chosen as a “representative”, you need to be someone, and the “will of the people” (which no one has ever known or knows anything about) you must first be able to formulate yourself, and then convince your voters that this - what you drum into them at every rally - is their true will. And for this you need to have a specific “artistry”, which is a derivative not only of individual talent and external human “texture”, but also of the political culture of the country where it happened to live and be educated as a politician. A significant, if not significant, role in this “artistry” relates to the style used by political figures. What is the concept of stylistics, its significance, if it is capable of winning the minds and hearts of millions of voters, ordinary citizens of the country.

Definition of stylistics

From the point of view of modern ideas about the structure of the science of language, stylistics could be included both in linguistic semantics (since it is associated with the expression of a certain class of meanings) and in linguistic pragmatics (since it involves the expression of a certain attitude of the speaker to the utterance; it is not for nothing that some authors call pragmatic components meanings expressive and/or stylistic), and in the theory of speech influence (since stylistically determined choice is one of its tools), and in the general theory of language variation. This, however, is not done due to the historical circumstance that stylistics is noticeably older than any of these disciplines: in the European philological tradition, ideas about linguistic styles can be traced back to antiquity, and during the 18th century. they were formulated explicitly. Throughout the 19th century. the idea of stylistics as an independent branch of linguistics was formed, which became generally accepted in the first third of the 20th century, after the works of S. Bally and representatives of the Prague Linguistic Circle.

Style is always an expression of the speaker's commitment to some value that can be formally expressed. In the case of linguistic stylistics, this is a commitment to such a value category as the appropriateness of the chosen form of expression in a given communication situation - taking into account its subject, social context and mutual social status of the communicants (in a pub they speak differently than from a university department, a message to the nation is constructed differently than a message to a beloved, one communicates with a representative of the authorities differently than with a dentist or subordinate, etc.). Linguistic styles typify all this diversity and introduce into it some coarsening, but also ordering division, supported by tradition - which, in fact, is one of the functions of language in general. It is significant that if the incorrectness of a statement is described as its falsity, and the incorrectness of a speech act - as its failure (in the case of a speech act of a statement, expressing, in particular, its falsity), then stylistic incorrectness is described precisely as inappropriateness - such a style is inappropriate here, expressed, in particular, and in pragmatic failure.

A set of stylistically opposed variants of linguistic expression is usually considered as describing the same extra-linguistic content, but at the same time additionally informing about the speaker’s attitude to the communicative situation, to the content of the utterance, to the addressee, to himself (it has long been a practice to classify means of expression as stylistic expressive components of meaning, see below), finally, in the case of stylization of a statement or, more often, a text to some value-laden tradition. At the same time, stylistic options are considered in stylistics from the point of view of the mechanism of their formation, the scope of their use and the principles of selection, depending on the goals and context of speech communication.

Stylistic features

Stylistic roughness, inaccuracies, and direct deviations from stylistic literary norms make up in our chronicle of errors from 20% to 25% of all cases recorded in it. At first glance, it may seem that errors in style are not as linguistically crude as grammatical or lexical errors. Moreover, since they represent only a discrepancy in the functional-genre orientation of speech and do not directly affect the systemic laws of language, they should be attributed more to violations of the canons of communication than to linguistic irregularities themselves. It is not without reason that when evaluating school essays they are not equated with grammatical errors, nevertheless, they have the same negative impact on listeners as the other types of errors we have considered. The fact is that stylistics covers the aesthetic and ethical qualities of speech, and they directly characterize the speaker. A thought that has become banal, but does not cease to be true style is a person fully corresponds to our position in assessing stylistic sloppiness, which leaves the same impression as dirt under the fingernails of the interlocutor.

The linguistic-psychological mechanism of their occurrence has an unconscious basis: as a rule, one of the repeated units turns out to be two-word and has signs of a stable turnover, which is used by the speaker as a single, integral formation, as a separate word; compare: to matter, to express readiness, active struggle, historical excursion, upon closer examination, according to rumors, the pursuit of happiness, etc., therefore the speaker himself does not always hear the repetition he made. Obscenisms are just that strong words are deliberately inserted into public speech and play the role of a weapon prohibited by the social contract, directed against the real and potential opponents of the speaker and destroying the ethical and aesthetic expectations of listeners. Thus, we can only classify repetition as a stylistic error, while the public use of fecal-genital vocabulary should be classified as immoral acts.

Among other deviations from the stylistic norms of the literary language, the most noticeable is the use of various kinds of jargon. The reason for the appearance of defective utterances can be not only the inclusion of stylistically reduced elements in speech, i.e. jargon and vernacular, but also erroneous, often completely unnecessary and generated only neurosis of originality , desire speak beautifully , consumption high - book and poetic - vocabulary or fashionable foreign words.

Putin's laconicism and tactfulness

style political leader laconicism

Why did Putin succeed in what Yeltsin failed to do? After all, Boris Nikolaevich, without any doubt, is a gifted person in his own way, endowed with will and determination, and purely outwardly and much more “textured”, much closer to the standard image of a “big politician”. And he ruled, most importantly, very colorfully, so to speak, turning every turn of the winding historical plot into a spectacular performance. This was a man of gestures, turning almost every public appearance into an element of the show! What was there: speeches from a tank, and the picturesque signing of a decree banning the Communist Party, and the dispersal of the Supreme Council, and an extravagant promise to lie on the rails, and all sorts of “castlings”.

In a word, Yeltsin worked in a shock, overstrained “storm and stress” style, and it is impossible to remain at the height of such pathos for a long time: the actor turned out to be not a titan of spirit, and the audience’s nerves were not of iron. In addition, the audience had enough time to notice: threats to enemies and, in general, everything destructive that Yeltsin planned were carried out, but with promises of something good, the situation was different. And then very soon the hero’s fatigue began to show: among the pathos gestures, comic ones appeared, and then completely shameful ones - like conducting an orchestra in Berlin. The heroic performance began to turn into a farce, and the audience had every right to boo the actor who failed to meet the given level. In the last years of Boris Nikolayevich's presidency there was a frank, unartistic disintegration of his heroic style: he endlessly parodied his former self, and this humiliated not only him, but also all sensible witnesses.

Observing the sad decline of the patriarch from a close distance, Putin apparently understood one very important thing for himself: the political style of a leader in a country mortally tired of turmoil and disorder should not be emotionally overloaded. It may be worth starting on a high note, at least in order to be noticed at all (hence the famous “peeing in the toilet” addressed to Chechen militants and the boy’s flight in a fighter jet), but the basis of political behavior should be everyday methodicality without any extravagance , so boring performed by Yeltsin. The people should constantly see their president in sound mind and sober memory - in the office, on trips, on vacation - but, seeing a familiar face on the screen, they should not tense up in anticipation of some next “castling” or an absurd thunderous phrase, the meaning of which is not Even a super-professional press secretary can then explain. And in general - less theatrical pathos, props, heroic gestures, familiarity and other political bad taste.

However, so that methodicality does not turn into monotony and does not lull observers to sleep, the smooth fabric of everyday life must be constantly, in a certain given rhythm, stitched with restrained, but still effective gestures: words or actions that no one expects.

It is true that in the first months of his rule, Putin scored a lot of points by contrasting his political style with Yeltsin's. But it is also true that quite quickly he learned to work in contrast to himself. In any case, with the image of oneself, which at this particular moment is accepted by the media and their consumers as a certain standard. For example, the usually dry, pedantic, concrete Putin answers a journalist’s question at some economic forum about what he sees Russia like in ten years. Instead of generalized optimistic forecasts, guesses and figures, which could be expected in the context of a conversation, he utters one single phrase that radically changes the entire style and internal meaning of the press conference.

He says: “We will be happy,” and the amazed listeners laugh gratefully - without ridicule, feeling a certain psychological release.

This, of course, is a trifle, but much more serious gestures were made by Putin according to the same scenario: for example, an unexpected call to President Bush on September 11 last year, which immediately changed the entire context of world politics. And the latest event of this kind was Putin’s announcement of his plan for integration with Belarus: in his usual manner, in a calm, even voice, he pronounced a text of truly revolutionary content, radically changing the usual situation of long debates about the premature union, while completely knocking out of the saddle, who did not expect such a turn in the affairs of the Belarusian president. The circles from this small storm will diverge for a long time throughout the entire political space of both Russia and Belarus.

It seems that Putin's favorite word is plan, and in a special sense of the word. In most cases, he does not mean the step-by-step implementation of certain actions over time, with given deadlines and a planned result (although this exists: we not only say, but also do exactly what we promise). Putin is talking, rather, about rules, the exact observance of which (without any connection with time) presupposes a positive result. In most of his statements and assessments, Putin emphasizes that they are not related to a specific case, but have a permanent significance (this applies not only to regular statements that the acting actions and projects are not related to the presidential elections, but are focused on the future outside depending on who turns out to be o). People who are strictly rule-oriented, often regardless of reality, are a special mental type, and there are many reasons to believe that Putin belongs to it. For example, the manner of conducting a conversation (argument). Firstly, Putin is inclined to correct spelling errors - inaccuracies in the wording of his interlocutor, and translate his statements into his correct language (his second favorite word is intelligible). Secondly, he does not even mimic the point of view of the interlocutor, is not inclined to change the rhythm of the conversation, retreat and attack, tactically step aside and return to the main topic, play with the interlocutor - conversations with Putin are smooth, consistent and linear in nature with punctual clarification of roughnesses. His statements, with rare (and therefore especially noticeable) exceptions, are boring and lacking in color. There is little personal content in them, since the rules are, by definition, impersonal. Putin's penchant for public speaking does not appear to have yet manifested itself. At least for now, he is irritated by the need to repeat the same thing in different audiences and to different correspondents.<#"justify">List of used literature

1.Altunyan A.G. "From Bulgarin to Zhirinovsky: Ideological and stylistic analysis of political texts." M.: Russian State University for the Humanities, 1999.

2.Baranov A.N., Karaulov Yu.N. “Dictionary of Russian Political Metaphors” RAS. Institute of Russian Language. - M., 1994.

.Ilyin M.V. “Words and meanings. Experience in describing key political concepts.” M., 1997.

.Lévi-Strauss K. “Structural Anthropology” Trans. from fr. V.V. Ivanova. - M.: Publishing house EKS-MO-Press, 2001.

.Meinhof U. “Discourse / Contexts of modernity-2” Reader. Comp. And ed. S.A. Erofeev. - Kazan: Kazan University Publishing House, 2001.

.Nazarov M.M. “Mass communication in the modern world. Analysis methodology and research practice.” M., 2002.

.First person. Conversations with Vladimir Putin. M., Vagrius, 2000.

.Alexander Ageev “Sense of Rhythm” Magazine Profile No. 31 (301) dated 08/26/2002

Oral public speech is a functional type of literary language that belongs to the sphere of book speech. Its texts are consolidated, united into a special functional variety, due, on the one hand, to the fact that group communication, which involves verbal communication within unstable social groups, finds its verbal embodiment in them. In such groups, native speakers are united by some occupation, common work, passing interests, or circumstances.

On the other hand, all texts of this functional variety are oral. The same tasks and goals of social communication that are inherent in written styles - journalistic, scientific, official business - are realized in the PPR. Accordingly, within the framework of management, fragments are distinguished: political eloquence; academic eloquence; administrative and legal eloquence.

Obviously, these fragments of the UPR are correlated with journalistic, scientific, official business styles:

* according to the main functional parameters - tasks and goals of social communication;
* on the main linguostylistic categories and phenomena, principles and techniques of combination, integration, use of speech means, specific to the speech structure of each of the “written” styles.

Meanwhile, the UPR is considered as an independent functional-style formation, since, on the one hand, in its texts verbal communication is carried out in conditions of group communication. They are not read, but pronounced, finally created in the process of pronouncing.

Syntax of oral public speech

Simple sentences, as the study of the syntax of the UPR shows, make up 41.6% of the total representation of syntactic structures in oral scientific speech. Simple sentences are characterized by the actual use of verb tense. If in written scientific speech the 2nd person forms and the pronouns you, you, as the most concrete, are practically not used, the percentage of the 1st person singular forms is very small, the 3rd person forms and the pronouns he, she, it are mainly used as the most abstract by meaning, then in the UPR all these forms (with the exception of the forms of the 2nd person singular and the pronoun you) are actively used. 1st person forms in the subject position account for 53%.

SSP. Among sentences of open structure (i.e., allowing the connection of more than two predicative units), sentences with a closing conjunction and or a predominate.

Among the SSPs of a closed structure in the UPR, the compositional and distributive sentences with the conjunction and attract attention. The second part of such proposals serves to disseminate the content of the first.

SPP. In the UPR, sentences with attributive and explanatory clauses are most widely used. These two types of clauses account for 73.69% of all clauses.

In the UPR there is a tendency towards redundancy of speech in complex sentences, which manifests itself in the repetition of the main and subordinate subjects, expressed by a pronoun. Duplication of the same word is observed in both parts of the SSP.

The dismemberment of syntactic structures is associated with the desire to “present” the irreversible oral speech flow in “portions” in order to facilitate both its formation and, most importantly, perception.

Along with intonational division, utterances resort to some lexical means, for example, the particle here.

The desire to facilitate the perception of a phrase, a text as a whole, explains the limitations in the UPR of constructions with verbal nouns, which cannot be dispensed with in the UPR, and in texts of administrative-legal eloquence, and often in political speech.

The UPR is characterized by a general tendency towards a reduction in the volume of syntactic constructions compared to written speech.

Vocabulary of oral public speech

The UPR presents the main composition of lexical units and compound names (primarily terminological and nomenclature), relevant for the corresponding “written” styles.

In contrast to written scientific and official business texts, EPR texts (within the framework of oral scientific speech and especially political speech) widely involve emotionally charged lexical and phraseological units from both book and colloquial speech.

The use of stylistically reduced, colloquial and, at the same time, bookish, expressively colored lexical and phraseological units in educational development, including in oral scientific speech, is explained by the factor of targeting the speaker’s speech (he addresses a specific audience) and the function of influence, i.e. the speaker’s desire to give his speech maximum clarity for the audience and persuasiveness.

Among the expressive means used in oral texts, including the texts of the UPR, that express an emotional and subjective assessment, there are lexical and phraseological units that express a positive and negative assessment.

These lexical units can equally belong to both book and colloquial speech

The UPR texts also practice metaphorical use of words.

The presence of speech metaphors and phraseological units arising from the tendencies of oral communication towards a freer way of expression sharply distinguishes the UPR from its book and written counterparts.

This use of words and metaphor in general are extremely relevant in the field of political eloquence.

cold war, parade of sovereignties

So, the oral form determines the main functional and stylistic characteristics of the UPR, the features of the use of speech means in its texts, clearly correlated with the speech structure of “written” styles.

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Stylistic features in the speech of modern politicians

Introduction

Definition of stylistics

Stylistic features of speech

"Economy" Luzhkov

Conclusion

Introduction

Definition of stylistics

Stylistic features

Stylistic roughness, inaccuracies, and direct deviations from stylistic literary norms make up in our chronicle of errors from 20% to 25% of all cases recorded in it. At first glance, it may seem that errors in style are not as linguistically crude as grammatical or lexical errors. Moreover, since they represent only a discrepancy in the functional-genre orientation of speech and do not directly affect the systemic laws of language, they should be attributed more to violations of the canons of communication than to linguistic irregularities themselves. It is not without reason that when evaluating school essays they are not equated with grammatical errors, nevertheless, they have the same negative impact on listeners as the other types of errors we have considered. The fact is that stylistics covers the aesthetic and ethical qualities of speech, and they directly characterize the speaker. The thought “style is a person,” which has become banal, but has not ceased to be true, fully corresponds to our position in assessing stylistic sloppiness, which leaves the same impression as dirt under the fingernails of an interlocutor.

Repetitions affect the listener's aesthetic sense.

The linguistic-psychological mechanism of their occurrence has an unconscious basis: as a rule, one of the repeated units turns out to be two-word and has signs of a stable turnover, which is used by the speaker as a single, integral formation, as a separate word; compare: to matter, to express readiness, active struggle, historical excursion, upon closer examination, according to rumors, the pursuit of happiness, etc., therefore the speaker himself does not always hear the repetition he made. Obscenisms and simply “strong words” are deliberately inserted into public speech and act as weapons prohibited by the social contract, directed against the speaker’s real and potential opponents and destroying the ethical and aesthetic expectations of listeners. Thus, we can only classify repetition as a stylistic error, while the public use of fecal-genital vocabulary should be classified as immoral acts.

Among other deviations from the stylistic norms of the literary language, the most noticeable is the use of various kinds of jargon. The reason for the appearance of defective utterances can be not only the inclusion of stylistically reduced elements in speech, i.e. jargon and vernacular, but also erroneous, often completely unnecessary and generated only by “neurosis of originality”, the desire to “speak beautifully”, the use of “high” - bookish and poetic - vocabulary or “fashionable” foreign words.

Putin's laconicism and tactfulness

style political leader laconicism

He says: “We will be happy,” and the amazed listeners laugh gratefully - without ridicule, feeling a certain psychological release.

It seems that Putin's favorite word is plan, and in a special sense of the word. In most cases, he does not mean the step-by-step implementation of certain actions over time, with given deadlines and a planned result (although this exists: we not only say, but also do exactly what we promise). Putin is talking, rather, about rules, the exact observance of which (without any connection with time) presupposes a positive result. In most of his statements and assessments, Putin emphasizes that they are not related to a specific case, but have a permanent significance (this applies not only to regular statements that the acting actions and projects are not related to the presidential elections, but are focused on the future outside depending on who turns out to be o). People who are strictly rule-oriented, often regardless of reality, are a special mental type, and there are many reasons to believe that Putin belongs to it. For example, the manner of conducting a conversation (argument). Firstly, Putin is inclined to correct “spelling errors” - inaccuracies in the wording of his interlocutor, and translate his statements into his correct language (his second favorite word is intelligible). Secondly, he does not even mimic the point of view of the interlocutor, is not inclined to change the rhythm of the conversation, retreat and attack, tactically step aside and return to the main topic, play with the interlocutor - conversations with Putin are smooth, consistent and linear in nature with punctual clarification of roughnesses. His statements, with rare (and therefore especially noticeable) exceptions, are boring and lacking in color. There is little personal content in them, since the rules are, by definition, impersonal. Putin's penchant for public speaking does not appear to have yet manifested itself. At least for now, he is irritated by the need to repeat the same thing in different audiences and to different correspondents. This in no way prevents him from making lengthy statements, but only once - as is customary in the bureaucratic environment, where an instruction is followed by execution, and repeated instructions imply dissatisfaction with a subordinate. Correlating with this is the love of emphasizing the connection between one’s instructions and their substantive results. On the other hand, emphasized irritation indicates weak adaptability - insufficient flexibility and lack of ability to adapt to new people and circumstances. In the end, he, regardless of the interlocutor, begins to ask himself questions and answer them himself.

In addition, Putin is a secretive person. A lover of hints - he hints himself and knows how to read the hints of others. For example, the change in foreign policy orientation from America to Europe was conveyed in one word in the speech. The same goes for Putin's jokes. If Lebed, according to Zhvanetsky, thinks in swear words, which he translates into Russian, Putin most likely thinks in jokes and jokes (including cinema and fiction), which he translates into bureaucratic. Putin's strong quality is a good memory, especially visual. Based on individual stories, one can assume that it is approaching eidetic. Sometimes he even flaunts it. Putin has always been an excellent student - both at school (from the 6th grade) and at the institute. Excess memory could lead to the development of quotative inner speech - for all occasions, Putin has quotes from books and films, which he sometimes voices, sometimes, grinning, he pronounces to himself. However, usually a precedent type of thinking correlates with a tendency to quote (and there is nothing funny in the fact that, having successfully inventoried foreign property in St. Petersburg, he is going to conduct an inventory on a national scale); in any case, Putin’s logical thinking often suffers. Vladimir Vladimirovich, despite his status and prudence, also makes unexpected statements. Here are some of them:

“We have a country of enormous opportunities not only for criminals, but also for the state.” (Itogi, 1999, No. 50)

“The way the election campaign went freed me from the main necessity - the need to mislead the masses of the population.” (Aif, 2000, No. 14)

The President spoke especially harshly towards Western journalists at the Russia-EU summit after their question about Chechen terrorists and the “wrong” behavior of Russian troops in this region. "They talk about the need to kill the 'infidels'. If you are a Christian, you are in danger. If you reject religion and become an atheist, you are also in danger. If you decide to become a Muslim, even that will not save you, because traditional Islam does not meet their goals. If you want to become a real radical Islamist, and are ready to undergo the rite of circumcision, then I invite you to Moscow.

We have many different religions. We have specialists in this field. I will recommend to them that they perform the operation so that nothing else grows on you."

Chernomyrdin's ambiguity and flexibility

Viktor Chernomyrdin was born on April 9, 1938 in the village of Cherny Ostrog, Saraktash district, Orenburg region. In 1957, he became a mechanic at the Orsk Oil Refinery, served in the army, and continued his work. In 1966 he graduated from the Kuibyshev Polytechnic Institute. He headed the Orenburg gas processing plant, Gdavtyumengazprom, and since 1985 he has been the Minister of Oil and Gas Industry of the USSR. In 1989-1992 - Chairman of the Board of the State Gas Concern Gazprom. On December 14, 1992, he was confirmed as Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation. In April 1995, he organized and led the “Our Home is Russia” movement. On August 10, 1996, he was re-approved by the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation. In 1999-2000 - Chairman of the Board of Directors of OJSC Gazprom. On December 19, 1999, he was elected to the State Duma. On May 21, 2001, by decree of Vladimir Putin, he was confirmed as the Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Russian Federation to Ukraine with the status of a special representative of the President of the Russian Federation for the development of trade and economic relations between countries. His five-year record as prime minister remained unbroken in all states of the post-Soviet space. And although journalists continue to sneer at the stylistic features of Chernomyrlin’s speech, his phenomenon is of serious interest to political scientists: a “red director” who has mastered global macroeconomics and is able to speak frankly and harshly with his cabinet, in a soft-diplomatic manner during negotiations, and in a soft-spoken manner with the population. In his humorous way, he became a role model for many aspiring to power. Welcoming the arrival of Viktor Chernomyrdin in Kyiv and considering this as an important step towards strengthening Ukrainian-Russian relations, the Yabluko party highly appreciated Viktor Stepanovich’s intention to study the Ukrainian language. He made a corresponding statement at Boryspil airport, answering a question from Vedomosti. The Yabluko party offered Chernomyrdin the services of a highly qualified teacher of Ukrainian language and literature, a member of its party - Galina Mikhailovna Sagach, Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, professor at Kyiv National University, founder of the school of Ukrainian eloquence. It is curious that just a few hours ago, taking off from Moscow airport, Chernomyrdin made the exact opposite statement, arguing that there is no need to study the Ukrainian language. Such contradictory statements could be costly for any other politician, but not for the “unsinkable” Chernomyrdin. As you can see, Chernomyrdin’s statements are characterized not only by openness, alternating with some obscenity, but also by inconsistency. Moreover, the nature of obscenity in Chernomyrdin’s statements is often ambiguous, which can be easily seen by referring to his sayings.

“We need to help the government, but we give it hand-in-hand, hand-in-hand, hand-in-hand... Moreover, we strive not only hand-in-hand, but also in some other places” (1999);

Even if you put you on your butt or in another position, it still won’t do any good.

What we always have in Russia is not what we need.

“Many people have it here, by the way. Well, let it lie there. Do you have it? Well, that means you don’t need it, well, if you don’t need to use it” (1998); “Russia should eventually become a European member” (1997);

“Whose hands are itchy? Whose hands are itchy, scratch them somewhere else”;

“I only have time to notice beautiful women. And nothing more” (1996); “They didn’t do this, they didn’t satisfy this one, they didn’t satisfy that one”;

It should be noted that numerous statements by the former prime minister and the current diplomat do not occur subconsciously, as happens very often. Viktor Stepanovich knows the feeling of what was said inappropriately and the responsibility for this.

The deputies all spoke out for me to go. Elected, more precisely. I love power and want power,” Chernomyrdin said in an interview. And he deciphered: “I love to work, I know how to manage. Especially with what I know.” And yet, of course, Chernomyrdin is a trendsetter in the art of creating aphorisms and puns throughout the neighboring countries, which even led to the appearance of a hit parade of his sayings: “I would not link these issues so perpendicularly” (about the influence of business on politics , 1998); “Today they don’t like one, tomorrow they don’t like another... Either they are black, then they are curly, then they are red, then they are grey... Well, what kind of approach is this? You can repaint everyone - there is no need for intelligence here” (1997); “Two Jews fought. The whole country will watch this farce” (about the battle of two oligarchs B. Berezovsky and Yu. Gusinsky in the summer of 1999); “I can see it in your eyes: you’re sick...” (1998); I am ready to invite everyone into the cabinet - white, red, and motley. If only they had ideas. But they just stick out their tongues and something else. People have a lot of money in their stockings or socks. I don't know where - it depends on the quantity. Here is Mikhail Mikhailovich - the new Minister of Finance. I ask you to love me and even love me very much. Mikhail Mikhailovich is ready for love. We hope that we will not have any blockages at the border.

"Economy" Luzhkov

Luzhkov Yuri Mikhailovich, 66 years old, Russian, born in Moscow, into a working-class family; graduated from the Gubkin Moscow Institute of Oil, Gas and Chemical Industry, worked at the Plastics Research Institute, various enterprises and organizations of the USSR Ministry of Chemical Industry, first deputy chairman, chairman of the Moscow City Executive Committee, vice-mayor, prime minister of the Moscow government, and since 1992 - Moscow mayor; co-chairman of the Supreme Council of the United Russia party; married for the second marriage, two sons from his first marriage, two daughters from his second; preferences in art: A. Pushkin, S. Yesenin, P. Tchaikovsky, Z. Tsereteli, I. Kobzon, A. Pugacheva, O. Gazmanov and others; leisure: beekeeping, literary creativity, invention, football, fishing, winter swimming; habits: hasn’t drunk or smoked for 30 years; favorite dish: millet porridge with milk; favorite sayings: “First you need to choose a goal, then the trajectory of movement towards the goal and, finally, the speed of movement along the trajectory,” “If you did the job quickly, but poorly, they will forget that it was fast, they will remember that it was bad.” Few people are more visible than him. It seems that his entire bustling life is public - from regular tours of the capital entrusted to him to honey collection in his personal apiary. He does not leave television screens and newspaper pages, publishes one book after another, and has already become the hero of a feature film.

But behind all this, oddly enough, it is not so easy to see the person. This is the business executive he likes to introduce himself as. This is a politician as society perceives him. Here is a showman, an inventor, even a philosopher... And where is the man? With a difficult fate, character, losses, victories and suffering... This is also Luzhkov, unexpected for many. Yuri Luzhkov is a tireless innovator.

First he improved the beehive, then the internal combustion engine, then he began to work on large social mechanisms. In communication, Luzhkov can be luscious, charming, and for a short time - a good storyteller. Listens well to others. The dominant motive in his communication with new people is “love me with a monster.” The conversation begins tensely, a little gloomily, but when he feels that he is accepted, relaxes, thaws, it seems that a prince from a frog’s skin appears: from springy, slightly wrinkled, he becomes calm and smoothed out, even the bow becomes flexible and funny jokes slip through. He becomes more elegant, graceful, seems taller, blooms with a charming smile, moves more easily and senses the situation more accurately.

The car and important matters are a kind of wrapper, a skin in which he needs to be. And if in the car he manages to remain silent and stay away from society, then the rest of the time he is in the “dense ring” of society, where a figure of such a high rank cannot do without statements and sayings. The permanent mayor of the capital of the Russian Federation, Moscow, and one of the largest metropolises in the world, has gained the reputation of a solid business executive capable of simultaneously solving many problems in various spheres of social development of the capital.

However, such “thrift” is not always evident in his public statements. His stylistic features are as varied as his social activities. They may concern both his personal attributes (the famous cap, for example), and the activities of the president himself.

“Not noticing Fatherland is not noticing the beam in your own eye.” “The politician, I am convinced, until his very last days does not believe that people do not love him.” "The cap protects some exposed parts of my body." “In addition to two cows, I also have a pig! And the President uses my milk, and I’m pleased with that.” “I don’t want to cheat on my wife, or the President, or Muscovites.” I think we should tell the truth or at least say what we think. ... Mayors, peers... and I simply, as a cultured person, cannot continue. Cabbage was a very, very difficult position for us in the spring. (about vegetables) ... Otherwise, every third-rate clerk of the Russian government strives to receive the status of “blue”. (about flashing lights on cars).

Unlike other political figures, Luzhkov's popularity among the people is characterized primarily by his economic activities, its positive results, and least of all by the stylistic features of his speech. Therefore, such puns are easily forgiven by the people, or rather, they are rarely noticed. However, in the case of Luzhkov’s closer contact with politics, moreover, on an international scale, such forgiveness does not take place. It is well known that Luzhkov is also known for his frequent trips abroad to discuss very pressing problems with the national leaders of individual countries, and such participation is very negatively responded to by the reaction of those countries whose interests are affected. In 2001, the Ukrainian Foreign Ministry demanded clarification from Moscow regarding Luzhkov’s latest statement that “Crimea is Russian land.” Yuri Mikhailovich has been active on the peninsula for a long time and, having once again visited the coveted region, he could not restrain himself, declaring that “Crimea has always been Russian and never belonged to Ukraine.”

The indignation of the official representative of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine Sergei Borodenkov, who called Luzhkov’s statements “harmful to the climate of cooperation and trust that has recently established in relations between Ukraine and Russia,” is quite understandable. “Another attempt by the mayor of Moscow to question the territorial integrity of Ukraine and the legality of the existing border between two sovereign member states of the UN and the OSCE is contrary to international legal principles,” he added, also ironically pointing out to the mayor of Moscow his poor familiarity with modern historical geography.

Conclusion

The linguistic expressiveness of statements is created not only due to the expressive-stylistic and evaluative-stylistic components of meaning, but also due to the fact that words and their combinations can acquire figurative meanings, i.e. become tropes, or become part of stylistic figures that provoke the creation of figurative meaning. Such an emergence of figurative meaning is a very negative factor in the relationship between people and politicians. Since not only the incorrect statement itself, but also the course of thoughts can discredit a politician in the eyes of society.

The stylistic features of political figures must be considered as a connecting link between the people and politicians, since they are the very first and constant, and most importantly, effective measures of influence on the formation of the electorate’s trust in the elected person, that is, a certain politician. But even if the confidence of the electorate cannot play an effective role in relation to the politician, then his stylistic omissions can be marked by the structure or controlled apparatus. In a word, the correct stylistic feature of a politician acts as a guarantor of his longevity in the political arena and, most importantly, as the basis for the formation of an effective image.

List of used literature

1. Altunyan A.G. "From Bulgarin to Zhirinovsky: Ideological and stylistic analysis of political texts." M.: Russian State University for the Humanities, 1999.

2. Baranov A.N., Karaulov Yu.N. “Dictionary of Russian Political Metaphors” RAS. Institute of Russian Language. - M., 1994.

3. Ilyin M.V. “Words and meanings. Experience in describing key political concepts.” M., 1997.

4. Lévi-Strauss K. “Structural Anthropology” Trans. from fr. V.V. Ivanova. - M.: Publishing house EKS-MO-Press, 2001.

5. Meinhof U. “Discourse / Contexts of modernity-2” Reader. Comp. And ed. S.A. Erofeev. - Kazan: Kazan University Publishing House, 2001.

6. Nazarov M.M. “Mass communication in the modern world. Analysis methodology and research practice.” M., 2002.

7. First person. Conversations with Vladimir Putin. M., Vagrius, 2000.

8. Alexander Ageev “Sense of Rhythm” Magazine Profile No. 31 (301) dated 08/26/2002

9. V. Konovalov, M. Serdyukov “Yuri Luzhkov: Loneliness does not save me” Izvestia. 01/20/2004

10. “Teachers were found for Chernomyrdin” Kyiv Vedomosti, No. 116 (2337), 06/01/2001

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Five in Russian

Functional styles of language are certain features of speech itself or its social variety, specific vocabulary and grammar that correspond to the field of activity and way of thinking.

In Russian they are traditionally divided into five varieties:

colloquial;
official business;
scientific;
journalistic;
art.

The norms and concepts of each depend on the historical era and change over time. Until the 17th century, colloquial and book vocabulary were very different. The Russian language became literary only in the 18th century, largely thanks to the efforts of M. V. Lomonosov. Modern language styles began to take shape at the same time.

The birth of styles

In the Old Russian period, there were church literature, business documents and chronicles. Spoken everyday language was quite different from them. At the same time, household and business documents had much in common. M.V. Lomonosov made a lot of efforts to change the situation.

He laid the basis for the ancient theory, highlighting high, low and middle styles. According to it, the literary Russian language emerged as a result of the joint development of the book and colloquial variants. She took as a basis stylistically neutral forms and expressions from one and the other, allowed the use of folk expressions and limited the use of little-known and specific Slavicisms. Thanks to M.V. Lomonosov, the then existing language styles were replenished with scientific ones.

Subsequently, A.S. Pushkin gave impetus to the further development of stylistics. His work laid the foundations of the artistic style.

Moscow orders and Peter's reforms served as the origins of the official business language. Ancient chronicles, sermons and teachings formed the basis of the journalistic style. It began to take shape in its literary form only in the 18th century. To date, all 5 language styles have been designed quite clearly and have their own subtypes.

Colloquial and everyday

As the name suggests, this style of speech is used in everyday communication. Unlike jargon and dialects, it is based on literary vocabulary. Its scope is situations where there are no clear formal relations between the participants. In everyday life, mostly neutral words and expressions are used (for example, “blue”, “horse”, “left”). But you can use words with a colloquial connotation (“locker room”, “lack of leisure”).

Within colloquial there are three subtypes: everyday-everyday, everyday-business, and epistolary. The latter includes private correspondence. Conversational and business - a variant of communication in an official setting. Colloquial and formal business styles of language (a lesson or lecture can serve as another example) in a certain sense divide this subtype among themselves, since it can be attributed to both.

Allows familiar, affectionate and reduced expressions, as well as words with evaluative suffixes (for example, “domishche”, “bunny”, “boast”). Conversational style can be very bright and figurative due to the use of phraseological units and words with an emotionally expressive connotation (“beat the thumbs”, “close”, “child”, “gracious”, “skirt”).

Various abbreviations are widely used - “unud”, “ambulance”, “condensed milk”. Spoken language is simpler than book language - the use of participles and gerunds, complex multi-part sentences is inappropriate. In general, this style corresponds to the literary one, but at the same time it has its own characteristics.

Scientific style

He, like an official business person, is very strict in the choice of words and expressions, sharply narrowing the scope of what is permissible. The Russian language does not allow dialectisms, jargon, colloquial expressions, words with emotional overtones. Serves the fields of science and production.

Since the purpose of scientific texts is to present research data, objective facts, this places demands on their composition and the words used. As a rule, the sequence of presentation is as follows:

introduction - setting a task, goal, question;
the main part is the search and selection of answer options, drawing up a hypothesis, evidence;
conclusion - the answer to the question, the achievement of the goal.

A work in this genre is constructed consistently and logically; it presents two types of information: facts and how the author organizes them.

The scientific style of the language widely uses terms, prefixes anti-, bi-, quasi-, super-, suffixes -ost, -ism, -ni-e (antibodies, bipolar, supernova, sedentism, symbolism, cloning). Moreover, terms do not exist on their own - they form a complex network of relationships and systems: from the general to the particular, from the whole to the part, genus/species, identity/opposites, and so on.

Mandatory criteria for such a text are objectivity and accuracy. Objectivity excludes emotionally charged vocabulary, exclamations, and artistic figures of speech; here it is inappropriate to tell a story in the first person. Accuracy is often associated with terms. As an illustration, we can cite an excerpt from Anatoly Fomenko’s book “Methods of mathematical analysis of historical texts.”

At the same time, the degree of “complexity” of a scientific text depends primarily on the target audience and the purpose - who exactly the work is intended for, what amount of knowledge these people supposedly have, and whether they can understand what is being said. It is clear that at such an event as a school lesson of the Russian language, simple styles of speech and expression are needed, but at a lecture for senior students at a university, complex scientific terminology is also suitable.

Of course, other factors also play a big role - the topic (in technical sciences the language is stricter and more regulated than in the humanities), genre.

Within this style, there are strict requirements for the design of written works: candidate and doctoral dissertations, monographs, abstracts, coursework.

Substyles and nuances of scientific speech

In addition to the scientific one, there are also scientific-educational and popular science substyles. Each is used for a specific purpose and for a specific audience. These language styles are examples of different but at the same time similar externally communicative flows.

The scientific-educational substyle is a kind of lightweight version of the main style in which literature is written for those who have just begun to study a new field. Representatives are textbooks for universities, colleges, schools (high school), some self-instruction books, other literature created for beginners (below is an excerpt from a psychology textbook for universities: authors Slastenin V., Isaev I. et al., “Pedagogy. Textbook ").

The popular science substyle is easier to understand than the other two. Its purpose is to explain complex facts and processes to the audience in simple and understandable language. Various encyclopedias “101 facts about...” were written by him.

Official business

Of the 5 styles of the Russian language, this is the most formalized. It is used for communication between states, as well as institutions with each other and with citizens. It is a means of communication between citizens in production, in organizations, in the service sector, within the framework of their fulfillment of their official obligations.

The official business style is classified as bookish and written; it is used in the texts of laws, orders, regulations, contracts, acts, powers of attorney and similar documents. The oral form is used in speeches, reports, and communication within working relationships.

Components of formal business style

Legislative. Used orally and in writing, in laws, regulations, decrees, instructions, explanatory letters, recommendations, as well as in instructions, article-by-article and operational comments. It is heard orally during parliamentary debates and appeals.
Jurisdictional- exists in oral and written forms, used for indictments, sentences, arrest orders, court decisions, cassation complaints, procedural acts. In addition, it can be heard during judicial debates, conversations at receptions of citizens, etc.
Administrative- implemented in writing in orders, charters, decisions, contracts, employment and insurance contracts, official letters, various petitions, telegrams, wills, memos, autobiographies, reports, receipts, shipping documentation. The oral form of the administrative substyle is orders, auctions, commercial negotiations, speeches at receptions, auctions, meetings, etc.
Diplomatic. This genre can be found in written form in the form of treaties, conventions, agreements, pacts, protocols, personal notes. Oral form - communiques, memoranda, joint statements.

In the official business style, stable phrases, complex conjunctions and verbal nouns are actively used:

based…
in accordance with…
based…
due to...
by virtue of…
in view...

Only scientific and official business styles of language have clear forms and structure. In this case, this is an application, resume, identity card, marriage certificate and others.

The style is characterized by a neutral tone of narration, direct word order, complex sentences, conciseness, conciseness, and lack of individuality. Special terminology, abbreviations, special vocabulary and phraseology are widely used. Another striking feature is the cliché.

Journalistic

The functional styles of the language are very distinctive. Journalism is no exception. It is used in the media, in social periodicals, during political and judicial speeches. Most often, its examples can be found in radio and television programs, in newspaper publications, in magazines, booklets, and at rallies.

Journalism is designed for a wide audience, so special terms are rarely found here, and if they are found, they tend to be explained in the same text. It exists not only in oral and written speech - it is also found in photography, cinema, graphic and visual, theatrical and dramatic and verbal and musical forms.

Language has two main functions: informational and influencing. The first task is to convey facts to people. The second is to form the desired impression and influence opinions about events. The information function requires reporting reliable and accurate data that is interesting not only to the author, but also to the reader. The impact is realized through the personal opinion of the author, his calls to action, as well as the way the material is presented.

In addition to those specific to a given style, there are also features common to the language as a whole: communicative, expressive and aesthetic.

Communication function

Communication is the main and general task of language, which manifests itself in all its forms and styles. Absolutely all language styles and speech styles have a communicative function. In journalism, texts and speeches are intended for a wide audience, feedback is provided through letters and calls from readers, public discussions, and surveys. This requires that the text be clear to readers and easy to understand.

Expressive function

Expression should not go beyond reasonable limits - it is necessary to comply with the norms of speech culture, and the expression of emotions cannot be the only task.

Aesthetic function

Of all 5 speech styles of the Russian language, this function is present in only two. In literary texts, aesthetics plays an important role; in journalism, its role is much less. However, reading or listening to a well-designed, thoughtful, harmonious text is much more pleasant. Therefore, it is advisable to pay attention to aesthetic qualities in any genre.

Genres of journalism

Within the main style, there are quite a few actively used genres:

public speaking;
pamphlet;
feature article;
reportage;
feuilleton;
interview;
article and others.

Each of them finds application in certain situations: a pamphlet as a type of artistic and journalistic work is usually directed against a particular party, social phenomenon or political system as a whole, a report is a prompt and impartial report from the scene of events, an article is a genre with the help of which the author analyzes certain phenomena, facts and gives them his own assessment and interpretation.

Art style

All styles of language and styles of speech find their expression through art. It conveys the author’s feelings and thoughts and influences the reader’s imagination. He uses all the means of other styles, all the diversity and richness of language, and is characterized by imagery, emotionality, and concreteness of speech. Used in fiction.

An important feature of this style is aesthetics - here, unlike journalism, it is a mandatory element.

There are four types of artistic style:

epic;
lyrical;
dramatic;
combined.

Each of these types has its own approach to displaying events. If we talk about the epic, then the main thing here will be a detailed story about an object or event, when the author himself or one of the characters will act as a narrator.

In the lyrical narrative, the emphasis is on the impression that the events left on the author. The main thing here will be experiences, what happens in the inner world.

The dramatic approach depicts a certain object in action, showing it surrounded by other objects and events. The theory of these three kinds belongs to V. G. Belinsky. Each of those mentioned is rarely found in its “pure” form. Recently, some authors have identified another genus - combined.

In turn, epic, lyrical, dramatic approaches to describing events and objects are divided into genres: fairy tale, short story, short story, novel, ode, drama, poem, comedy and others.

The artistic style of the language has its own characteristics:

a combination of linguistic means of other styles is used;
the form, structure, and tools of the language are chosen in accordance with the author’s plan and idea;
the use of special figures of speech that add color and imagery to the text;
The aesthetic function is of great importance.

The following tropes (allegory, metaphor, comparison, synecdoche) and (default, epithet, epiphora, hyperbole, metonymy) are widely used here.

Artistic image - style - language

The author of any work, not only literary, needs a means of contact with the viewer or reader. Each art form has its own means of communication. This is where the trilogy appears - artistic image, style, language.

An image is a generalized attitude towards the world and life, expressed by the artist using his chosen language. This is a kind of universal category of creativity, a form of interpretation of the world through the creation of aesthetically acting objects.

Any phenomenon recreated by the author in a work is also called an artistic image. Its meaning is revealed only in interaction with the reader or viewer: what exactly a person understands and sees depends on his goals, personality, emotional state, culture and values in which he was brought up.

The second element of the triad “image - style - language” relates to a special handwriting, characteristic only of this author or era of a set of methods and techniques. In art, three different concepts are distinguished - the style of the era (covers a historical period of time, which was characterized by common features, for example, the Victorian era), national (it refers to features common to a particular people, nation, for example, and individual (we are talking about an artist whose works have special qualities not inherent in others, for example, Picasso).

Language in any form of art is a system of visual means designed to serve the author’s goals when creating works, a tool for creating an artistic image. It provides the opportunity for communication between the creator and the audience, allowing you to “draw” an image with those very unique stylistic features.

Each type of creativity uses its own means for this: painting - color, sculpture - volume, music - intonation, sound. Together they form a trinity of categories - artistic image, style, language, helping to get closer to the author and better understand what he created.

It must be understood that, despite the differences between them, styles do not form separate, purely closed systems. They are capable and constantly interpenetrate each other: not only the artistic uses the linguistic means of other styles, but also the official business has many mutual points with the scientific (jurisdictional and legislative subtypes in their terminology are close to similar scientific disciplines).

Business vocabulary penetrates into and vice versa. Journalistic in oral and written form is closely intertwined with the sphere of colloquial and popular science styles.

Moreover, the current state of the language is by no means stable. It would be more accurate to say that it is in dynamic equilibrium. New concepts are constantly emerging, the Russian vocabulary is replenished with expressions that come from other languages.

New forms of words are created using existing ones. The rapid development of science and technology also actively contributes to the enrichment of the scientific style of speech. Many concepts from the field of artistic science fiction have migrated to the category of completely official terms naming certain processes and phenomena. And scientific concepts entered everyday speech.

Stylistics

Stylistic features of conversational style of speech

A high culture of spoken and written speech, good knowledge and development of a flair for the native language, the ability to use its expressive means, its stylistic diversity is the best support, the surest help and the most reliable recommendation for every person in his social life and creative activity.

V.A. Vinogradov

Introduction

My work is devoted to the study of conversational style of speech.

The main goal is to identify the stylistic features of a given style of speech, to understand how colloquial differs from other styles. My task is to define the colloquial style of speech, divide it into types, determine the specifics and intra-style features of the colloquial style.

Language is a means of communication between people, a tool for the formation and expression of thoughts and feelings, a means of assimilation of new information, new knowledge. But in order to effectively influence the mind and feelings, the native speaker of a given language must be fluent in it, that is, have a speech culture.

M. Gorky wrote that language is the primary element, the main material of literature, i.e. that vocabulary, syntax, the entire structure of speech is the primary element, the key to understanding the ideas and images of a work. But language is also an instrument of literature: “The struggle for purity, for semantic precision, for the sharpness of language is a struggle for an instrument of culture. The sharper this weapon is, the more accurately it is aimed, the more victorious it is.”

Stylistics (the word “style” comes from the name of the needle or stiletto with which the ancient Greeks wrote on waxed tablets) is a branch of the science of language that studies the styles of literary language (functional styles of speech), the patterns of language functioning in different spheres of use, the peculiarities of the use of linguistic means depending on the situation, content and purpose of the statement, the sphere and condition of communication. Stylistics introduces the stylistic system of the literary language at all its levels and the stylistic organization of correct (in compliance with the norms of the literary language), accurate, logical and expressive speech. Stylistics teaches the conscious and purposeful use of the laws of language and the use of linguistic means in speech.

There are two directions in linguistic stylistics: stylistics of language and stylistics of speech (functional stylistics). Language stylistics examines the stylistic structure of language, describes the stylistic means of vocabulary, phraseology and grammar. Functional stylistics studies, first of all, different types of speech, their dependence on different purposes of utterance. M. N. Kozhina gives the following definition: “Functional stylistics is a linguistic science that studies the features and patterns of language functioning in various types of speech corresponding to certain spheres of human activity and communication, as well as the speech structure of the resulting functional styles and “norms” “selection and combination of linguistic means” 1. At its core, stylistics must be consistently functional. It should reveal the connection between different types of speech with the topic, the purpose of the statement, with the conditions of communication, the addressee of the speech, and the attitude of the author to the subject of speech. The most important category of stylistics is functional styles - varieties of literary speech (literary language) serving various aspects of social life. Styles are different ways of using language when communicating. Each style of speech is characterized by the originality of the selection of linguistic means and their unique combination with each other.

The classification of styles is based on extralinguistic factors: the scope of use of the language, the subject matter determined by it and the goals of communication. The areas of application of language correlate with types of human activity corresponding to forms of social consciousness (science, law, politics, art). Traditional and socially significant areas of activity are: scientific, business (administrative and legal), socio-political, artistic. Accordingly, they also distinguish between the styles of official speech (book): scientific, official business, journalistic, literary and artistic (artistic).

Functional style ¾ is a historically established and socially conscious variety of a literary language (its subsystem), functioning in a certain sphere of human activity and communication, created by the peculiarities of the use of linguistic means in this sphere and their specific organization 2.

Chapter 1. Conversational style of speech Conversational style is a functional style of speech that serves for informal communication, when the author shares his thoughts or feelings with others, exchanges information on everyday issues in an informal setting. It often uses colloquial and vernacular.

vocabulary The usual form of implementing the conversational style is dialogue , this style is more often used in oral speech. There is no preliminary selection of language material. In this style of speech, a big role is played: extra-linguistic factors, facial expressions gestures

, environment.

The conversational style is characterized by emotionality, imagery, concreteness, and simplicity of speech. For example, in a bakery it doesn’t seem strange to say: “Please, with bran, one.” The relaxed atmosphere of communication leads to greater freedom in the choice of emotional words and expressions: colloquial words are used more widely ( be silly, talkative, talkative, giggle, cackle ), vernacular (), neigh, weakling, awsome, disheveled (slang).

parents - ancestors, iron, world

In a conversational style of speech, especially at a fast pace, a smaller reduction of vowels is possible, up to their complete elimination and simplification of consonant groups. Word-formation features: suffixes of subjective evaluation are widely used. To enhance expressiveness, doubling words is used. Oral speech is a form of speech activity, including understanding sounding speech and the implementation of speech utterances in sound form (). Oral speech can be carried out through direct contact between interlocutors or can be mediated by technical means ( phone etc.) if communication occurs at a considerable distance. Oral speech, in contrast to written speech, is characterized by:

redundancy (presence of repetitions, clarifications, explanations);

usage nonverbal means of communication (gestures, facial expressions),

economy of speech utterances, ellipses(the speaker may not name, skip what is easy to guess).

Oral speech is always determined by the speech situation. There are:

unprepared oral speech ( conversation, interview, performance in discussions) and prepared oral speech ( lecture, report, performance, report);

dialogical speech (direct exchange of statements between two or more persons) and monologue speech (a type of speech addressed to one or a group of listeners, sometimes to oneself).

Literary conversational style

Literary language can be divided into two functional varieties - bookish and spoken.
Calling this division of the literary language “the most general and most indisputable,” D.N. Shmelev wrote about this: “At all stages of the development of a literary language, even when overcoming the alienation of the written language in one way or another, when the halo of simply literacy and proficiency in a special book language fades, speakers in general never lose the feeling of the difference between “how can be said" and "how to write".
The next level of division of the literary language is the division of each of its varieties - book and spoken languages - into functional styles. The spoken variety of a literary language is an independent and self-sufficient system within the general system of a literary language, with its own set of units and rules for combining them with each other, used by native speakers of a literary language in conditions of direct, unprepared communication in informal relations between speakers.
A spoken literary language is not codified: it certainly has certain norms (thanks to which, for example, it is easy to distinguish the oral speech of a native speaker of a literary language from the oral speech of a native speaker of a dialect or vernacular), but these norms have developed historically and are not consciously regulated by anyone or enshrined in in the form of any rules and recommendations.
Thus, codification - non-codification is another, and very significant, feature that distinguishes bookish and colloquial varieties of a literary language. Conversational style is a special type of language that is used by a person in everyday, everyday communication.
The main difference between the conversational style and the book styles of the Russian language is the different manner of presenting information. So, in book styles, this manner is subject to the rules of language recorded in dictionaries. Conversational style is subject to its own norms, and what is not justified in book speech is quite appropriate in natural communication.

Colloquial style

The colloquial style functions in the sphere of everyday communication. This style is implemented in the form of casual speech (monologue or dialogue) on everyday topics, as well as in the form of private, informal correspondence. Ease of communication is understood as the absence of an attitude towards a message of an official nature (lecture, speech, answer to an exam, etc.), informal relations between speakers and the absence of facts that violate the informality of communication, for example, strangers. Conversational speech functions only in the private sphere of communication, in everyday life, among friends, family, etc. In the field of mass communication, colloquial speech is not applicable. However, this does not mean that the colloquial style is limited to everyday topics. Conversational speech can also touch on other topics - a conversation with the family or a conversation between people in informal relationships: about art, science, politics, sports, etc.; conversation between friends at work related to the speaker’s profession, conversations in public institutions, such as clinics, schools, etc.
The colloquial and everyday style is contrasted with book styles, since they function in the same areas of social activity. Colloquial speech includes not only specific linguistic means, but also neutral ones, which are the basis of the literary language. Therefore, this style is associated with other styles that also use neutral language means.

The colloquial and everyday style is contrasted with book styles, since they function in certain areas of social activity. However, colloquial speech includes not only specific linguistic means, but also neutral ones, which are the basis of literary language. 3
Within a literary language, colloquial speech is contrasted with codified language. (The language is called codified because work is being done in relation to it to preserve its norms, its purity). But codified literary language and colloquial speech are two subsystems within the literary language. As a rule, every native speaker of a literary language speaks both of these varieties of speech. With
The main features of the everyday conversational style are the already mentioned relaxed and informal nature of communication, as well as the emotionally expressive coloring of speech. Therefore, in colloquial speech all the riches of intonation, facial expressions, and gestures are used. One of its most important features is its reliance on the extra-linguistic situation, i.e. the immediate context of speech in which communication takes place. For example: (Woman before leaving home) What should I wear? (about the coat) This is it, or what? Or that? (about the jacket) Won't I freeze? Listening to these statements and not knowing the specific situation, it is impossible to guess what they are talking about. Thus, in colloquial speech, the extra-linguistic situation becomes an integral part of the act of communication.

3 - Russian language and culture of speech: Textbook (edited by Prof. V. I. Maksimov. - M.: Gardariki, 2002. - 89 - 93 p.

Everyday conversational style of speech has its own lexical and grammatical features. A characteristic feature of colloquial speech is its lexical heterogeneity. Here you can find the most diverse thematic and stylistic groups of vocabulary: general book vocabulary, terms, foreign borrowings, words of high stylistic coloring, as well as facts of vernacular, dialects, jargons. This is explained, firstly, by the thematic diversity of colloquial speech, which is not limited to everyday topics and everyday remarks; secondly, the implementation of colloquial speech in two tones - serious and playful, and in the latter case it is possible to use a variety of elements.
Syntactic constructions also have their own characteristics. For colloquial speech, constructions with particles, with interjections, constructions of a phraseological nature are typical: “They tell you and tell you, but it’s all to no avail!”, “Where are you going? There’s dirt!” and so on.

Language styles and speech styles. Functional styles of language. Cheat sheet: Stylistic features of conversational style of speech Stylistic features of speech

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