A person can use the following ways to perceive information. Human perception of information. Types of information according to the method of perception. Classification of information according to the method of perception

27.05.2020

Most information comes to us through vision and hearing. But smells, taste and tactile sensations also carry information. For example, when you smell something burning, you find out that the lunch you forgot about was burned in the kitchen. You can easily recognize familiar food by taste and estimate the amount of sugar or salt in a dish. By touch, that is, through contact with the skin, you recognize familiar objects even in the dark, and estimate the temperature of external objects. Thus, there are different ways of perceiving information by a person, associated with different senses through which it comes:

- through vision we receive information in the form of images;
- information is perceived in audio form through the ear;
- information in the form of odors is perceived through the sense of smell;
- through taste - information from taste sensations;
- through touch - information in the form of tactile sensations.

A person perceives information from the surrounding world with the help of his senses; there are five of them: vision, hearing, taste, smell, touch.

Most information comes to us through vision and hearing. But smells, taste and tactile sensations also carry information.

For example, when you smell something burning, you find out that the lunch you forgot about was burned in the kitchen.

You can easily recognize familiar food by taste and estimate the amount of sugar or salt in a dish. By touch, that is, through contact with the skin, you recognize familiar objects even in the dark, and estimate the temperature of external objects. Thus, there are different ways of perceiving information by a person, associated with different senses through which it comes:

through vision we receive information in the form of images;

through hearing information is perceived in audio form;

information is perceived through the sense of smell in the form of odors;

through taste - information from taste sensations; through touch - information in the form of tactile sensations.

We can say that the senses are information channels between the outside world and a person. With the loss of one of these channels (for example, vision or hearing), the informational role of other senses increases. It is known that blind people hear more acutely, and the importance of touch increases for them.

A person can remember or write down the information received, and also transfer it to another person. In what form does this happen?

Most often, people communicate with each other orally or in writing, i.e. they talk, write letters, notes, articles, books, etc. Written text consists of letters, numbers, brackets, periods, commas and other characters, Oral speech also consists of signs. Only these signs are not written, but sound. Linguists call them phonemes. Phonemes make up words, words make up phrases. There is a direct connection between written signs and sounds. After all, speech appeared first, and only then writing. Writing is needed to record human speech on paper. Individual letters or combinations of letters indicate speech sounds, and punctuation marks indicate pauses and intonation.

The history of writing is very interesting! The writing we and most people use European countries, called sound. What was said above applies to sound writing. But Chinese writing is called ideographic. In it, one icon (often called a hieroglyph) represents a word or a significant part of a word. And Japanese writing is called syllabic. There, one icon represents a syllable.

The most ancient form of writing, which comes from primitive people, is called pictographic. A single pictogram is a drawing that represents a concept or even an entire message. Pictographic symbolism is often used today. For example, everyone you know road signs These are pictograms.

Natural and formal languages

Human speech and writing are closely related to the concept of “language”. Of course, this does not mean the organ of speech, but the way of communication between people. Spoken languages have a national character. There are Russian, English, Chinese, French and other languages. Linguists call them natural languages. Natural languages have oral and written forms.

In addition to spoken (natural) languages, there are formal languages. As a rule, these are the languages of some profession or field of knowledge. For example, mathematical symbolism can be called the formal language of mathematics; musical notation - the formal language of music.

Language is a symbolic way of representing information. Communication in languages is the process of transmitting information in symbolic form.

So, a person represents information using various languages. Examples can be given different ways symbolic representation of information replacing speech. For example, deaf and mute people replace speech with gestures. The conductor's gestures convey information to the musicians. The referee on the sports ground uses a certain sign language that is understandable to the players.

Another common form of presenting information is graphical form. These are drawings, diagrams, drawings, maps, graphs, diagrams. While studying many school subjects you actively use such graphic information. The clarity of graphic information makes it easier to understand the content contained in it. Let us summarize the forms of information presentation.

Forms of information presentation by a person:

- text in natural language in oral or written form;
- graphic form: drawings, diagrams, drawings, maps, graphs, diagrams;
- formal language symbols: numbers,

mathematical formulas, notes, chemical formulas, road signs, etc.

A person perceives information from the outside world using all his senses. Sense organs are “information channels” connecting a person with the outside world.

Language is a symbolic form of representing information. Languages can be natural or formal.

A person stores information or exchanges it with other people in natural languages, formal languages, in graphic form.

Writing is the most important way of preserving and transmitting information. In the history of mankind, the following forms of writing have been formed: sound, syllabic, ideographic, pictographic.

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Types of information

Human perception of information

A person perceives information about objects in the surrounding world through the senses: vision, hearing, smell, taste, touch. Almost 90% of information a person receives through the organs of vision, about 9% through the organs of hearing, and only 1% through the other senses (smell, taste, touch).

Depending on the way a person perceives information, the following types are distinguished.

Visual (visual 2) information - information perceived by the organs of vision (eyes), i.e. something that can be "seen". Thanks to vision, the body receives information about the size, shape, color, change in position and other properties and actions of objects in the surrounding world. A person receives this type of information from the texts of books, drawings and photographs, geographical maps, movies, etc.

Sound information is information perceived by the hearing organs (ears), i.e. something that can be “heard.” Such information is human speech, music, various signals and noises (for example, a telephone ringing, an alarm, the noise of a moving car).

Information about smells is information perceived by the olfactory organs (located in the nasal cavity), i.e. something you can “smell”. With the help of these organs, a person reacts to volatile molecules of a substance and perceives information about odors.

It is generally accepted that a person distinguishes about 10 thousand odors, and not everyone can find a suitable name. The aroma of strawberries, for example, is created by 40 different substances. American chemists compiled a list of them, calculated the number of these

From Latin visualis - visual.

An attempt to artificially recreate the strawberry flavor resulted in a mixture that gave off a strong rubbery odor.

A person can remember as many smells as they can distinguish.

Gustatory information is information perceived by the taste organs (located in the oral cavity), i.e. something that can be “tasted”. It is believed that a person perceives only four basic tastes: sweet, sour, salty, bitter. All other flavors are obtained from a combination of these four.

The sensitivity of the tongue is not the same to “different tastes”. Bitter substances most often come first. This is exactly the case when a fly in the ointment spoils a barrel of honey. Indeed, the taste of bitter substances such as quinine and strychnine is clearly perceived at dilutions of 1:100,000 or more (this is about a teaspoon of the substance diluted in 500 kilograms of water!).

Although the total area of all cells that perceive smell is smaller than those that perceive taste (only 2.5 square cm), the sense of smell is about 10 thousand times stronger than the ability to perceive taste.

Tactile information is information perceived by the organs of touch (located in the skin, muscles, tendons, mucous membranes of the lips, tongue, etc.), i.e. something that can be “touched”. With the help of touch, a person receives information about the shape and size of an object, the properties of its surface (smooth, ribbed, rough, etc.), temperature, humidity, position and movement of the object in space, etc.

To obtain more accurate information about objects in the surrounding world, people use various devices. For example, to measure the temperature of an object, a thermometer is used, and a ruler is used to measure the size of the object. To measure illumination in a school classroom, an instrument called a lux meter is used. There are devices that can be used to detect smoke in a room when a fire occurs.

Human representation of information

A person can present the information received in various ways, including different forms. Since ancient times, people have transmitted information using facial expressions, gestures, speech, drawings, and recordings. With the advent of photography and cinema, radio and television, new opportunities arose for the exchange of information between people and its transmission from generation to generation.

Depending on the form of information presentation, the following types are distinguished.

Text information is information presented in the form of a sequence of characters. Such symbols can be letters of alphabets of various languages, punctuation marks, numbers and arithmetic operations, symbols for writing notes, and others. For example, book texts, musical notation, symbols of zodiac signs, etc.

Graphic information - information presented in the form of images (for example, drawings, diagrams, photographs, graphs, etc.).

Sound information - information presented in the form of sound (for example, oral messages, pieces of music, information signals, etc.).

Video information is information presented in the form of a changing image (for example, movies, cartoons).

Very often combined forms of information presentation are used, which combine several of the forms listed above. For example, movies have sound, and drawings may contain text, etc.

Questions and tasks:

1. List the senses with which a person perceives information about objects in the surrounding world.

List the types of information according to how a person perceives it. Complete your answer with examples.

Name the properties of the “daisy” object that can be: a) seen; b) hear; c) smell; d) try; d) touch.

Name the devices that “help” a person: a) see; b) hear; c) smell; d) try; d) touch.

List ways in which people can communicate information to each other.

List the types of information depending on the form of its presentation.

What information is called textual? Give examples.

What information is called graphic? Give examples.

What information is called sound? Give examples.

What combined forms of information presentation do you know? Justify your answer.

Information carriers

Since ancient times, people have been faced with the need to store information and transfer it from generation to generation. Initially, a person stores information about objects in the surrounding world in his own memory. In this case, the human brain is a carrier of information.

A storage medium is an object used to store and transmit information.

The constant accumulation of a large amount of information, the need to use it and transfer it to next generations leads to the emergence and development of new information carriers.

Our ancient ancestors left us information about themselves and their knowledge in the form of rock paintings in the caves where they lived. Information was also transmitted orally in the form of tales, legends, and songs. Over time, more compact media appeared, which, with smaller sizes, made it possible to store more information about the world around us: clay tables, tablets, papyrus, parchment. The invention of paper and printing opened a new era in the storage and dissemination of information.

The development of science and technology in the 19th-20th centuries led to the emergence of such media as photographic and film films, gramophone records, magnetic tape, and compact discs. Currently, with the help of radio, television, and computers, a huge amount of information is transmitted to all corners of the Earth. The memory of a modern computer can store information of any kind: text, graphic, sound and video information.

Questions and tasks:

What is a storage medium? Give examples

What is the storage medium used for?

Information(from Latin informatio, explanation, presentation, awareness) - information about something, regardless of the form of its presentation.

Currently, there is no single definition of information as a scientific term. From the point of view of various fields of knowledge, this concept is described by its specific set of characteristics. For example, the concept of “information” is basic in a computer science course, and it is impossible to define it through other, more “simple” concepts (just as in geometry, for example, it is impossible to express the content of the basic concepts “point”, “ray”, “plane” through simpler concepts). The content of basic, basic concepts in any science should be explained with examples or identified by comparing them with the content of other concepts. In the case of the concept “information”, the problem of its definition is even more complex, since it is a general scientific concept. This concept is used in various sciences (computer science, cybernetics, biology, physics, etc.), and in each science the concept of “information” is associated with different systems of concepts.

History of the concept

The word "information" comes from Lat. informatio, which in translation means information, explanation, familiarization. The concept of information was considered by ancient philosophers.

Before the start of the Industrial Revolution, determining the essence of information remained the prerogative of mainly philosophers. In the 20th century, cybernetics and computer science began to deal with issues of information theory.

Classification of information

Information can be divided into types according to various criteria:

By way of perception:

By presentation form:

By purpose:

By meaning:

Up-to-date - information that is valuable in this moment time.
Reliable - information obtained without distortion.
Understandable - information expressed in a language understandable to those to whom it is intended.
Complete - information sufficient for acceptance the right decision or understanding.
Useful - the usefulness of information is determined by the subject who received the information depending on the scope of possibilities for its use.

By truth:

What is current information?

One more distinctive feature this concept are its properties. The attributes of information include its quality, quantity, novelty, value, reliability, complexity and ability to be compressed. Each of these indicators can be measured. Another important property of the concept “information” is its relevance.

Not all data will correspond to this indicator. The origins of the word “relevance” can be traced to the Latin language, where it was interpreted as “modern”, “important at the present moment”, “topical”. The peculiarity of this quality is that it can be lost when more recent data becomes available. This process occurs immediately and completely or gradually and in parts.

Current information is data that is in a state that corresponds to reality. Being outdated, they lose their value.

The meaning of the term in various fields of knowledge

Philosophy

Traditionalism of the subjective constantly dominated in early philosophical definitions of information as a category, concept, property of the material world. Information exists independently of our consciousness, and can be reflected in our perception only as a result of interaction: reflection, reading, receiving in the form of a signal, stimulus. Information is immaterial, like all properties of matter. Information stands in the following order: matter, space, time, systematicity, function, etc., which are the fundamental concepts of a formalized reflection of objective reality in its distribution and variability, diversity and manifestation. Information is a property of matter and reflects its properties (state or ability to interact) and quantity (measure) through interaction.

WITH material point In terms of information, information is the order in which objects of the material world appear. For example, the order of letters on a sheet of paper according to certain rules is written information. The order of multi-colored dots on a sheet of paper according to certain rules is graphic information. The order of musical notes is musical information. The order of genes in DNA is hereditary information. The order of bits in a computer is computer information, etc., etc. To carry out information exchange, the presence of necessary and sufficient conditions is required.

The necessary conditions:

The presence of at least two different objects of the material or intangible world.
The presence of a common property among objects that allows them to be identified as a carrier of information.
The presence of a specific property in objects that allows them to distinguish objects from each other.
The presence of a space property that allows you to determine the order of objects. For example, the layout of written information on paper is a specific property of paper that allows letters to be arranged from left to right and from top to bottom.

There is only one sufficient condition:

The presence of a subject capable of recognizing information. This is man and human society, societies of animals, robots, etc.

Various objects (letters, symbols, pictures, sounds, words, sentences, notes, etc.) taken one at a time form the basis of information. An information message is constructed by selecting copies of objects from a basis and arranging these objects in space in a certain order. The length of the information message is defined as the number of copies of the basis objects and is always expressed as an integer. It is necessary to distinguish between the length of an information message, which is always measured in an integer, and the amount of knowledge contained in an information message, which is measured in an unknown unit of measurement.

From a mathematical point of view, information is a sequence of integers that are written into a vector. Numbers are the object number in the information basis. The vector is called an information invariant, since it does not depend on the physical nature of the basis objects. The same information message can be expressed in letters, words, sentences, files, pictures, notes, songs, video clips, any combination of all of the above. No matter how we express information, only the basis changes, not the invariant.

In computer science

The subject of study of the science of computer science is data: methods of their creation, storage, processing and transmission. And the information itself recorded in the data, its meaningful meaning, is of interest to users of information systems who are specialists in various sciences and fields of activity: a physician is interested in medical information, a geologist is interested in geological information, an entrepreneur is interested in commercial information, etc. (including a computer scientist who is interested in information on issues of working with data).

Systemology

Working with information is associated with transformations and always confirms its material nature:

recording - the formation of the structure of matter and the modulation of flows through the interaction of an instrument with a medium;
storage - stability of structure (quasi-statics) and modulation (quasi-dynamics);
reading (study) - interaction of a probe (instrument, transducer, detector) with a substrate or flow of matter.

Systemology considers information through connection with other bases: I=S/F, where: I - information; S - systematic nature of the universe; F - functional connection; M - matter; v - (v underlined) sign of great unification (systematicity, unity of foundations); R - space; T - Time.

In physics

Objects of the material world are in a state of continuous change, which is characterized by the exchange of energy between the object and the environment. Changing the state of one object always leads to a change in the state of some other object environment. This phenomenon, regardless of how, what states and what objects have changed, can be considered as the transmission of a signal from one object to another. Changing the state of an object when a signal is transmitted to it is called signal registration.

A signal or a sequence of signals forms a message that can be perceived by the recipient in one form or another, as well as in one or another volume. Information in physics is a term that qualitatively generalizes the concepts of “signal” and “message”. If signals and messages can be quantified, then we can say that signals and messages are units of measurement of the volume of information.

The same message (signal) is interpreted differently by different systems. For example, a successively long and two short sound (and even more so in symbolic encoding -..) signals in Morse code terminology is the letter D (or D), in BIOS terminology from the company AWARD - a video card malfunction.

In mathematics

In mathematics, information theory (mathematical communication theory) is a section applied mathematics, which defines the concept of information, its properties and establishes limiting relationships for data transmission systems. The main branches of information theory are source coding (compression coding) and channel (noise-resistant) coding. Mathematics is more than scientific discipline. It creates a unified language for all Science.

The subject of mathematics research is abstract objects: number, function, vector, set, and others. Moreover, most of them are introduced axiomatically (axiom), that is, without any connection with other concepts and without any definition.

Information is not part of the study of mathematics. However, the word "information" is used in mathematical terms - self-information and mutual information, related to the abstract (mathematical) part of information theory. However, in mathematical theory the concept of “information” is associated with exclusively abstract objects - random variables, while in modern theory information, this concept is considered much more broadly - as a property material objects.

The connection between these two identical terms is undeniable. It was the mathematical apparatus of random numbers that was used by the author of information theory, Claude Shannon. He himself means by the term “information” something fundamental (irreducible). Shannon's theory intuitively assumes that information has content. Information reduces overall uncertainty and information entropy. The amount of information is measurable. However, he warns researchers against mechanically transferring concepts from his theory to other areas of science.

“The search for ways to apply information theory in other areas of science does not come down to a trivial transfer of terms from one area of science to another. This search is carried out in a long process of putting forward new hypotheses and testing them experimentally.”

K. Shannon.

In jurisprudence The legal definition of the concept “information” is given in the federal law of July 27, 2006 No. 149-FZ “On information, information technology

and on the protection of information" (Article 2): "information - information (messages, data) regardless of the form of their presentation."

Federal Law No. 149-FZ defines and consolidates the rights to information protection and information security of citizens and organizations in computers and information systems, as well as issues of information security of citizens, organizations, society and the state.

In control theory

In control theory (cybernetics), the subject of study of which is the basic laws of control, that is, the development of control systems, information refers to messages received by the system from the outside world during adaptive control (adaptation, self-preservation of the control system).

The founder of cybernetics, Norbert Wiener, spoke about information like this: information is a designation of content received by us from the outside world in the process of adapting us and our feelings to it.

- N. Wiener Cybernetics, or control and communication in animal and machine; or Cybernetics and society

This thought by Wiener gives a direct indication of the objectivity of information, that is, its existence in nature independent of human consciousness (perception).

Modern cybernetics defines objective information as the objective property of material objects and phenomena to generate a variety of states that, through the fundamental interactions of matter, are transmitted from one object (process) to another and are imprinted in its structure.

A material system in cybernetics is considered as a set of objects that themselves can be in different states, but the state of each of them is determined by the states of other objects of the system. In nature, many states of a system represent information; the states themselves represent the primary code, or source code. Thus, every material system is a source of information.

Cybernetics defines subjective (semantic) information as the meaning or content of a message. (see ibid.) Information is a characteristic of an object.

Disinformation

Disinformation (also disinformation) is one of the ways of manipulating information, such as misleading someone by providing incomplete information or complete but no longer necessary information, or complete but not in the required area, distortion of context, distortion of part of the information.

The goal of such influence is always the same - the opponent must act as the manipulator needs. The action of the target against whom disinformation is directed may consist in making a decision that the manipulator needs or in refusing to make a decision that is unfavorable for the manipulator. But in any case, the final goal is the action that will be taken.

Search for information

Modernity is a boundless ocean of data, in which we daily need to find something that will satisfy our needs. In order to structure the information search process, it was even created separate science. Her father is considered to be the American scientist Calvin Mowers. Information search, according to the researcher’s definition, is the process of identifying in an indefinite number of documents those that can satisfy our information needs, that is, contain the necessary data.

The algorithm of actions includes operations for collecting, processing and providing the requested information. To effectively search for information, you need to follow the following plan:

formulate a request (the information we want to find);
find likely sources of the required data;
select the necessary materials;
get acquainted with the acquired body of knowledge and evaluate the work done.

This algorithm can facilitate educational process and preparation for writing scientific articles. It was created by the author's realization that information is the limitless space around us. And extracting the necessary data is only possible if you systematize your efforts.

Collection and storage of information

Depending on the goals set, data and information can be subjected to various operations. Collection and storage are one of them.

Working with information is possible only after a thorough search. This process is called data collection, that is, accumulation in order to provide a sufficient amount for further processing. This stage of working with information is considered one of the most important, because the quality and relevance of the data that will have to be dealt with in the future depend on it.

Data collection phases:

primary perception;
development of classification of the obtained data;
object coding;
registration of results.

The next step in working with information is to ensure its safety for subsequent use.

Data storage is a way of organizing their circulation in space and time. This process depends on the medium - disk, painting, photograph, book, etc. The shelf life also varies: School journal must be stored for school year, and the metro ticket is only valid during the trip.

Information is something that exists only on a specific medium. Therefore, the processes of collection and storage can be considered key in working with it.

Why in science, when studying any objects, do they often try to distribute these objects into groups in accordance with certain characteristics? In other words, for what purpose is the classification of the objects being studied developed? There are some general properties information and general principles of working with it. But working with the text of a story is different from working on the score of a musical work, and performing calculations using formulas has little in common with creating a cartoon. That is, there are features of the flow of information processes for information different types. Knowing what type of information is will help you choose the most appropriate tools and methods for working with it.

What types of information can be identified? What characteristics can be chosen as the basis of division?

Since we associate information to the greatest extent with the perception and awareness of incoming signals by a person, it can be divided according to how the information perceived people.

A person has five sense organs:

* vision , with the help of which people distinguish colors and perceive visual images; information - visual;

* hearing , with the help of which sound information is perceived - speech, music, sound signals, noise; information - auditory;

* sense of smell , with the help of which people receive information about the smells of the surrounding world; information - olfactory;

* taste - with the help of the taste buds of the tongue, you can get information about what an object is - bitter, sour, sweet, salty; information - taste;

* touch - fingertips (and the entire skin) give a person information about the temperature of an object - whether it is hot or cold, about the quality of its surface - smooth or rough; information - tactile.

It should be noted that human sense organs are called analyzers, since it is through these organs that signals from the outside world enter the brain for analysis and comprehension.

About 80-90% of information a person receives through the organs of vision (visually ), approximately 8-15% - using the hearing organs (auditory ) and only 1-5% - with the help of other senses (smell, taste, touch ).

But, for example, foxes, dogs and many other animals receive the main part of information using their nose. They have a well-developed sense of smell. For bats, the main information is sound; they perceive it with their large, sensitive ears.

When we study not an individual person, but groups of people - social systems, it hardly makes sense to divide the information circulating in such systems according to the way it is perceived by an individual person. In this case, it is advisable to consider other classification grounds. For example, you can distribute information into types by degree of importance for society, separate groups people, individuals.

The information may be:

? personal : this is knowledge, experience, intuition, skills, plans, forecasts, emotions, feelings, hereditary memory of a particular person;

? special , significant for a certain group of people; These are types of information such as:

* scientific;

* production;

* technical;

* managerial;

? public , significant for most members of society; These are types of information such as:

* socio-political (what we get mainly from funds mass media);

* popular science (scientifically meaningful experience of all humanity, historical, cultural and national traditions, etc.);

* ordinary (which we exchange in the process of everyday communication);

* aesthetic (fine arts, music, theater, etc.).

But the selected types of information are unlikely to be useful when we're talking about about technical or sociotechnical systems. In this case, it may be of interest to divide into types depending on presentation forms information.

Communication between people (and any communication in general) is not conceivable without the information being transmitted being somehow expressed, recorded using signs or signals, issued in accordance with rules understandable to all subjects of communication.

Let's consider some types of information depending on the form of its presentation.

Text information: a text in a textbook, an essay in a notebook, a remark from an actor in a play, a weather forecast broadcast on the radio.

Note that in oral communication (personal conversation, telephone conversation, radio broadcast of a play), information can be presented primarily in verbal, text form.

Numeric information: multiplication table, arithmetic example, score in a hockey match, train arrival time, statistics on the country's population, etc.

Numerical information is rarely found in its “pure” form, except on math tests. Most often, a combined form of information presentation is used.

You received a telegram: “Meet the twelfth. The train arrives at eight in the evening." In this text we understand “twelfth” and “eight” as numbers, although they are expressed in words.

Graphic information: drawings, diagrams, drawings, photographs.

This form of presenting information is the most visual and accessible for perception and awareness, since it immediately conveys the necessary image, while verbal and numerical forms require a mental recreation of the image. At the same time, the graphical form of presentation often does not provide comprehensive explanations of the transmitted data. Therefore, a combination of text, numbers and graphics is most effective.

When solving geometry problems, we simultaneously use a drawing (graphics), explanatory text (text), and numerical calculations (numbers and operations on them).

Sound information : speech, music, sound signals.

This type of information is also important in the communication process. Sound signals attract our attention (a bell for recess, the howl of a siren), awaken feelings (pieces of music), and create a certain mood (the timbre of the interlocutor’s voice).

Some idea of the variety of approaches to identifying types of information can be given by the definition of information given in encyclopedic dictionary, which says that information is a general scientific concept, including the exchange of information between people, a person and an automaton, an automaton and an automaton, the exchange of signals in an animal and flora; transfer of characteristics from cell to cell, from organism to organism.

The above definition identifies four types of information for different ways (subjects) of exchange:

* social (person - person);

* technical (man - automaton, automaton - automaton);

* biological (information in the animal and plant world);

* genetic (transfer of characteristics from cell to cell, from organism to organism).

There are other options for classifying information by type:

* By scope of application information (economic, geographical, sociological, etc.);

* the nature sources information (primary, secondary, generalizing, etc.);

* the nature carrier information (information “encrypted” in DNA molecules or in light wavelengths; information on paper or magnetic media, etc.).

A particular researcher chooses one or another classification for himself depending on the problem he faces and the relationships he is studying.

Chemists, physicists, and biologists use classification based on the nature of the information carrier. Information theory primarily considers sources of information. In sociology, the most interesting is the scope and public importance information.

When it comes to computer , then the types of information most often are distinguished depending on forms of its presentation .

A computer helps a person store, transmit, and transform information of text, numeric, audio, graphic, and combined types.

Currently multimedia (multimedia, combined) form of information presentation becomes the main one in computer technology. Color graphics are combined in these systems with sound and text, with moving video images and three-dimensional images.