The following groups of social institutions:

1. Economic - these are all institutions that ensure the process of production and distribution of material goods and services, regulate money circulation, organize and divide labor, etc. (banks, exchanges, corporations, firms, joint stock companies, factories, etc.).

2. Political are institutions that establish, execute and maintain power. In concentrated form they express the political interests and relations existing in a given society. The set of political institutions allows us to determine the political system of society (the state with its central and local authorities, political parties, police or militia, justice, army and also various public organizations, movements, associations, foundations and clubs pursuing political goals). The forms of institutionalized activity in this case are strictly defined: elections, rallies, demonstrations, election campaigns.

3. Reproduction and kinship are institutions through which the biological continuity of society is maintained, sexual needs and parental aspirations are satisfied, relations between the sexes and generations are regulated, etc. (institute of family and marriage).

4. Socio-cultural and educational are institutions whose main goal is to create, develop, strengthen culture for the socialization of the younger generation and transfer to them the accumulated cultural values ​​of the entire society as a whole (family as an educational institution, education, science, cultural and educational and art institutions, etc.).

5. Social-ceremonial - these are institutions that regulate everyday human contacts and facilitate mutual understanding. Although these social institutions are complex systems and are most often informal, it is thanks to them that the methods of greetings and congratulations, the organization of ceremonial weddings, holding meetings, etc. are determined and regulated, which we ourselves usually do not think about. These are institutions organized by a voluntary association (public organizations, partnerships, clubs, etc., not pursuing political goals).

6. Religious - institutions that organize a person’s connection with transcendental forces. For believers, the other world really exists and in a certain way influences their behavior and social relationships. The institution of religion plays a prominent role in many societies and has a strong influence on numerous human relationships.

In the above classification, only the so-called “main institutions” are considered, the most important, highly necessary institutions, brought to life by the enduring needs that regulate basic social functions and are characteristic of all types of civilization.

Social institutions, just like social connections and interactions, can be formal and informal.

A formal institution is an institution in which the scope of functions, means and methods of action are regulated by laws or other legal acts. Formally approved orders, regulations, rules, regulations, charters, etc. Formal social institutions are the state, army, court, family, school, etc. These institutions carry out their management and control functions on the basis of strictly established formal negative and positive sanctions. Formal institutions play important role in strengthening modern society. On this occasion, A.G. Efendiev wrote that “if social institutions are the mighty ropes of the system social connections, then formal social institutions are a fairly strong and flexible metal frame that determines the strength of society.”

An informal institution is an institution in which the functions, means and methods of activity are not established by formal rules (i.e. they are not clearly defined and not enshrined in special legislative acts and regulations), therefore there is no guarantee that the organization will be sustainable. Despite this, informal institutions, just like formal ones, perform management and control functions in the broadest social sense, since they are the result of social creativity and the expression of the will of citizens (amateur associations of amateur performances, interest associations, various funds for social and cultural purposes and etc.).

All social institutions of any society are united and interconnected to varying degrees and represent a complex integrated system. This integration is mainly based on the fact that a person, in order to satisfy all his needs, must participate in various types institutions. In addition, institutions have a certain influence on each other. For example, the state influences the family through its attempts to regulate the birth rate, the number of marriages and divorces, and by establishing minimum standards for the care of children and mothers.

An interconnected system of institutions forms an integral system that provides group members with satisfaction of their diverse needs, regulates their behavior and guarantees further development group as a whole. Internal consistency in the activities of all social institutions - necessary condition normal functioning of the entire society. The system of social institutions in a social aggregate is very complex, and the constant development of needs leads to the formation of new institutions, as a result of which many different institutions exist next to each other.

Introduction

IN modern conditions Social changes involve a rethinking of the role of culture, renewal of its forms and functions. On the one hand, culture still reproduces traditional attitudes and patterns of behavior, which largely predetermine the behavior and thinking of people. On the other hand, modern media forms (television, cinema, print, advertising) are widely distributed, which enhances the formation of ideological and moral stereotypes popular culture, modern style life.

In this context, the determining role of culture in the overall process of modernization of Russia is in the formation of the individual as an active subject of economic life and social self-organization. All socio-economic development projects must include a humanitarian component, contribute to the development of spiritual strength and human health, and their awareness of the high meaning of their existence.

In 1928, the Central Park of Culture and Culture was founded in Moscow, thus marking the beginning of the creation of new cultural institutions - parks of Culture and Recreation. After the Second World War, PKiO, like other cultural institutions, significantly expanded the scope of their activities, increasingly becoming involved in holding mass holidays.

In modern conditions, the role of parks as a traditional democratic place of mass recreation will increase. For many city residents, recreation in parks often becomes the only available opportunity to spend time in nature and take part in mass entertainment. To improve the activities of cultural and recreation parks, it is necessary to carry out a phased modernization of outdated park facilities, equipping them with modern attraction equipment, connecting all utility networks to communications. In the new conditions, it is necessary to reconsider the traditional activities of parks.

The purpose of this work is to consider parks as socio-cultural institutions.

The following tasks follow from this goal:

1. consider the essence and typology of socio-cultural institutions;

2. consider the socio-cultural activities of national and natural parks;

3. consider the activities of cultural and recreation parks;

4. draw conclusions on the research topic.

The object of the study is socio-cultural institutions. The subject of the study is the activities of parks.

Socio-cultural institutions - concept and typology

The essence of socio-cultural institutions

Socio-cultural institutions are one of the key concepts socio-cultural activities (SKD). In its broadest sense, it extends to the spheres of social and socio-cultural practice, and also refers to any of the numerous subjects interacting with each other in the socio-cultural sphere.

Socio-cultural institutions are characterized by a certain direction of their social practice and social relations, a characteristic mutually agreed upon system of expediently oriented standards of activity, communication and behavior. Their emergence and grouping into a system depend on the content of the tasks solved by each individual socio-cultural institution.

Among the economic, political, everyday and other social institutions that differ from each other in the content of their activities and functional qualities, the category of socio-cultural institutions has a number of specific features.

First of all, it is necessary to emphasize the wide range of the term “socio-cultural institution”. It covers a large network of social institutions that ensure cultural activity, the processes of preservation, creation, dissemination and development of cultural values, as well as the inclusion of people in a specific subculture that is adequate for them.

In modern literature, there are different approaches to constructing a typology of socio-cultural institutions. The problem is to choose the correct criterion for their classification, depending on the purpose, nature and content of their activities. This may include the functional-target orientation of socio-cultural institutions, the predominant nature of the content of their work, their structure in the system of social relations.

From the point of view of the functional-target orientation, Kiseleva and Krasilnikov distinguish two levels of understanding the essence of socio-cultural institutions [Kiseleva T.G., Krasilnikov Yu.D. Fundamentals of socio-cultural activities: Textbook. allowance. - M.: MGUK, 1995, p. 294 - 295.]. Accordingly, we are dealing with two large varieties of them.

The first level is normative. In this case, a socio-cultural institution is considered as a normative phenomenon, as a set of certain cultural, moral, ethical, aesthetic, leisure and other norms, customs, traditions that have historically developed in society, united around some basic, main goal, value, need.

It is legitimate to include, first of all, the institution of family, language, religion, education, folklore, science, literature, art and other institutions that are not limited to the development and subsequent reproduction of cultural and social values ​​or the inclusion of a person in a certain subculture. . In relation to the individual and individual communities, they perform a number of extremely significant functions: socializing (socialization of a child, adolescent, adult), orienting (affirmation of imperative universal values ​​through special codes and ethics of behavior), sanctioning (social regulation of behavior and protection of certain norms and values ​​based on legal and administrative acts, rules and regulations), ceremonial and situational (regulation of the order and methods of mutual behavior, transfer and exchange of information, greetings, appeals, regulation of meetings, meetings, conferences, activities of associations, etc.).

The second level is institutional. Socio-cultural institutions of the institutional type include a large network of services, multi-departmental structures and organizations directly or indirectly involved in the socio-cultural sphere and having a specific administrative, social status and a certain public purpose in their industry. This group directly includes cultural and educational institutions , art, leisure, sports (socio-cultural, leisure services for the population); industrial and economic enterprises and organizations (material and technical support for the socio-cultural sphere); administrative and management bodies and structures in the field of culture, including legislative and executive authorities; research and scientific-methodological institutions of the industry.

Thus, state and municipal (local), regional authorities occupy one of the leading places in the structure of socio-cultural institutions. They act as authorized subjects of development and implementation of national and regional socio-cultural policies, effective programs socio-cultural development of individual republics, territories and regions.

In a broad sense, a socio-cultural institution is an active subject of a normative or institutional type, possessing certain formal or informal powers, specific resources and means (financial, material, personnel, etc.) and performing a corresponding socio-cultural function in society.

Any socio-cultural institution should be considered from two sides - external (status) and internal (content). From an external (status) point of view, each such institution is characterized as a subject of socio-cultural activity, possessing a set of regulatory, legal, personnel, financial, and material resources necessary to perform the functions assigned to it by society. From an internal (substantive) point of view, a socio-cultural institution is a set of purposefully oriented standard patterns of activity, communication and behavior of specific individuals in specific socio-cultural situations.

For example, such a socio-cultural institution of a normative type as art, from an external (status) point of view, can be characterized as a set of persons, institutions and material means that carry out creative process to create artistic values. At the same time, by its internal (content) nature, art is a creative process that provides one of the most important social functions in society. Standards of activity, communication and behavior of creative figures, their roles and functions are determined and specified depending on the genre of art.

Socio-cultural institutions give people's activities qualitative certainty and significance, both for the individual and for social, age, professional, ethnic, religious groups, and for society as a whole. It should be borne in mind that any of these institutions is not only a valuable and self-sufficient subject, but, first of all, a subject of human upbringing and education.

Each of the socio-cultural institutions primarily performs its own, most characteristic substantive function, aimed at satisfying those socio-cultural needs for the sake of which it was formed and exists.

Socio-cultural institutions are one of the key concepts of socio-cultural activity (SCA). In its broadest sense, it extends to the spheres of social and socio-cultural practice, and also refers to any of the numerous subjects interacting with each other in the socio-cultural sphere.
Socio-cultural institutions are characterized by a certain direction of their social practice and social relations, a characteristic mutually agreed upon system of purposefully oriented standards of activity, communication and behavior. Their emergence and grouping into a system depend on the content of the tasks solved by each individual socio-cultural institution.
Among the economic, political, everyday and other social institutions that differ from each other in the content of their activities and functional qualities, the category of socio-cultural institutions has a number of specific features.
First of all, it is necessary to emphasize the wide range of the term “socio-cultural institution”. It covers a large network of social institutions that ensure cultural activity, the processes of preservation, creation, dissemination and development of cultural values, as well as the inclusion of people in a specific subculture that is adequate for them.
In modern literature, there are different approaches to constructing a typology of socio-cultural institutions. The problem is to choose the correct criterion for their classification, depending on the purpose, nature and content of their activities. This may include the functional-target orientation of socio-cultural institutions, the predominant nature of the content of their work, their structure in the system of social relations.
From the point of view of the functional-target orientation, Kiseleva and Krasilnikov distinguish two levels of understanding the essence of socio-cultural institutions. Accordingly, we are dealing with two large varieties of them.
The first level is normative. In this case, a socio-cultural institution is considered as a normative phenomenon, as a set of certain cultural, moral, ethical, aesthetic, leisure and other norms, customs, traditions that have historically developed in society, united around some basic, main goal, value, need.
It is legitimate to include, first of all, the institution of family, language, religion, education, folklore, science, literature, art and other institutions that are not limited to the development and subsequent reproduction of cultural and social values ​​or the inclusion of a person in a certain subculture. . In relation to the individual and individual communities, they perform a number of extremely significant functions: socializing (socialization of a child, adolescent, adult), orienting (affirmation of imperative universal values ​​through special codes and ethics of behavior), sanctioning (social regulation of behavior and protection of certain norms and values ​​based on legal and administrative acts, rules and regulations), ceremonial and situational (regulation of the order and methods of mutual behavior, transfer and exchange of information, greetings, appeals, regulation of meetings, meetings, conferences, activities of associations, etc.).
The second level is institutional. Socio-cultural institutions of the institutional type include a large network of services, multi-departmental structures and organizations directly or indirectly involved in the socio-cultural sphere and having a specific administrative, social status and a certain public purpose in their industry. This group directly includes cultural and educational institutions , art, leisure, sports (socio-cultural, leisure services for the population); industrial and economic enterprises and organizations (material and technical support for the socio-cultural sphere); administrative and management bodies and structures in the field of culture, including legislative and executive authorities; research and scientific-methodological institutions of the industry.
Thus, state and municipal (local), regional authorities occupy one of the leading places in the structure of socio-cultural institutions. They act as authorized subjects of the development and implementation of national and regional socio-cultural policies, effective programs for the socio-cultural development of individual republics, territories and regions.
In a broad sense, a socio-cultural institution is an active subject of a normative or institutional type, possessing certain formal or informal powers, specific resources and means (financial, material, personnel, etc.) and performing a corresponding socio-cultural function in society.
Any socio-cultural institution should be considered from two sides - external (status) and internal (content). From an external (status) point of view, each such institution is characterized as a subject of socio-cultural activity, possessing a set of regulatory, legal, personnel, financial, and material resources necessary to perform the functions assigned to it by society. From an internal (substantive) point of view, a socio-cultural institution is a set of purposefully oriented standard patterns of activity, communication and behavior of specific individuals in specific socio-cultural situations.
For example, such a socio-cultural institution of a normative type as art, from an external (status) point of view, can be characterized as a set of persons, institutions and material means that carry out the creative process of creating artistic values. At the same time, by its internal (content) nature, art is a creative process that provides one of the most important social functions in society. Standards of activity, communication and behavior of creative figures, their roles and functions are determined and specified depending on the genre of art.
Socio-cultural institutions give people's activities qualitative certainty and significance, both for the individual and for social, age, professional, ethnic, religious groups, and for society as a whole. It should be borne in mind that any of these institutions is not only a valuable and self-sufficient subject, but, first of all, a subject of human upbringing and education.
Each of the socio-cultural institutions primarily performs its own, most characteristic substantive function, aimed at satisfying those socio-cultural needs for the sake of which it was formed and exists.
Typology of socio-cultural institutions

A wide network of socio-cultural institutions has various forms of internal gradation. Some of them are officially established and organizationally formalized (for example, the general education system, the system of special, vocational education, a network of clubs, libraries and other cultural and leisure institutions), have social significance and perform their functions on a scale of the whole society, in a broad socio-cultural context. Others are not established specifically, but emerge gradually in the process of long-term joint socio-cultural activity, often constituting an entire historical era. These, for example, include numerous informal associations and leisure communities that arise at the group, local level, traditional holidays, ceremonies, rituals and other unique socio-cultural stereotypical forms. They are voluntarily elected by one or another socio-cultural group: children, adolescents, youth, residents of a microdistrict, students, the military, etc.
Socio-cultural institutions are classified depending on their role function in relation to consumers of cultural goods, values ​​and services represented by a large audience of thousands of children and adults: viewers, listeners, readers, as well as potential customers, producers, buyers of extensive socio-cultural products. In this case, among the huge variety of socio-cultural institutions of a normative and institutional type, the following categories are distinguished.
The first group is socio-cultural institutions, primarily engaged in the production of spiritual values: ideology, politics, law, public administration, science, church, journalism, basic and additional education, art, language, literature, architecture, amateur art, including technical creativity, amateur performances, collecting.
The second group is socio-cultural institutions, primarily engaged in communication, transmission of spiritual values, economic, political, cultural, social, scientific and technical information: press, radio, television, publishing houses and book trade, museums and exhibitions, advertising, archives and libraries, propaganda and evangelism, email, conferences, presentations, etc.
The third group is socio-cultural institutions, which mainly manifest themselves in the organization of various types of informal creative activities: family, club and garden institutions, folklore, folk art and customs, rituals, mass holidays, carnivals, festivities, proactive cultural protection societies and movements.
In the theory and practice of SKD, many other bases for the typology of socio-cultural institutions are often used:
by population served:
mass consumer (public);
separate social groups (specialized);
children, youth (children and youth);
by type of ownership:
government;
public;
joint stock;
private;
by economic status:
non-profit;
semi-commercial;
commercial;
by scale of action and audience coverage:
international;
national (federal);
regional;
local (local).
However, the level of interrelations between various socio-cultural institutions on the federal and regional scales is far from the same. There are several most characteristic indicators of this level: connections are strong and permanent; connections are meaningful and objective; contacts are sporadic; partners hardly cooperate; partners work generally separately.
The reasons for the episodic nature of contacts between the socio-cultural institutions of the region are, as a rule, the lack of a clear understanding of the content and forms of joint work. Little experience of this cooperation, lack of a clear program, inconsistency of plans, lack of attention from municipal authorities, etc.
In the modern process of development and strengthening of cooperation between numerous communities and structures of the socio-cultural sphere, two trends can be identified. On the one hand, each socio-cultural institution, based on its profile and character, strives to maximize its own potential, its own creative and commercial opportunities. On the other hand, for this group of subjects it is quite natural to strive for social partnership. Their joint, concerted and coordinated actions are strengthened on the basis of common, coinciding functions of socio-cultural activities.
15. Trends and problems in the development of small enterprises in the field of SCS&T.
Law “On state support of small businesses in the Russian Federation” (as amended in 2006). Criteria for determining the scale of enterprises. Economic conditions necessary for the development of small enterprises. Advantages of small businesses. Personalized service as the main trend in the development of small businesses. The importance of small business in the economy and social life.

Problems of small business development in Russia
During the transition to a market economy, Russia faced many problems that had to be solved as quickly as possible. First of all, it was necessary to define property rights and decide who would be allowed to own enterprises owned by the state, how, through what mechanism and at what prices the transfer of property would be carried out. Capital markets, banking, financial and currency systems also had to be created. It was necessary to develop effective planning and accounting systems in order to assess the value of firms and more objectively judge the results of their activities. It was necessary to revise existing laws in order to legalize new forms of economic relations, new types of property and new types of transactions.
It was necessary to select and train managers capable of working in a market system and competing in their own country and in the world market. It was also necessary to achieve recognition by the population of the new rules of the game.
The challenge was to develop competition and regulatory policies and to find a way to resolve the problems arising from the fact that simply privatizing giant, inefficient enterprises created a system of giant, inefficient private monopolies.
It was necessary to determine the procedure for ending government subsidies to various industries and develop tax systems that could provide financing for government activities.
Finally, it was necessary to decide whether, and if so when, the closure of uncompetitive firms would be allowed, and to create social assistance services that would take on the decision social problems arising as a result of inevitable economic imbalances both during the transition period and after its completion.
Most of these problems fully apply to small businesses. The problems of its further development in Russia remain basically the same as those noted in the materials of the 1st All-Russian Congress of Representatives of Small Enterprises:
insufficiency of initial capital and own working capital;
difficulties in obtaining bank loans;
increased pressure from criminal structures;
lack of qualified accountants, managers, consultants;
difficulties in obtaining premises and extremely high rents;
limited opportunities to obtainleasing services ;
lack of proper social protection and personal safety of owners and employees of small enterprises, etc.
It is no coincidence that the 2nd All-Russian Conference of Small Enterprises (March 2001, Moscow) was named “Reasonable Regulation for Civilized Entrepreneurship.” The conference aimed to identify the sources of excessive administrative barriers in the development of entrepreneurship.
The fact is that among the problems hindering the development of small businesses, excessive administrative barriers come in second place after the tax burden. They not only hinder the development of entrepreneurship, but also create another government problem, forcing small businesses to go into the shadow economy.
At the beginning of 2003 Ministry of Economic Development and Trade on behalf of President of the Russian Federation conducted an inventory of the control functions of government bodies and found out how many people are directly related to supervision. As a result of the inventory, it turned out that there is no general system of state control in Russia. They supervise and control everyone who is not too lazy. 43 federal ministries and departments have 65 inspection organizations. Only 55 of them employ 1,056 thousand people. More than 423 thousand of them are vested with the right of direct state control, the rest serve them.
Regions have their own control bodies. In Moscow alone there are 29 of them, while only 18 thousand of this mass of controllers are civil servants, the rest are contracted specialists who are concerned not so much with inspections as with banal earning money by providing commercial services to market participants. There is no doubt that these numerous inspectors pay the main attention to small businesses, limiting and often constraining their activities.
Experts who analyze the turnover of the shadow economy estimate it at no less than 40% of the gross national product.
According to Expert magazine, the share of shadow wages decreased from 35.2% in 2000 to 27-28% in 2002, still occupying a significant share. Wherein we're talking about primarily about small and medium-sized businesses in Russia. There are three main reasons for this situation:
persistent high tax rates, and above all the unified social tax, which do not allow for effective capitalization of the enterprise;
distrust of the authorities, uncertainty about the stability of the economic and social situation;
fear of criminal structures.
In order of importance, some authors rank the main problems of small business in Russia in the following order:
1) high level of taxation;
2) unavailability of credit resources;
3) administrative barriers.
Here, as we see, the second place among the problems of small business development in Russia is the inaccessibility of financial resources. According to A.V. Runov, Chairman of the Board of the Federal Fund for Support of Small Business, 13-15 thousand entrepreneurs have free access to financial resources every year. This means that in Russia, organizations providing financial services to entrepreneurs cover only 1% of the potential market.
Small businesses in Russia face great difficulties in their activities. The main problem is the insufficient resource base, both material, technical and financial. We offerevening dresses Kyiv with delivery In practice, we are talking about creating a new sector of the economy. For decades, we did not have such a sector to any significant extent. This, in particular, meant a lack of trained entrepreneurs. The bulk of the population, living from paycheck to paycheck, could not form the reserve of funds necessary to start their own business. These funds must now be found. It is clear that an extremely strained state budget cannot become their source. We can only hope for credit resources. But they are also insignificant and, moreover, extremely difficult to implement with constant andrising inflation .
The situation can hardly seriously change in the right direction unless we finally move from words to deeds in public support for constructive small businesses. There is no reason to count on a significant increase in the material, technical and financial resources available for this, at least in the near future.
Meanwhile, the effectiveness of investments in fixed assets of small businesses is evidenced by data from a one-time survey based on the results of their work in 2000.
As can be seen from the table, small businesses invest almost 60% (59.2) of investments in fixed capital into the active part of fixed assets - machinery, equipment, tools and inventory, while for all investments in fixed capital for this type of fixed assets accounts for only 35.7%.
At the same time, these enterprises allocate 26.5% of investments to the passive part of fixed assets - buildings and structures, while for all investments in fixed capital this type of fixed assets accounts for 43.6%. This suggests that small businesses have equal conditions for better, more efficient use of investments, since it is machines and equipment, and not buildings, that create real products.
Meanwhile, the share of investment in fixed capital of small businesses in total investment in fixed capital is falling from year to year.
A carefully calibrated, consistently implemented selection system is required that allows for tangible priorities to be given to those who are more useful to society. Today this means a preference for the sphere of production over the sphere of circulation with a detailed differentiation of production itself based on a competent study of socialdemand , the changes and trends occurring in it.
It is necessary to create mechanisms for preferential lending, taxation, and various types of benefits, including those related to foreign economic activity. Their purpose is to ensure better satisfaction of people's needs while creating conditions for the consistent development of entrepreneurship.
Next problem - the legislative framework, which small businesses can now rely on. So far it is, to put it mildly, imperfect, and in many very significant provisions it is completely absent. We have already named legal documents that in one way or another regulate small businesses, but the difficulty, however, is that, firstly, there is no consolidated unified legislative basis for the current activities of domestic small businesses, and secondly, the existing disparate regulations are translated into life is far from complete.
Currently, small businesses find themselves in conditions that are very distant from those that should be inherent in market relations. On the contrary, there is a tendency to increasingly surround it with the old framework of the planning and administrative system with its almost all-encompassing planning and strict regulation with the help of limits, funds, etc.
There is no system for conducting an in-depth analysis of the activities of small businesses, there is no proper accounting of the results of their work, and there is practically no reporting on those indicators that entitle these enterprises to take advantage of tax benefits.
Material and technical support for small businesses is provided insufficiently and untimely. There are no machines, equipment, devices designed for such enterprises and taking into account their specifics. Their access to high technologies is limited, since their purchase requires significant one-time financial costs.
Another problem is staffing. Unfortunately, there are far fewer qualified entrepreneurs than the economy really needs.
A difficult problem is also associated with the social protection of entrepreneurial activity. It is known that the system of social guarantees and social security that previously existed on the basis of the distribution of public funds in the current conditions has turned out to be practically undermined. It is essentially necessary to build this system anew in relation to the entire society, and even more so in relation to entrepreneurs - a new social stratum.
In the first half of 2005, the All-Russian public organization of small and medium-sized businesses “Support of Russia”, together with VTsIOM, conducted a study of the conditions for the functioning of small businesses in the country.
It was revealed that the main source of financing for small businesses is its own profit. One third of entrepreneurs use personal savings for this, and only 16% use loans received from the bank. In total, according to the study, only 26% of Russian small entrepreneurs have experience in using bank loans to finance their business. At the same time, 24% reported that they tried to use bank loans, but either the conditions for obtaining the loan turned out to be unfavorable, or the bank refused the loan. Almost half of entrepreneurs (47%) cited high interest rates as the main reasons for not being able to obtain a loan, and over one quarter of entrepreneurs (27%) cited the inability to provide collateral in the amounts required by banks.
When lending to small businesses, Russian banks set exorbitant collateral requirements, inflate the cost of lending, and think for a long time before responding to a small business’ request for a loan. The most unpleasant thing is that small businesses that have been serviced by this bank for a long time have no more privileges than new clients.
As a rule, small and medium-sized businesses receive only cash and settlement services from banks. Study conducted at the end of 2005children's party , during which chief accountants and financial directors of 200 Moscow small and medium-sized enterprises were surveyed, showed that banking services such as lending and salary projects are little used, mainly due to the policies of the banks themselves. And this despite the fact that small enterprises are the most regular and reliable banking clients: 65% of such enterprises have been working with banks for more than three years, 2.2% from one to three years, and only 13% for less than one year. Moreover, more than half of enterprises (51%) use the services of only one bank. When choosing a bank, small and medium-sized businesses focus mainly on the quality of service (more than 1/4 of respondents), as well as on the financial condition and reliability of the bank (another 1/4 of respondents). The price factor is secondary: only 20% of respondents named it as a factor determining the choice of bank.
Cooperation with one bank allows small and medium-sized businesses to reduce the costs of managing bank accounts and reduce the risk of leakage of business information. In addition, in this case, enterprises hope to receive certain benefits, although, as a rule, they do not receive such benefits.
There are several reasons that most cause dissatisfaction among small businesses with the quality of lending. Firstly, as we said above, there is a lack of lending benefits for enterprises that have been working with a certain bank for a long time.
Secondly, small and medium-sized businesses are dissatisfied with the need to prepare a significant package of documentation and the length of time it takes to consider their applications.
Thirdly, customers are dissatisfied with the artificial shortening of loan terms, understating the value of collateral while simultaneously narrowing the list of property accepted as collateral. To a large extent, this applies to “old” clients who have been served by this bank for more than three years.
Fourthly, small and medium-sized businesses are dissatisfied with the quality of banking services. First of all, this concerns the speed and conditions of service, the cost of services.
To be fair, it should be noted that a number of Moscow banks are taking certain actions to improve service to clients from small and medium-sized enterprises. Thus, the city client bank Stroykredit and some others assign a personal manager to each of their clients. Customer service time is increasing, steps are being taken to reduce the processing time for loan applications, simplified lending technologies are being introduced, etc.
All these measures will improve overall lending to small businesses.
For what purposes do those entrepreneurs who managed to obtain them use loans? More than half of entrepreneurs (56%) used borrowed funds to replenish working capital, and almost one third used them to purchase tangible assets, including buildings, structures, equipment, vehicles and, in some cases, land. And 8% of surveyed entrepreneurs purchased intangible assets with borrowed funds - licenses, certificates, patents, trademarks, intellectual property - R&D results, software, etc.
A significant challenge for small businesses is securing access to production space and office space. Such space in many regions is either in great short supply and, as a result, prohibitively expensive, or their acquisition or rental involves the need to overcome often artificial administrative barriers. Thus, more than half of the surveyed entrepreneurs (55%) stated thatmarket There is real estate in the region, but real estate prices are prohibitively high and inaccessible for small businesses. And almost 16% of respondents reported that there is essentially no business real estate market in the region and space can only be purchased through officials.
The severity of the rental burden is also exorbitant. More than half (54%) of respondents spend 30% (almost a third!) of all company expenses on rent, and 18-50% or more. What kind of small business development can we talk about here?
Another problem in the development of small businesses in Russia, identified during the study, is the interaction of entrepreneurs with local authorities and inspection authorities. Small entrepreneurs are especially bothered by inspections, which are often associated with unfounded claims and outright extortion. In 2004, on average in Russia, each small enterprise was inspected 5 times, and in the Tambov, Rostov and Moscow regions and in Mordovia - 10 times. Problems with officials are often resolved through bribes. Almost 10% of revenue is spent by the average small enterprise on bribes to various officials and inspectors.
The legal protection of small entrepreneurs in the country is especially unsatisfactory. More than 60% of surveyed entrepreneurs themselves are not interested in going to court. What methods of protecting their rights do small entrepreneurs prefer? This is primarily an appeal to intermediaries from government agencies. In other words, the alternative to the court is essentially a corrupt state apparatus.
In addition to turning to intermediaries from government agencies, 14% of respondents said that to solve their problems they turn to intermediaries from criminal structures, and 16% - to higher officials. And only 11% of respondents hope for help from business associations.
It is unfavorable for small businesses and the competitive situation. Research shows that the main obstacle to fair competition and market access is regional and municipal authorities. Thus, regional administrations (20% of respondents), city or local market administrations (20%), and large monopolistic companies (24%) hinder access to certain markets. Two-thirds of respondents (65%) indicated that representatives of administrations use their official positions to support individual companies. The most problematic industry in this survey was construction and installation work: 43% of representatives of this industry said that regional authorities, having their own commercial interests in this market, to one degree or another interfere with the work of independent small enterprises.
To sum up the research on small business in Russia, it should be noted that there is a significant discrepancy in attitudes towards small business in different regions. In some regions, the problems of its development are associated mainly with bureaucratic arbitrariness. In other regions, the main barrier to entry into the market is intense competition. We can say that positive changes in creating conditions for the development of business in general and small business in particular are observed where pragmatic business people have come to power.
The reform to reduce administrative barriers, which began in 2001 with the adoption of the Law on Inspections and Inspections, played a certain role in solving the problems of small businesses. Following this, laws were adopted on licensing and registration, on a simplified taxation system and technical regulation. Data from surveys of small business representatives conducted by the Center for Economic and Financial Research from 2002 to 2005 inclusive showed that there are certain, but not yet sufficient, positive changes.
Thus, the number of inspections and the time that these inspections take from entrepreneurs have been reduced somewhat. According to recent data, 73% of small business managers spend less than 5% of their time on audits, while four years ago their share was 50%.
Simplification of the licensing procedure, its partial abolition and extension of the validity period of licenses led to the fact that the share of small businesses that applied for licenses decreased from 31 to 14%. At the same time, there are cases where some officials issue licenses for the right to carry out retail trade, while this type of small business activity is not licensed at all.
Over the years, the share of small enterprises using a simplified taxation scheme has increased significantly. Nowadays it is used by more than 60% of enterprises that have the right to do so.
There are still many problems that hinder the further development of small businesses in the country. The main one is the purchase and rental of premises and land, both for production activities and for offices. It should be noted that over the past two years, the time spent by entrepreneurs on purchasing premises and land has increased almost 10 times. In addition to the fact that real estate is becoming more and more expensive, its acquisition or rental is becoming more difficult, which serves as fertile ground for official corruption. According to some studies, the corruption budget in Russia from 2003 to 2005 increased 11 (!) times. The president of the all-Russian public organization of small and medium-sized businesses “Support of Russia” S. Borisov completely agrees with this. The situation with the business climate is especially serious in areas such as Moscow, the Moscow region, St. Petersburg, and the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Starting a new business here, opening a new enterprise, is futile. Basically, the trade business is staffed here, and the innovative and production areas, in essence, do not develop, since there are no development opportunities.
We can also conclude that quite a lot is being done at the federal level for small and medium-sized businesses in Russia. World Bank research suggests that the business environment in Russia has improved significantly over these three years. However, local authorities, by their actions, deprive small and medium-sized entrepreneurs of many rights, pushing them towards the path of structures affiliated with them, various intermediaries. Regarding property, real estate and rental, it is necessary to develop and include a clear mechanism for purchasing property, registering it, and creating a business real estate market for small entrepreneurs. It is necessary to create a proactive infrastructure offer from local authorities. The same applies to renting land and real estate. An entrepreneur should always have a choice when searching for a property.
It is also necessarystreamline the bankruptcy procedure . It is completely normal for enterprises to be born and die in the area of ​​small and medium-sized enterprises. This is the law of a market economy. Thus, in the USA about 500 thousand small businesses are born every year and about the same number die. It is very easy to liquidate a company there. .
It is extremely difficult for us to close an enterprise. Therefore, statistical data and the actual state of affairs in small business in Russia differ significantly. This problem needs to be resolved.
The fact that the main obstacle to the growth of small businesses in the country has become the domestic bureaucratic system (or more precisely, corruption and administrative pressure) is confirmed by the study “What hinders the development of Russian business?”, carried out by the Association of Managers and the magazine “Money” in the third quarter of 2005. According to the results of the study, such a factor as general political and economic instability has successfully moved from second place to fourth. This indicates that, compared to the second quarter of 2005, the situation in the business environment as a whole has improved somewhat. Among the factors hindering business development, taxation still ranks first. Its importance score is about 63%. The rating of such a factor as the lack of qualified personnel remains high - almost 46%.

26. Professional ethics in the sphere of SCS&T.
The concept of professional ethics. Traditional types of professional ethics and professional ethics as a result of the development of moral self-awareness of professional communities. Ethical traditions of entrepreneurship in Russia. Professional virtues and professional deformations. Ethical principles of teamwork. The importance of appearance, dress code, behavior for the quality of service. Professional codes and their importance for the formation of corporate culture.

Professional ethics is a system of moral principles, norms and rules of conduct for a specialist, taking into account the characteristics of his professional activity and specific situation. Professional ethics should be an integral part of the training of every specialist.

1.2 Basic principles and standards of professional ethics

Professional ethics regulates the relationships between people in business communication. Professional ethics are based on certain principles and norms, which are conditioned by additional responsibility associated with professional duties. [19, p.12]
The norm is the basis of high professionalism.
Professional ethics are those specific features of the moral norms of professional activity that are aimed directly at a person in certain conditions of his professional and official activities.
Professional moral norms are guidelines, rules, samples, standards, the order of internal self-regulation of an individual based on ideals. [ 10]
Basic standards of work ethics that should be inherent to all workers in the field of social and cultural services and tourism, regardless of where their workplace is located:
attentiveness, politeness;
endurance, patience, self-control;
good manners and culture of speech;
the ability to avoid conflict situations, and if they arise, to successfully resolve them, respecting the interests of both parties;
courtesy, courtesy;
cordiality, goodwill;
tact, restraint;
self-criticism towards oneself;
willingness to respond quickly, keeping several people or various operations that are carried out during the service process in the area of ​​attention;
the ability to remain calm and friendly even after serving a capricious client or a stressful shift;
ability to avoid customer dissatisfaction and conflicts;
respect the right of every person to rest and leisure;
protect professional reputation;
promote the development of domestic and international tourism;
accept fair complaints about your activities;
respect the moral values ​​and cultural standards of people, do not allow statements that offend a person’s national, religious or moral feelings.
Let us list unacceptable standards of behavior and personal qualities that are incompatible with the professional ethics of the sphere of social and cultural services and tourism:
rudeness, tactlessness, inattention, callousness;
dishonesty, hypocrisy;
theft, greed, selfishness;
talkativeness, disclosing private information about clients, discussing their shortcomings and weaknesses with anyone;
intransigence, the desire to take over the client, to subordinate his interests to his own.
You should not strive to remake or re-educate clients during service - they should be accepted as they are. Serious mistakes of novice workers in the field of social and cultural services and tourism are often associated with touchiness, with inflated ethical requirements in relation to clients, which indicates the personal vulnerability of the character of such workers. [ 1, p. 209-212]
In the field of social and cultural services and tourism, the importance ethical standards is felt not only in the interaction of workers with consumers, but also between workers. At an enterprise, a moral climate is of particular importance, where there are no conflicts, no humiliated, irritated, indifferent people, but everyone treats each other with respect and attention. It is important to create an atmosphere of mutual assistance in the team, the ability of workers to work together, as well as in special service groups (teams). Also, ethical standards in relationships with partners and colleagues include:
maintain professional unity;
cares about the prestige of the profession;
maintain the normativity of official relations;
respect the right of colleagues to reasoned refusal.
All of this helps achieve a common goal: to achieve effective customer service.
Unethical practices that clearly violate the law include falsifying government regulatory documents, misappropriation of funds, racial discrimination, and sexual harassment in the work environment.
Principles are abstract, generalized ideas that enable those who rely on them to correctly form their behavior and actions in the business sphere.
The principles are universal.
An employee in the field of social and cultural services and tourism must adhere to the following principles in his work:
The essence of the principle comes from the so-called gold standard: “Within the limits of one’s official position, one should never allow oneself to treat one’s subordinates, one’s management, one’s colleagues at one’s official level, one’s clients, etc. such actions that you would not want to see towards yourself”;
We need fairness when providing employees with the resources necessary for their work activities (monetary, raw materials, material);
Mandatory correction of an ethical violation, regardless of when and by whom it was committed;
The principle of maximum progress: the official behavior and actions of an employee are recognized as ethical if they contribute to the development of the organization (or its divisions) from a moral point of view;
The principle of minimum progress, according to which an employee’s actions are generally ethical if they at least do not violate ethical standards;
Ethical is the tolerant attitude of the organization’s employees towards the moral principles and traditions that exist in other organizations, regions, countries;
You should not be afraid to have your own opinion when resolving any official issues. However, nonconformism, i.e. non-acceptance of the prevailing order,normal, values, traditions or laws , must manifest itself within reasonable limits;
Customer focus, care for him;
The desire to improve one's professional activities;
Confidentiality, non-disclosure of personal information obtained in the process professional activity;
Avoiding potential and obvious conflicts between employees and management and especially with the client. Conflict is fertile ground for ethical violations;
No violence, i.e. “pressure” on subordinates, expressed in various forms, for example, in an orderly, commanding manner of conducting an official conversation;
Don't criticize your competitor. This refers not only to a competing organization, but also to an “internal competitor” - a team from another department;
The employee must not only act ethically himself, but also encourage his colleagues to do the same;
Freedom that does not limit the freedom of others; usually this principle is determined by job descriptions;
When making an impact (on a team, an individual employee, a consumer, etc.), take into account the strength of possible resistance. The fact is that, while recognizing the value and necessity of ethical standards in theory, many workers, when faced with them in practical everyday work, for one reason or another begin to resist them;
Consistency of impact, expressed in the fact that ethical standards can be introduced into the life of an organization not with a one-time order, but only with the help of continuous efforts on the part of both the manager and ordinary employees;
Observe the priority of public interests and universal humanistic values, showing civic maturity in all cases;
Comply with international legal acts and the laws of your country, respect human rights, showing respect for the democratic institutions of society;
Carry out all professional activities thoughtfully, honestly, carefully, showing integrity and perseverance, and, when necessary, courage. [19, p.12-13]
Based on the principles, in professional ethics it is important not only the specific behavior of a specialist, but also the level of development of his moral consciousness and the practice of his relationships with different people. Since in social and cultural services and tourism everything is built on relationships with people, the latter will be especially relevant. The main thing is the principles that guide a professional when building relationships with clients, colleagues, how he relates to society as a whole and the nature that surrounds him. The main principle is respect for the other party. Another of the basic principles is the principle of trust, which assumes that the specialist provides services on the basis of advance trust, i.e. focuses in advance on the positive qualities of its client. In addition, current principles in social and cultural service include: the principle of loyalty, tolerance, objectivity, and moral responsibility.
The content of companies' ethical codes originates from the principles of ethics.

1.3 Codes of professional ethics for workers in social and cultural services and tourism

Codes of ethics exist as part of professional standards.
They represent a set of moral principles and specific ethical standards and rules for business relationships and communication.
Codes of ethics are a set of standards of correct, appropriate behavior considered appropriate for a person in the profession to which the code relates. Professional codes of ethics serve society as a guarantee of quality and provide information about the standards and limitations of the activities of workers in the area for which these codes are developed. Knowledge of codes helps prevent unethical behavior.
Codes should reflect as fully as possible the real situation and the specifics of the organization in which they are adopted.
Codes take the form of statutes, regulations, instructions.
The development and adherence to ethical codes of professional conduct is an important and urgent task. [ 15]
Here are the main provisions of the code:
– Every visitor is a potential customer.
– A friendly look, a kind smile, combined with business-like behavior creates friendly contact and facilitates service.
– Accept the customer as he is. Do not try to change him in a few minutes of communication with him. Be tactful, polite and welcoming, but politeness should not turn into servility. Politeness is the most reliable means of communicating with people of different ages, character and temperament.
The attentiveness of the employee is one of the main conditions for a favorable moral and psychological climate in the atelier or workshop. Inattention is the greatest evil in relationships with the customer. Nothing traumatizes the psyche, depresses and embitters people more than indifference and disdain towards a person.
Know how to control yourself, show restraint and patience. Take care of yourself, don't let yourself get overly irritated.
Respond to rudeness with restraint and politeness.
Never ignore customer complaints and objections.
A sincere and timely apology is not humiliation, but a worthy admission of a certain guilt; This is also a sign of culture.
Every action of an employee must be motivated and not cause the customer to doubt his fairness.
Stick to the time of arrival agreed upon with the customer.
Stay straight, do not lower your head when you are in sight, much less talking with the customer.
Try to evenly distribute your physical and mental stress, do not forget about the hours of the main flow of visitors.
You do not have the right to speak disparagingly about products that the customer sends in for repair, restoration or updating.
Take care of the honor of the enterprise and your comrades.
The Code of Ethics for Tourism sets a set of guidelines for the responsible and sustainable development of world tourism at the dawn of the new millennium.
The need to develop a Code was noted in a resolution adopted in 1997 at the WTO General Assembly in Istanbul. Over the next two years, a special committee was formed to prepare a Global Code of Ethics, which was drafted by the Secretary-General and the WTO Legal Adviser in consultation with the Business Council, Regional Commissions and the WTO Executive Council. [ 19]
UN Commission on sustainable development at its session in April 1999 in New York, approved the concept of this Code. The final Global Code of Ethics for Tourism, numbering 10, was unanimously approved in October 1999 at the WTO General Assembly in Santiago (Chile). [23]
ARTICLE 1. Contribution of tourism to mutual understanding and respect between peoples and societies
Participants in the tourism process and tourists themselves must take into account the socio-cultural traditions and customs of all peoples, including national minorities and indigenous peoples, and recognize their dignity;
Tourism activities must be carried out in harmony with the specific characteristics and traditions of the host regions and countries, while respecting their laws, customs and traditions;
Host communities should become familiar with and respect the tourists who visit them;
Public authorities must ensure the protection of tourists and visitors and their property;
While traveling, tourists and visitors should not engage in any criminal acts or activities;
Tourists and visitors should try to familiarize themselves with the characteristics of the countries they intend to visit before leaving.
ARTICLE 2. Tourism is a factor of individual and collective improvement
Tourism, an activity most often associated with recreation, leisure, sport and contact with culture and nature, should be planned and practiced as a privileged means of individual and collective improvement;
In all types of tourism activities, equality between men and women must be respected;
Human exploitation in all its forms is contrary to the main goals of tourism and is a negation of tourism in this regard;
Particularly beneficial forms of tourism that should be encouraged are travel for religious, health, educational purposes, as well as for cultural and linguistic exchanges.
ARTICLE 3. Tourism - a factor of sustainable development
All participants in the tourism process are obliged to protect the natural environment and resources;
Central, regional and local authorities should give priority attention and financially stimulate all those forms of tourism development that allow saving rare and valuable Natural resources, especially water and energy, and to avoid generating waste as much as possible;
It is necessary to promote a more even distribution of flows of tourists and visitors over time and space, especially those associated with paid holidays and school holidays, as well as to help smooth out seasonality;
Tourism infrastructure and activities should be planned in such a way as to protect the natural heritage of ecosystems and biological diversity, as well as to protect endangered species of wild fauna and flora;
ARTICLE 4. Tourism is a sphere that uses the cultural heritage of humanity and contributes to its enrichment
Tourism resources are the common heritage of humanity;
Tourism policies and activities are carried out on the basis of respect for the artistic, archaeological and cultural heritage in order to protect and preserve it for future generations;
Funds obtained through visits to cultural sites and monuments should be used, at least in part, for the maintenance, protection, improvement and restoration of this heritage;
Tourism activities should be planned in such a way as to ensure the preservation and flourishing of traditional crafts, culture and folklore, and not lead to their standardization and impoverishment.
ARTICLE 5. Tourism is an activity beneficial to host countries and communities
The local population should be involved in tourism activities and participate on an equal basis in obtaining the resulting economic, social and cultural benefits;
Tourism policy should be carried out in such a way that it contributes to improving the living standards of the population of the visited areas and meets their needs;
Particular attention needs to be paid to the specific problems of coastal and island areas, as well as vulnerable rural and mountainous areas;
Tourism professionals, especially investors, must, within the framework of the rules established by public authorities, carry out studies of the impact of their development projects on environment and nature; they must also, with the utmost transparency and objectivity, provide information about their future programs and their possible consequences, and facilitate dialogue with the public concerned about their content.
ARTICLE 6. Responsibilities of participants in the tourism process
Tourism professionals are obliged to provide tourists with objective, truthful information about destinations and the conditions of travel, reception and stay;
Tourism professionals, to the extent they are responsible, shall, in conjunction with public authorities, take care of the safety, accident prevention, health and food hygiene of persons requesting their services;
Tourism professionals, to the extent that it depends on them, should promote the cultural and spiritual improvement of tourists and allow them to fulfill their religious needs during travel;
The authorities of the countries sending and receiving tourists, in contact with interested tourism professionals and their associations, should ensure that travel companies accept and comply with the above rules and obligations for the repatriation of tourists in the event of the insolvency of the companies that organized their trips;
Governments have the right and responsibility, especially in crisis situations, to inform their citizens of the difficult conditions and even dangers they may encounter when traveling abroad.
ARTICLE 7. Right to tourism
ARTICLE 8. Freedom of tourist travel
ARTICLE 9. Rights of workers and entrepreneurs in the tourism industry
The basic morals of hired and self-employed workers in the tourism industry and related industries must be guaranteed under the control of the administrations of both their countries of origin and host countries, taking into account the specific restrictions associated, in particular, with the seasonal nature of their activities, the global scale of the tourism industry and the flexibility that required of them due to the nature of their work;
Salaried and self-employed workers in tourism and related industries have the right and obligation to undergo adequate initial training and continuously improve their skills;
All natural and legal persons with the necessary abilities and qualifications must have the right to engage in professional activities in the field of tourism, within the framework of current national legislation;
Partnerships and the establishment of balanced relations between enterprises in sending and receiving countries contribute to the sustainable development of tourism and the fair distribution of benefits resulting from its growth.
ARTICLE 10. Implementation of the principles of the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism
Public and private participants in the tourism process must cooperate in the implementation of these principles and must monitor their effective application;
Participants in the tourism process must recognize the role played by international organizations, primarily the World Tourism Organization, and non-governmental organizations that deal with the promotion and development of tourism, the protection of human rights and the protection of the environment and health, taking into account the basic principles of international law;
The same participants in the tourism process must demonstrate the intention to refer, for the purpose of reconciliation, all controversial issues related to the application or interpretation of the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism to an impartial third body called the “World Committee on Tourism Ethics”. [23]
Professionals in the field of social and cultural services and tourism must follow the appropriate code of ethics and standards of professional conduct. Currently, business professional associations have adopted a significant number of codes of ethics. To make codes of ethics more effective, organizations typically take some form of disciplinary action to both punish violations of the code and to reward behavior that is consistent with the rules of the code of ethics. Ethical codes are very diverse in content and volume: they can range from one-page rules of business ethics to standards of several dozen pages. It is believed that such codes should be based on the strategy and vision of the organization's management and contain a model of the desired behavior of its employees. [15, p.447-44 9]
The principles and rules proclaimed in codes of ethics can be actively used for the promotional purposes of the organization. However, one should caution against including too vague language in codes, behind which it is difficult to discern the true ethical values ​​professed by the organization. In addition, it is important that codes of ethics establish not only the responsibilities of employees to the organization, but also the obligations of the organization to employees and society as a whole.
To maintain a high ethical level in world practice, along with the creation of codes, the following approaches are used:
Organization of a permanent ethics committee;
Creation of a “hotline” for comments and complaints;
Conducting ethics audits;
Expressing gratitude for exemplary ethical behavior of employees. [17]

1.4 Ethics in business communication
Ethics of business communication can be defined as a set of moral norms, rules and ideas that regulate the behavior and relationships of people in the process of their production activities.
The ethics of business communication should be taken into account in its various manifestations: in the relationship between the enterprise and the social environment; between enterprises; within one enterprise, between a manager and subordinates, between a subordinate and a manager, between people of the same status. There are specifics between the parties to one or another type of business communication. The task is to formulate principles of business communication that would not only correspond to each type of business communication, but also would not contradict the general moral principles of human behavior. At the same time, they should serve as a reliable tool for coordinating the activities of people involved in business communication.
The general moral principle of human communication is contained in the categorical imperative of I. Kant: “Act in such a way that the maxim of your will can always also have the force of the principle of universal legislation.” In relation to business communication, the basic ethical principle can be formulated as follows: in business communication, when deciding which values ​​should be preferred in a given situation, act in such a way that the maxim of your will is compatible with the moral values ​​of the other parties involved in the communication, and allows coordination of interests of all parties.
Thus, the basis of the ethics of business communication should be coordination, and, if possible, harmonization of interests. Naturally, if it is carried out by ethical means and in the name of morally justified goals. Therefore, business communication must be constantly checked by ethical reflection, justifying the motives for entering into it. At the same time, do it ethically right choice and making an individual decision is often not an easy task.
Ethics of business communication in relation of a manager to subordinates
The golden rule of ethics can be formulated as follows: “Treat your subordinate as you would like to be treated by your manager.” Without observing the ethics of business communication between a manager and a subordinate, most people feel uncomfortable and morally unprotected in the team. The attitude of a manager towards his subordinates influences the entire nature of business communication and largely determines its moral and psychological climate. It is at this level that moral standards and patterns of behavior are primarily formed. Let's note some of them.
Strive to transform your organization into a cohesive team with high moral standards of communication. Involve employees in the organization's goals. A person will only feel morally and psychologically comfortable when he identifies with the collective. At the same time, everyone strives to remain an individual and wants to be respected for who they are.
If problems and difficulties associated with dishonesty arise, the manager should find out its reasons. If we are talking about ignorance, then one should not endlessly reproach the subordinate with his weaknesses and shortcomings. Think about what you can do to help him overcome them. Rely on the strengths of his personality.
If an employee does not follow your instructions, you need to let him know that you are aware of this, otherwise he may think that he tricked you. Moreover, if the manager has not made an appropriate remark to the subordinate, then he is simply not fulfilling his duties and is acting unethically.
A remark to an employee must comply with ethical standards. Collect all information about this case. Choose the right form of communication. First, ask the employee to explain the reason for not completing the task; perhaps he will cite facts unknown to you. Make your comments one on one: the person's dignity and feelings must be respected.
Criticize actions and actions, not the person's personality.
Then, when appropriate, use the "sandwich" technique - hide criticism between two compliments. End the conversation on a friendly note and take the time to talk to the person soon to show them that you don't hold a grudge.
Never advise a subordinate on what to do in personal matters. If the advice helps, you most likely will not be thanked. If it doesn’t help, all responsibility will fall on you.
Don't play favorites. Treat employees as equal members and treat everyone with the same standards.
Never give employees the opportunity to notice that you are not in control if you want to maintain their respect.
Observe the principle of distributive justice:
the greater the merit, the greater the reward should be.
Encourage your team even if success is achieved mainly due to the success of the leader himself.
Strengthen your subordinate's self-esteem. A job well done deserves not only material, but also moral encouragement. Don’t be lazy to praise your employee once again.
The privileges you give yourself should extend to other members of the team.
Trust your employees and admit your own mistakes in your work. Members of the team will still find out about them, one way or another. But concealing mistakes is a manifestation of weakness and dishonesty.
etc.................

Subject: Club-type social and cultural institutions

Leonova Olga 111 group

Socio-cultural institutions– historically established stable forms of organizing joint activities of people, which predetermine the viability of any society as a whole. They are formed on the basis of social connections, interactions and relationships of individuals, social groups and communities, but they cannot be reduced to the sum of these individuals and their interactions. Social institutions are supra-individual in nature and represent independent public entities, having their own development logic.

http://philist.narod.ru/lectures/socinst.htm

http://www.vuzlib.net/beta3/html/1/26235/26280/

Club- (from the English club - an association of people connected by common goals). A form of voluntary societies, organizations that unite people for the purpose of communication based on common interests (political, scientific, artistic, etc.)

http://mirslovarei.com/content_soc/KLUB-781.html

The club has always been and remains a socio-cultural institution, a center of leisure activities. This activity is carried out in free time, is completely self-governing, and its results are, as a rule, non-commercial in nature. As a voluntarily united community of people, a club can acquire the status of a public organization, the status legal entity. In this case, he applies to himself all the rights and obligations inherent in a club institution and, at the same time, any small enterprise.

Thus, a club in a broad sense is a state, public, commercial, private organization that has or may have the status of a legal entity, created and functions on the basis of joint professional activities of cultural workers or a voluntary association of citizens. The main task of the club as a socio-cultural institution is to develop social activity and creative potential of the population, formulate cultural requests and needs, organize various forms of leisure and recreation, create conditions for spiritual development and the most complete self-realization of the individual in the sphere of leisure. In accordance with its objectives and in the manner established by law, a club or any other club-type structure is granted the right to carry out various types of transactions and other legal acts necessary to carry out its activities: alienate, borrow and lease movable and immovable property, have bank accounts institutions, official seal, letterhead and other details, act as a plaintiff and defendant in courts and arbitrations, as well as have their own publications and participate in all kinds of enterprises and events of a socio-cultural and leisure nature.

The structural units of the club as an institution are educational and creative studios, amateur associations, amateur art groups and technical creativity, interest clubs and other initiative formations, including cooperative ones, which are usually part of the club under the terms of an agreement or collective contract.

Clubs and similar club-type structures can operate both independently and under state, cooperative, public organizations, enterprises, and institutions. By decision of the workforce and agreement with the founding organization, club structures on a voluntary basis can be part of socio-cultural complexes as the main structural unit, ordinary unit, creative formation, as well as others structural units complex.http://new.referat.ru/bank-znanii/referat_view?oid=23900

Only a part of the country’s population constitutes the real audience of clubs, that is, they are among those who are significantly involved in the activities of clubs and are influenced by them. The rest of the population constitutes the potential audience.

The influence of clubs among different groups of the population varies greatly. The most active in this regard are rural high school students and relatively young city residents with less than a secondary education. People over 30 years of age, especially those with higher education, go to clubs much less often. 62

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Sasykhov A.V. Audience of clubs // Club studies: Tutorial for the Institute of Culture, Arts and Faculty. cult.-enlightenment ped work Institute / Ed. S.N. Ikonnikova and V.I. Chepeleva. - M.: Education, 1980. – P. 62-78.

Socio-cultural institutions are one of the key concepts of socio-cultural activity (SCA). In its broadest sense, it extends to the spheres of social and socio-cultural practice, and also refers to any of the numerous subjects interacting with each other in the socio-cultural sphere.

Socio-cultural institutions are characterized by a certain direction of their social practice and social relations, a characteristic mutually agreed upon system of purposefully oriented standards of activity, communication and behavior. Their emergence and grouping into a system depend on the content of the tasks solved by each individual socio-cultural institution.

Among the economic, political, everyday and other social institutions that differ from each other in the content of activity and functional qualities, the category of socio-cultural institutions has a number of specific features.

From the point of view of the functional-target orientation, Kiseleva and Krasilnikov distinguish two levels of understanding the essence of socio-cultural institutions. Accordingly, we are dealing with two large varieties of them.

The first level is normative. In this case, a socio-cultural institution is considered as a normative phenomenon, as a set of certain cultural, moral, ethical, aesthetic, leisure and other norms, customs, traditions that have historically developed in society, united around some basic, main goal, value, need.

It is legitimate to include, first of all, the institution of family, language, religion, education, folklore, science, literature, art and other institutions that are not limited to the development and subsequent reproduction of cultural and social values ​​or the inclusion of a person in a certain subculture. . In relation to the individual and individual communities, they perform a number of extremely significant functions: socializing (socialization of a child, adolescent, adult), orienting (affirmation of imperative universal values ​​through special codes and ethics of behavior), sanctioning (social regulation of behavior and protection of certain norms and values ​​based on legal and administrative acts, rules and regulations), ceremonial and situational (regulation of the order and methods of mutual behavior, transfer and exchange of information, greetings, appeals, regulation of meetings, meetings, conferences, activities of associations, etc.).

The second level is institutional. Socio-cultural institutions of the institutional type include a large network of services, multi-departmental structures and organizations directly or indirectly involved in the socio-cultural sphere and having a specific administrative, social status and a certain public purpose in their industry. This group directly includes cultural and educational institutions , art, leisure, sports (socio-cultural, leisure services for the population); industrial and economic enterprises and organizations (material and technical support for the socio-cultural sphere); administrative and management bodies and structures in the field of culture, including legislative and executive authorities; research and scientific-methodological institutions of the industry.

In a broad sense, a socio-cultural institution is an active subject of a normative or institutional type, possessing certain formal or informal powers, specific resources and means (financial, material, personnel, etc.) and performing a corresponding socio-cultural function in society.

Any socio-cultural institution should be considered from two sides - external (status) and internal (content). From an external (status) point of view, each such institution is characterized as a subject of socio-cultural activity, possessing a set of regulatory, legal, personnel, financial, and material resources necessary to perform the functions assigned to it by society. From an internal (substantive) point of view, a socio-cultural institution is a set of purposefully oriented standard patterns of activity, communication and behavior of specific individuals in specific socio-cultural situations.

Each socio-cultural institution performs its own characteristic socio-cultural function. The function (from Latin - execution, implementation) of a socio-cultural institution is the benefit it brings to society, i.e. This is a set of tasks to be solved, goals to be achieved, and services provided. These functions are very diverse.

There are several main functions of socio-cultural institutions.

The first and most important function of socio-cultural institutions is to satisfy the most important vital needs of society, i.e. something without which society cannot exist as such. It cannot exist if it is not constantly replenished with new generations of people, acquiring means of subsistence, living in peace and order, acquiring new knowledge and passing it on to next generations, and dealing with spiritual issues.

No less important is the function of socialization of people, carried out by almost all social institutions (the assimilation of cultural norms and the development social roles). It can be called universal. Also, the universal functions of institutions are: consolidation and reproduction of social relations; regulatory; integrative; broadcasting; communicative.

Along with universal ones, there are other specific functions. These are functions that are inherent in some institutions and not in others. For example: establishing, establishing and maintaining order in society (state); discovery and transfer of new knowledge (science and education); obtaining a means of subsistence (production); reproduction of a new generation (family institution); carrying out various rituals and worship (religion), etc.

Some institutions perform the function of stabilizing social order, others support and develop the culture of society. All universal and specific functions can be represented in the following combination of functions:

• 1) Reproduction - Reproduction of members of society. The main institution performing this function is the family, but other socio-cultural institutions, such as the state, education, and culture, are also involved in it.
• 2) Production and distribution. The authorities are provided with economically - socio-cultural institutions of management and control.
• 3) Socialization - the transfer to individuals of patterns of behavior and methods of activity established in a given society - institutions of family, education, religion, etc.
• 4) Management and control functions are carried out through the system social norms and regulations that implement the corresponding types of behavior: moral and legal norms, customs, administrative decisions, etc. Socio-cultural institutions control individual behavior through a system of rewards and sanctions.
• 5) Regulation of the use of power and access to it - political institutions
• 6) Communications between members of society - cultural, educational.
• 7) Protection of members of society from physical danger - military, legal, medical institutions.

Each institution can perform several functions simultaneously, or several socio-cultural institutions specialize in performing one function. For example: the function of raising children is performed by institutions such as family, state, school, etc. At the same time, the institution of the family performs several functions at once, as noted earlier.

The functions performed by one institution change over time and can be transferred to other institutions or distributed among several. So, for example, the function of education together with the family was previously carried out by the church, but now by schools, the state and other socio-cultural institutions. In addition, during the times of gatherers and hunters, the family was still engaged in the function of obtaining means of subsistence; at present, this function is performed by the institution of production and industry.