The importance of water for living systems. The role of water in living organisms. List of basic literature
Water is of paramount importance on Earth and throughout the Universe.
Water has a very great importance in the life of plants, animals and humans. According to modern ideas, the very origin of life is associated with the sea. In any organism, water is the medium in which chemical processes, ensuring the vital functions of the body; in addition, it itself takes part in a number of biochemical reactions. First of all, water can exist in three main states: ice, water and steam. There are more than 200 various structures ice that science has discovered.
A university in Georgia found that in any human body all diseased cells (no matter what the disease is) are surrounded by water, which is called “unstructured”
"It was also discovered that every healthy cell is surrounded by "structured" water. What does this mean? It's simple, at least from a chemistry point of view.
In “unstructured” water, one electron in the outer orbit is simply missing, but in “structured” water there are no missing electrons. Water, when it moves under pressure through pipes, instead of its natural movement in a spiral, is forced to move through the pipes in concentric rings. As water moves through the pipes, its outer electrons are forced out of orbit, causing the water to become "unstructured." This means that the water from the tap that we drink or in which we bathe in the bathroom gives consequences in the form of diseases. If we take a bath for 20 minutes, we absorb approximately 450 grams of the water in which we sit through our skin. This is equivalent to drinking this water. Perhaps humanity is making a mistake much like the Romans made in using lead plates and utensils.
So, this is the first indication of the difference between “structured” and “unstructured” water.
When this was discovered, many began to look for a way to structure "unstructured" water. To do this, magnets, strangely shaped glass vessels, metal attachments, and the like began to be used all over the world. Our research showed that water that was artificially structured, when subjected to energy analysis, did not always look like natural structured water. A magnet, for example, structures water almost instantly, but according to the University of Georgia, it is not safe to drink.
Cluster water. About fifteen years ago, completely new water was discovered. It's called "cluster water". Under a microscope, at a magnification of 20 thousand times, the frozen “cluster water” looked like tiny snowflakes. "Cluster water" is found in all newborns, human and other creatures. It is also found in all fruits and vegetables grown without chemical additives. As we get older, the "cluster water" in our bodies will at some point combine with proteins. Therefore, we should consume “cluster water” daily to ensure normal water exchange and cell functioning.
Superionized water. Now, however, another new water has become available to the world, which could change the world as we know it now and quite possibly save us from an incredible environmental disaster in the future. This water is called "super-ionized water." Its molecule has three extra electrons in its outer orbits and is very stable. If you test this new water, you will find nothing but water. But if you take an ordinary lamp and simply put an electric plug into a glass of this water, the lamp will turn on, and the light from this lamp will be brighter than if you simply plugged it into an outlet. It's obvious that this unusual water. It is full of electricity.
Each of us has probably heard the phrase that the human body consists largely of water. Have you ever wondered why this is so? Why do you need such a large amount of liquid and in general what function does water perform in the body?
Properties
Water has the following properties:
- first of all, it is a good solvent (both for nutrients and toxic ones);
- fluidity;
- has high heat capacity and thermal conductivity;
- may evaporate;
- is capable of hydrolyzing other substances (that is, substances decompose under its action or are broken down in it).
Thanks to these basic properties, water performs a number of functions in the body of every living creature. Let's take a closer look at them.
Functions of water in the body
The human body is on average 75% water. This ratio changes with age, unfortunately, downwards.
Water, being the main component of all body fluids, in particular blood, which contains more than 90% of it, performs the following main functions:
- regulation of body temperature;
- removal of waste, toxins and;
- transport of nutrients and oxygen;
- absorption and digestion of food;
- transport function;
- cushioning joints and preventing their friction;
- maintaining cell structures;
- protection of tissues and internal organs;
- improvement of metabolism.
The functions of water in thermoregulation processes are to ensure constant body temperature at the cellular level through evaporation and sweating. Thanks to its ability to carry quite a lot of moisture, circulating in the human body, it takes it where it is in excess and adds it where it is not enough.
The shock-absorbing functions of water in the body are ensured due to its high content in the synovial fluids of the joints. This prevents friction of the articular surfaces during loads and joint work, and also serves as a certain protective buffer during possible falls and injuries.
Water performs the function of transporting the necessary compounds due to its large volume. Thus, it can penetrate everywhere, even into the intercellular spaces, delivering the necessary organs and tissues and removing the products of their vital activity.
It is generally accepted that mental health directly depends on the amount of fluid consumed. Dehydration threatens not only a loss of strength, energy, headaches and dizziness, but also a decrease in performance, memory and the ability to concentrate on the necessary information.
Also, given that with age the amount of water as a component of the body decreases, scientists assume some kind of relationship between the amount of fluid and the aging process. Therefore, people of the older age group need to be especially careful about their water diet.
IN last years The functions of water in the prevention of many diseases, including cancer, are increasingly being noted. It is believed that the more fluid we consume, the more it is excreted, and with it pathogenic organisms, their waste products, toxins, which could potentially be a springboard for the development of cancer.
Thus, all functions of water are important for the normal functioning of all organs and systems and for comfortable and healthy image human life.
The less water comes from outside, the more it accumulates inside. This means that if you drink fluid irregularly and in insufficient quantities, then the next time you receive it, the body retains water, storing it as if in reserve. Thus, a person not only exposes himself to a number of diseases, but also gains excess weight.
The first signal that your body gives that it is not getting enough water is the well-known fatigue. If physiological fluid losses are not replaced for a long time, a person begins to feel aching joints and discomfort in the spine. Toxins accumulate in the body, immunity decreases, and a person becomes more susceptible to diseases, especially infectious ones.
Important!
Every day you need to drink 1.5-2 liters of fluid. Regular intake of high-quality water will give you a feeling of strength and vigor, digestion processes will improve, headaches and other discomfort will no longer bother you. Not only will you feel better, but you will definitely look better.
Conclusion
The functions of water in the human body are varied and numerous. Therefore, you should not neglect such an important component of your diet. Drink water in the required quantities and be healthy!
Peptides, or short proteins, are found in many foods - meat, fish, and some plants. When we eat a piece of meat, the protein is broken down into short peptides during digestion; they are absorbed into the stomach, small intestine, enter the blood, the cell, then into the DNA and regulate the activity of genes.It is advisable to periodically use the listed drugs for all people after 40 years of age for prevention 1-2 times a year, after 50 years - 2-3 times a year. Other medications are as needed.
How to take peptides
Since the restoration of the functional ability of cells occurs gradually and depends on the level of their existing damage, the effect can occur either 1-2 weeks after the start of taking peptides, or after 1-2 months. It is recommended to carry out the course for 1-3 months. It is important to consider that a three-month intake of natural peptide bioregulators has a prolonged effect, i.e. It works in the body for about 2-3 months. The resulting effect lasts for six months, and each subsequent course of administration has a potentiation effect, i.e. the effect of enhancing what has already been received.Since each peptide bioregulator is aimed at a specific organ and does not affect other organs and tissues, simultaneous use of drugs different actions Not only is it not contraindicated, but it is often recommended (up to 6-7 drugs at a time).
Peptides are compatible with any medications and biological additives. While taking peptides, doses taken simultaneously medicines It is advisable to gradually reduce it, which will have a positive effect on the patient’s body.
Short regulatory peptides do not undergo transformation in the gastrointestinal tract, so they can be safely, easily and simply used in encapsulated form by almost everyone.
Peptides in the gastrointestinal tract break down into di- and tri-peptides. Further breakdown to amino acids occurs in the intestines. This means that the peptides can be taken even without a capsule. This is very important when a person for some reason cannot swallow capsules. The same applies to severely weakened people or children, when the dosage needs to be reduced.
Peptide bioregulators can be taken for both preventive and therapeutic purposes.
Efficiency natural(PC) is 2-2.5 times lower than encapsulated. Therefore, their use for medicinal purposes should be longer (up to six months). Liquid peptide complexes are applied to the inner surface of the forearm in the projection of the veins or on the wrist and rub until completely absorbed. After 7-15 minutes, the peptides bind to dendritic cells, which carry out their further transport to the lymph nodes, where the peptides undergo a “transplant” and are sent through the bloodstream to the desired organs and tissues. Although peptides are proteins, they are molecular mass much less than proteins, so they easily penetrate the skin. The penetration of peptide drugs is further improved by their lipophilization, that is, their connection with a fatty base, which is why almost all peptide complexes for external use contain fatty acids.
Not long ago, the world's first series of peptide drugs appeared for sublingual use—
Fundamentally new way The use and presence of a number of peptides in each of the drugs provide them with the fastest and most effective action. This drug, entering the sublingual space with a dense network of capillaries, is able to penetrate directly into the bloodstream, bypassing absorption through the mucous membrane of the digestive tract and primary metabolic decontamination of the liver. Taking into account direct entry into the systemic bloodstream, the rate of onset of the effect is several times higher than the rate when taking the drug orally.
Revilab SL line- these are complex synthesized preparations containing 3-4 components of very short chains (2-3 amino acids each). The concentration of peptides is the average between encapsulated peptides and PC in solution. In terms of speed of action, it occupies a leading position, because is absorbed and hits the target very quickly.
It makes sense to introduce this line of peptides into the course initial stage, and then switch to natural peptides.
Another innovative series is a line of multicomponent peptide drugs. The line includes 9 drugs, each of which contains a number of short peptides, as well as antioxidants and building material for cells. An ideal option for those who do not like to take many medications, but prefer to get everything in one capsule.
The action of these new generation bioregulators is aimed at slowing down the aging process, maintaining a normal level of metabolic processes, preventing and correcting various conditions; rehabilitation after serious illnesses, injuries and operations.
Peptides in cosmetology
Peptides can be included not only in medicines, but also in other products. For example, Russian scientists have developed excellent cellular cosmetics with natural and synthesized peptides, which have an effect on the deep layers of the skin.External skin aging depends on many factors: lifestyle, stress, sunlight, mechanical irritants, climatic fluctuations, fad diets, etc. With age, the skin becomes dehydrated, loses elasticity, becomes rough, and a network of wrinkles and deep furrows appears on it. We all know that the process of natural aging is natural and irreversible. It is impossible to resist it, but it can be slowed down thanks to revolutionary cosmetology ingredients - low molecular weight peptides.
The uniqueness of peptides is that they freely pass through the stratum corneum into the dermis to the level of living cells and capillaries. Skin restoration occurs deep from the inside and, as a result, the skin retains its freshness for a long time. There is no addiction to peptide cosmetics - even if you stop using it, the skin will simply age physiologically.
Cosmetic giants are creating more and more “miracle” products. We trustingly buy and use, but no miracle happens. We blindly believe the labels on the cans, not realizing that this is often just a marketing technique.
For example, most cosmetic companies are busy producing and advertising anti-wrinkle creams with collagen as the main ingredient. Meanwhile, scientists have concluded that collagen molecules are so large that they simply cannot penetrate the skin. They settle on the surface of the epidermis and are then washed off with water. That is, when buying creams with collagen, we are literally throwing money down the drain.
Another popular active ingredient in anti-aging cosmetics is resveratrol. It really is a powerful antioxidant and immunostimulant, but only in the form of microinjections. If you rub it into the skin, a miracle will not happen. It has been experimentally proven that creams with resveratrol have virtually no effect on collagen production.
NPCRIZ (now Peptides), in collaboration with scientists from the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, has developed a unique peptide series of cellular cosmetics (based on natural peptides) and a series (based on synthesized peptides).
They are based on a group of peptide complexes with different application points that have a powerful and visible rejuvenating effect on the skin. As a result of application, skin cell regeneration, blood circulation and microcirculation are stimulated, as well as the synthesis of the collagen-elastin framework of the skin. All this manifests itself in lifting, as well as improving the texture, color and moisture of the skin.
Currently, 16 types of creams have been developed, incl. anti-aging and for problematic skin (with thymus peptides), for the face against wrinkles and for the body against stretch marks and scars (with peptides of bone-cartilaginous tissue), against spider veins (with vascular peptides), anti-cellulite (with liver peptides), for eyelids from swelling and dark circles(with peptides of the pancreas, blood vessels, osteochondral tissue and thymus), against varicose veins (with peptides of blood vessels and osteochondral tissue), etc. All creams, in addition to peptide complexes, contain other powerful active ingredients. It is important that the creams do not contain chemical components (preservatives, etc.).
The effectiveness of peptides has been proven in numerous experimental and clinical studies. Of course, to look great, creams alone are not enough. You need to rejuvenate your body from the inside by using it from time to time. various complexes peptide bioregulators and micronutrients.
The line of cosmetics with peptides, in addition to creams, also includes shampoo, mask and hair conditioner, decorative cosmetics, tonics, serums for the skin of the face, neck and décolleté, etc.
It should also be taken into account that appearance Consumed sugar has a significant impact.
Due to a process called glycation, sugar has a damaging effect on the skin. Excess sugar increases the rate of collagen degradation, which leads to wrinkles.
Glycation - the interaction of sugars with proteins, primarily collagen, with the formation of cross-links - is a natural for our body, a constant irreversible process in our body and skin, leading to hardening of the connective tissue.
Glycation products – A.G.E particles. (Advanced Glycation Endproducts) - settle in cells, accumulate in our body and lead to many negative effects.
As a result of glycation, the skin loses its tone and becomes dull, it sags and looks old. This is directly related to lifestyle: reduce your consumption of sugar and flour (which is also good for normal weight) and take care of your skin every day!
To combat glycation, inhibit protein degradation and age-related skin changes, the company has developed an anti-aging drug with a powerful deglycating and antioxidant effect. The action of this product is based on stimulating the deglycation process, which affects the deep processes of skin aging and helps smooth out wrinkles and increase its elasticity. The drug includes a powerful anti-glycation complex - rosemary extract, carnosine, taurine, astaxanthin and alpha-lipoic acid.
Are peptides a panacea for old age?
According to the creator of peptide drugs V. Khavinson, aging largely depends on lifestyle: “No drugs can save you if a person does not have the knowledge and correct behavior - this means observing biorhythms, proper nutrition, physical education and taking certain bioregulators.” As for the genetic predisposition to aging, according to him, we depend on genes for only 25 percent.The scientist claims that peptide complexes have enormous restorative potential. But elevating them to the rank of a panacea and attributing non-existent properties to peptides (most likely for commercial reasons) is categorically wrong!
Taking care of your health today means giving yourself a chance to live tomorrow. We ourselves must improve our lifestyle - exercise, give up bad habits, eat better. And of course, whenever possible, use peptide bioregulators that help maintain health and increase life expectancy.
Peptide bioregulators, developed by Russian scientists several decades ago, became available to the general consumer only in 2010. Gradually more and more people around the world are learning about them. The secret of maintaining the health and youthfulness of many famous politicians, artists, and scientists lies in the use of peptides. Here are just a few of them:
UAE Minister of Energy Sheikh Saeed,
President of Belarus Lukashenko,
Former President of Kazakhstan Nazarbayev,
King of Thailand
pilot-cosmonaut G.M. Grechko and his wife L.K. Grechko,
artists: V. Leontyev, E. Stepanenko and E. Petrosyan, L. Izmailov, T. Povaliy, I. Kornelyuk, I. Wiener (trainer for rhythmic gymnastics) and many, many others...
Peptide bioregulators are used by athletes of 2 Russian Olympic teams - in rhythmic gymnastics and rowing. The use of drugs allows us to increase the stress resistance of our gymnasts and contributes to the success of the team at international championships.
If in our youth we can afford to do health prevention periodically, whenever we want, then with age, unfortunately, we do not have such luxury. And if you don’t want to be in such a state tomorrow that your loved ones will be exhausted with you and will wait impatiently for your death, if you don’t want to die among strangers, because you don’t remember anything and everyone around you seems strangers to you in reality, you We must take action from today and take care not only of ourselves, but of our loved ones.
The Bible says, “Seek and you will find.” Perhaps you have found your own way of healing and rejuvenation.
Everything is in our hands, and only we can take care of ourselves. No one will do this for us!
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Water is a unique substance, the basis of all living organisms on the planet. She can acquire different shape and be in three states. What are the basic physical and Chemical properties water? These are the ones that will be discussed in our article.
Water is...
Water is the most common thing on our planet inorganic compound. The physical and chemical properties of water are determined by the composition of its molecules.
Thus, the structure of a water molecule contains two hydrogen atoms (H) and one oxygen atom (O). Under normal conditions external environment It is a tasteless, odorless and colorless liquid. Water can also exist in other states: in the form of steam or in the form of ice.
More than 70% of our planet is covered with water. Moreover, about 97% occurs in the seas and oceans, so most of it is not suitable for human consumption. About what are the basic chemical properties drinking water- you will find out further.
Water in nature and human life
Water is an essential component of any living organism. In particular, the human body, as is known, consists of more than 70% water. Moreover, scientists suggest that it was in this environment that life on Earth originated.
Water is found (in the form of water vapor or droplets) in different layers of the atmosphere. It reaches the earth's surface from the atmosphere in the form of rain or other precipitation (snow, dew, hail, frost) through condensation processes.
Water is an object of research for a number of scientific disciplines. Among them are hydrology, hydrography, hydrogeology, limnology, glaciology, oceanology and others. All these sciences, one way or another, study the physical as well as chemical properties of water.
Water is actively used by humans in their economic activities, in particular:
- for growing crops;
- in industry (as a solvent);
- in energy (as a coolant);
- for extinguishing fires;
- in cooking;
- in pharmacy and so on.
Of course, in order to effectively use this substance in economic activity, the chemical properties of water should be studied in detail.
Types of water
As mentioned above, water in nature can be in three states: liquid (actually water), solid (ice crystals) and gaseous (steam). It can also take on any form.
There are several types of water. So, depending on the content of Ca and Na cations, water can be:
- hard;
- soft.
- fresh;
- mineral;
- salty.
In esotericism and some religions there is water:
- dead;
- alive;
- holy.
In chemistry there are also such concepts as distilled and deionized water.
Formula of water and its biological significance
Hydrogen oxide is what chemists call this substance. The formula of water is: H 2 O. It means that this compound consists of one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms.
The unique chemical properties of water have determined its exceptional role for the life of living organisms. It is thanks to water that biological life exists on our planet.
The most unique feature water is that it perfectly dissolves a huge amount of other substances (both organic and inorganic origin). An important consequence of this feature is that all chemical reactions in living organisms occur quite quickly.
In addition, thanks to unique properties water, it exists in a liquid state over an extremely wide temperature range.
Physical properties of water
Thanks to unique hydrogen bonds, water, under standard environmental conditions, is in a liquid state. This explains the extremely high boiling point of water. If the molecules of the substance were not connected by these hydrogen bonds, then water would boil at +80 degrees and freeze at -100 degrees.
Water boils at +100 degrees Celsius and freezes at zero degrees. True, under certain specific conditions it can begin to freeze even at positive temperatures. When water freezes, it increases in volume (due to a decrease in density). By the way, this is almost the only substance in nature that has such physical property. Besides water, the only things that expand when frozen are bismuth, antimony, germanium and gallium.
The substance is also characterized by high viscosity, as well as fairly strong surface tension. Water is an excellent solvent for polar substances. You should also know that water conducts electricity very well. This feature is explained by the fact that water almost always contains a large number of ions of salts dissolved in it.
Chemical properties of water (grade 8)
Water molecules have extremely high polarity. Therefore, this substance in reality consists not only of simple molecules of the type H 2 O, but also of complex aggregates (formula - (H 2 O) n).
Chemically, water is very active; it reacts with many other substances, even at ordinary temperatures. When interacting with oxides of alkali and alkaline earth metals, it forms bases.
Water is also capable of dissolving a wide range of chemical substances- salts, acids, bases, some gases. For this property it is often called a universal solvent. All substances, depending on whether they dissolve in water or not, are usually divided into two groups:
- hydrophilic (dissolves well in water) - salts, acids, oxygen, carbon dioxide etc.;
- hydrophobic (poorly soluble in water) - fats and oils.
Water also enters into chemical reactions with some metals (for example, sodium), and also takes part in the process of photosynthesis in plants.
Finally...
Water is the most common inorganic substance on our planet. It is found almost everywhere: on earth's surface and in its depths, in the mantle and in rocks, in high layers of the atmosphere and even in space.
The chemical properties of water are determined by its chemical composition. It belongs to the group of chemically active substances. Water interacts with many substances
Living organisms contain a lot of water. In most cases, it makes up more than half the mass of a living organism, and sometimes its share in the body is 95-99%. All this is due to the extremely important role of water for the life of living organisms. And this significance is due to the special properties of water, which it owes to its structure.
A water molecule consists of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. These atoms form the polar poles of the molecule (the positive pole is the hydrogen atoms and the negative pole is the oxygen atom). The existence of poles makes possible the formation of hydrogen bonds, which allow water molecules to form various complexes with each other and with other substances. Such complexes of molecules significantly increase the boiling and melting temperatures of water (compared to similar molecules) and increase its heat capacity. They make water a very good solvent and favorable environment for a number of reactions to occur.
The most important properties of water for living organisms are the following:
1. Water is an excellent solvent for polar substances and non-polar substances that have charged sites.
2. Water is capable of forming aggregate groups of molecules between its molecules and with molecules of other substances. This significantly increases the force of surface tension, which allows water to rise through the capillaries of the soil and the vessels of plants.
3. Due to the presence of hydrogen bonds between water molecules, its evaporation requires a large amount of energy, and as a result of its freezing, heat is released. Therefore, the presence of water on our planet in three states of aggregation significantly softens its climate. In addition, many organisms use water evaporation at high temperatures to cool their bodies.
4. Water reaches its greatest density at 4 ° C. Ice has a lower density than water. Therefore, in winter it is placed on the surface of reservoirs and protects the organisms that live in them from hypothermia. Organic or inorganic substances, which are polar or have charged areas, easily interact with water molecules and, accordingly, easily dissolve in it. Such substances are called hydrophilic. If the molecules of organic or inorganic substances are not polar and do not have charged sites, then they practically do not interact with water molecules and, accordingly, do not dissolve in it. Such substances are called hydrophobic.
Since water in the liquid state does not have a rigid internal structure, the thermal movement of molecules leads to constant mixing of the molecules of the aqueous solution. This phenomenon is called diffusion. Due to the diffusion of solute concentrations in different parts the solution is leveled.
The presence of biological membranes in living organisms leads to the phenomenon of osmosis. Due to the fact that biological membranes are semi-permeable, large organic molecules cannot pass through them, but water molecules can pass through. In the case when the concentration of large molecules on different sides of the membrane is different, water molecules begin to move intensively to the side where the concentration of dissolved substances is higher. As a result, an excess of substances appears on one side of the membrane, which can be observed in the form of osmotic pressure.
Osmotic pressure is very important for living organisms. Thanks to it, turgor arises (the elasticity of plant tissues) and cellular transport occurs.