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Gabriel (Gavrila) Romanovich Derzhavin. Born on July 3 (14), 1743 in the village of Sokury, Kazan province - died on July 8 (20), 1816 on the Zvanka estate, Novgorod province. Russian poet, statesman Russian Empire, senator, active privy councilor.
Gabriel (Gavrila) Derzhavin was born on July 3 (14 according to the new style) July 1743 in the village of Sokury, Kazan province, into a family of small landed nobles.
Father - Roman Nikolaevich Derzhavin, second major.
Mother - Fyokla Andreevna Derzhavina (nee Kozlova).
According to family legend, the Derzhavins came from one of the Tatar families: Bagrim-Murza moved to Moscow from the Great Horde and after baptism entered the service of Grand Duke Vasily Vasilyevich.
He spent his childhood on the Sokury family estate near Kazan. I was left without a father early.
In 1762 he entered service as an ordinary guardsman in the Preobrazhensky Regiment. As part of the regiment, he took part in the coup d'état on June 28, 1762, as a result of which he ascended the throne, later being repeatedly sung by him in odes.
From 1772 he served in the regiment as an officer.
In 1773-1775, as part of the Preobrazhensky Regiment, he participated in the suppression of the uprising of Emelyan Pugachev.
In 1773 he wrote his first poems.
Gabriel Derzhavin gained wide fame in 1782 - after the publication of the ode "Felitsa", which was dedicated in enthusiastic tones by the author to Empress Catherine II. In the ode, he glorifies the enlightened monarchy, which is personified by the reign of Catherine II. The intelligent, fair empress is contrasted with the greedy and selfish court nobles.
Godlike Princess
Kirghiz-Kaisak horde!
Whose wisdom is incomparable
Discovered the right tracks
To Tsarevich young Chlorus
Climb that high mountain
Where does a thornless rose grow?
Where virtue lives, -
She captivates my spirit and mind,
Let me find her advice...
Since the founding of the Imperial Russian Academy Derzhavin was a member of the academy, took a direct part in the compilation and publication of the first explanatory dictionary Russian language.
In May 1784 he was appointed ruler of the Olonets governorate. Arriving in Petrozavodsk, he organized the formation of provincial administrative, financial and judicial institutions, put into operation the first civilian medical institution in the province - city hospital. The result of on-site inspections in the districts of the province was his “Daily note, made during the inspection of the province by the ruler of the Olonets governorship, Derzhavin,” in which Derzhavin showed the interdependence of natural and economic factors, noted the elements of the material and spiritual culture of the region. Later, images of Karelia entered his work: the poems “Storm”, “Swan”, “To the Second Neighbor”, “For Happiness”, “Waterfall”.
In 1786-1788 he served as ruler of the Tambov governorship. He proved himself to be an enlightened leader and left a significant mark on the history of the region. Under Derzhavin, several public schools, a theater and a printing house were opened, where in 1788 the first provincial newspaper in the Russian Empire, Tambov News, was published. Also, under him, a plan for Tambov was drawn up, order was put in place in office work, and the foundation was laid for an orphanage, an almshouse and a hospital.
In 1791-1793 - cabinet secretary of Catherine II.
In 1793 he was appointed senator and promoted to privy councilor.
From 1795 to 1796 - President of the Commerce Collegium.
In 1802-1803 - Minister of Justice of the Russian Empire.
All this time, Derzhavin did not leave the literary field, creating the odes “God” (1784), “Thunder of Victory, Ring Out!” (1791, unofficial Russian anthem), “Nobleman” (1794), “Waterfall” (1798) and many others.
The work of Gabriel Derzhavin represents the pinnacle of Russian classicism, the founders of which were A.P. Sumarokov.
The purpose of the poet, in the understanding of G. R. Derzhavin, is the glorification of great deeds and the censure of bad ones.
The main object of Derzhavin’s poetics is man as a unique individual in all the richness of personal tastes and preferences. Many of his odes are philosophical in nature; they discuss the place and purpose of man on earth, the problems of life and death.
Derzhavin created a number of examples of lyrical poems in which the philosophical tension of his odes is combined with an emotional attitude to the events described.
Derzhavin's poetry was called talking painting. He had an extraordinary gift for being imbued with the artist’s intentions and creating his own poetic images.
Awards of Gabriel Derzhavin:
Order of St. Alexander Nevsky;
Order of St. Vladimir, 3rd degree;
Order of St. Vladimir, 2nd degree;
Order of St. Anne, 1st class;
Order of St. John of Jerusalem Commander's Cross.
On October 7, 1803, he was dismissed and released from all government posts, as he himself wrote: “dismissed from all affairs.”
In retirement, he settled on his Zvanka estate in the Novgorod province. IN last years throughout his life he was engaged in literary activities.
Personal life of Gabriel Derzhavin:
Was married twice. Had no children.
First wife - Ekaterina Yakovlevna Bastidon, daughter of a former valet Peter III Portuguese Bastidon. They got married early in 1778. At the time of the wedding, the bride was 16 years old. Immortalized by the poet as Plenira.
In 1794, Ekaterina Yakovlevna died suddenly at the age of 33. She was buried at the Lazarevskoye cemetery of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra of St. Petersburg.
Ekaterina Yakovlevna Bastidon - the first wife of Gabriel Derzhavin
The second wife is Daria Alekseevna Dyakova. He married her six months after the death of his first wife. The poet immortalized his second wife as Milena. Daria Alekseevna died in 1842.
Daria Alekseevna Dyakova - the second wife of Gabriel Derzhavin
Derzhavin did not have his own children. In 1800, after the death of his friend, Pyotr Gavrilovich Lazarev, he took into the care of his children, incl. and Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev, the future outstanding admiral, discoverer of Antarctica, governor of Sevastopol.
Also in Derzhavin's house, the orphaned nieces of Daria Dyakova were brought up - the children of her sister Maria and the poet Nikolai Lvov: Elizaveta, Vera and Praskovya. Praskovya's diary contains interesting details about the Derzhavin family.
Gabriel Romanovich was friends with Prince S. F. Golitsyn and visited the Golitsyn estate in Zubrilovka. In the famous poem “Autumn during the Siege of Ochakov” (1788), Derzhavin urged his friend to quickly take the Turkish fortress and return to his family.
Gabriel Romanovich Derzhavin and his second wife Daria Alekseevna were buried in the Transfiguration Cathedral of the Varlaamo-Khutyn Monastery near Veliky Novgorod. During the Great Patriotic War The monastery buildings were subjected to artillery shelling and were in ruins for more than forty years. In 1959, the remains of Derzhavin and his wife were reburied in the Novgorod Kremlin.
In 1993, after the completion of the restoration of the Transfiguration Cathedral of the Varlaamo-Khutyn Monastery, timed to coincide with the 250th anniversary of the poet’s birth, the remains of Gabriel Romanovich and Daria Alekseevna Derzhavin were returned from the Novgorod Kremlin to the crypts of the monastery.
The name of Gabriel Derzhavin was given to Tambovsky state university. One of the streets in Tambov is called Derzhavinskaya. In 2003, the Tambov Regional Duma awarded Derzhavin the title of honorary citizen of the Tambov region.
A square in Laishevo (Tatarstan) is named after him. In Laishevo, the local history museum is named after the poet, to whom most of the museum’s exhibition is dedicated. Laishevo annually hosts the Derzhavin Festival (since 2000), Derzhavin Readings with the presentation of the Derzhavin Republican Literary Prize (since 2002), and the All-Russian Derzhavin Literary Festival (since 2010). The Laishevsky district is often unofficially called the Derzhavinsky region.
In Veliky Novgorod at the Monument “1000th Anniversary of Russia” among 129 figures of the most outstanding personalities in Russian history(for 1862) there is a figure of G. R. Derzhavin.
A memorial stele was installed in the poet’s homeland in the village of Derzhavino (Sokury).
Monuments to the poet: in Kazan (existed in 1846-1932 and recreated in 2003); St. Petersburg; on Derzhavinskaya Square in Laishevo; in Tambov; in Petrozavodsk.
A memorial sign to the poet was installed in Zvanka (now on the territory of the Chudovsky district of the Novgorod region on the bank of the Volkhov river).
In St. Petersburg there is the poet's estate museum - the mansion of Gabriel Romanovich Derzhavin, on the Fontanka embankment, 118, next to Derzhavinsky Lane. Since 2003, a literary and memorial museum, a branch of the All-Russian Museum of A. S. Pushkin. The city estate consists of the poet's mansion, two paired outbuildings, a small guest building and a greenhouse. The mansion on the Fontanka and the circumstances of its construction are played out in the poet’s poems “To the First Neighbor” (1780) and “To the Second Neighbor” (1791), addressed to the tax farmer M. S. Golikov and Colonel M. A. Garnovsky, respectively. After 1811, in the large double-height hall, meetings of “Conversations of Lovers of the Russian Word” were held.
A crater on Mercury is named after Derzhavin.
In 2016, Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus' Kirill and President of Tatarstan Rustam Minnikhanov took part in the opening ceremony of the monument to the Russian poet and statesman Gabriel Romanovich Derzhavin in his small homeland near Kazan (the village of Kaipy), on the day of the 200th anniversary of the poet’s death.
Poems by Gabriel Derzhavin:
To the author who ridiculed poets in comedy and translated Anacreon
Albaum
Cupid and Psyche
Cupid and Psyche
Anacreon in the assembly
Anacreon at the stove
Anacreon's pleasure
Aristippian bath
Harp
Ataman and the Don Army
Ataman and the Don Army
To the Athenian Knight
Butterfly
Without a kind breast languishes
Conversation with Genius
Immortality of the soul
Gratitude
Thanks to Felitsa
Bliss of the Spouse
God
Wealth
Goddess of health
The battle
Boscanf, Laba and Dolski
Fraternal consent
Storm
Byvalshchina
On the day of irritated fate
In memory of Davydov and Khvostov
Varyusha
Introduction of Solomon to the Judgment Seat
Fan
Majesty of God
Nobleman
Venus court
Crown of Immortality
Lelya's wedding
Spring
View to the author of “Suvoroids”
Vision of Murza
Visha
To rulers and judges
Attention
Water cannon
Waterfall
Return of Spring
War Song
The reign of truth
Our enemies are our best friends
Multiplying the torment every day
Vsemile
Signboard
Signboard
Mr. Dietz
Hebe
Hercules
Hymn to God
Hymn to God
Safa's Hymn to Venus
Guitar
Dove
Burners
Gorki
Mountains
Combustible key
Guest
Hail, all the delights of birth
Countess Orlova
Thunder
Gift
Dasha's offering
Country life
Children for their comedy and masquerade
Dianine light shine, ethereal purity
Virtue
Proof of Creative Being
A terrible rumor has reached me
To a friend
To a friend of women
Evgeniy. Life Zvanskaya
Wish
Desire in the mountains
Winter's Wish
Village life
Zhukovsky and Rodzianka
Mystery
thoughtfulness
Happy eagle
Zephyr winds have arrived
Idyll
Idolatry
From the second song of Moses
From the poem "Pozharsky"
Felitsa's image
True
True Happiness
To Angelica Kaufman
To the bust of Admiral Vasily Yakovlevich Chichagov
To the Graces
To the virtuous beauty
To women
To the image of Emperor Paul I
To Calliope (Come, immortal, from heaven...)
To the handsome man
To the lyre (Sounding lyre)
To the lyre (Rumyantsov was getting ready to sing)
To a mother who raises her children herself
To the Patron
To the marble bust of Catherine II
To the Muse
To N. A. Lvov
To the first neighbor
To the portrait of Admiral Alexander Ivanovich Cruz
To the portrait of Admiral Spiridov
To the portrait of V.V. Kapnist
To the portrait of Grand Duchess Alexandra Pavlovna
To the portrait of Ivan Ivanovich Dmitriev
To the portrait of Princess Ekaterina Romanovna Dashkova
To the portrait of Lomonosov
To the portrait of N. A. Dyakov
To the portrait of a beautiful and virtuous woman
To the portrait of His Eminence Innocent of Pskov
To the portrait of the Right Reverend Plato
To the portrait of Senator Prince Yakov Fedorovich Dolgorukov
To the portrait of a hard worker
To the portrait of one who achieved virtues and glory through atrocities
To myself
Towards the silhouette of Chemnitzer
To Skopikhin
To Sofia
To the statue of Catherine II
To F. M. Kolokoltsov
To Euterpe
How I met you
Cantata
Cantata for the day of the military order to Russian heroes
Kapnista
Key
To the second neighbor
You smolder with passion for me
Chariot
Kroesov Eros
Peasant holiday
Mug
Grasshopper
Cupid
Martin
Swan
Lion and wolf
Summer
Lisa. Praise to the Rose
For an art lover
Love's thoughts open
Lyubushka
Lucy
Mahiavel
Miller
Mercury
Dream
I know those torments
Fashionable wit
My graces
My idol
Prayer (God the Creator)
Prayer (Who can, Lord, know Your statutes?)
Prayer (Incomprehensible God, Creator of all creatures)
Prayer (O God, Creator of immortal souls)
Prayer (O God! I honor the luminosity of Your limits)
Monument to Peter the Great
Sailor
Courage
Vengeance
N. A. Lvov
To the ballet "Zephyr and Flora"
On the badger
On the atheists
To the chatterbox
For the marriage of Countess Litta
For the wedding of Grand Duke Pavel Petrovich
For wedding celebrations
On the bust in the medallion of Grand Duchess Alexandra Pavlovna
On a cantankerous writer
To take Warsaw
For the capture of Ishmael
On the return of Count Zubov from Persia
For fortune telling
For the recovery of the Patron
On the Gatchina ponds during the reign of Emperor Paul I
Howitzers, Count Shuvalov, and horse artillery, introduced by Prince Zubov
On Dryagi's coffin
On the coffin of a nobleman and a hero
On the coffin of Count Pyotr Ivanovich Panin
On Dubyansky's coffin
On the coffin of Prince Pyotr Mikhailovich Golitsyn
On the coffin of Prince A. A. Vyazemsky
On the coffin of Prince Alexander Andreevich Bezborodko
On the coffin of Fortune's favorite
On the tomb of Peter the Great
On Pozharsky's coffin
On the coffin of N. N.
To the tomb of P.V. Neklyudov
To the home church of Prince A. N. Golitsyn
To the country house of Senator Nikolai Ivanovich Chicherin
To a famous poet
On the image of Catherine II (Majesty, love, generosity, beauty)
On the image of Catherine II (He breathes love for Russia)
On the image of Peter the Great (God rarely works miracles)
On the image of Peter the Great (Whom I see shining among the rays)
On the image of Suvorov upon his resignation
On the image of Feofan
On Cantemir
To the deceit of French indignation and in honor of Prince Pozharsky
On the death of a benefactor
On the death of Grand Duchess Olga Pavlovna
On the death of Count Orlov
On the death of Catherine II
On the death of Empress Catherine II
To a self-seeker
To Beauty
For the baptism of Grand Duke Nikolai Pavlovich
On Losenkova
To the Order of Malta
At the masquerade that took place before the Empress in Kazan
On the medallion of Countess Alexandra Vasilievna Branitskaya
On the medallion of Catherine II at Musina-Pushkina
On the medallion of Catherine II from Protasova
On the medallion depicting Suvorov in lion skin
To the monument erected by Countess Branicka
On the marble image of Metropolitan Gabriel
On a marble column in the Red Manor of the Naryshkins
On an inflated, unjust and lame historian
For the New Year 1797
For the New Year 1798
For the New Year
For the consecration of the Kamennoostrovsky nursing home
For the consecration of the temple in the office of Her Majesty Catherine II
For the consecration of the Church of the Kazan Mother of God in St. Petersburg
For the opening of governorships
To reflect the Swedes by Greig
During Her Majesty's absence in Belarus
On the fall of the new Phaeton
At the funeral service of Louis XVI
To transfer the relics of St. Alexander Nevsky
On the crossing of the Alpine mountains
To Peterhof
For the victory won by Archduke Charles
For victories in Italy
On the victory of Catherine II over the Turks
For the presentation by deputies of the title of Catherine the Great to Her Majesty
To conquer Derbent
To conquer Paris
For a commander who wanted to get a haircut
On Popovsky
To visit the printing house in Tambov by Bishop Theophilus
To overcome the enemy
For the acquisition of Crimea
For a walk in the Georgian Garden
On the prophecies of Simeon of Polotsk and Demetrius of Rostov
Birdie
For separation
To the rhymer
For the birth of a porphyritic youth in the North
On the birth of Grand Duke Mikhail Pavlovich
For the birth of Grand Duchess Olga Pavlovna
On the birth of Queen Gremislava
On the Rondo to Peter the Great
On Skrypleva
In case the Moscow Kremlin breaks down
On the death of Bibikov
On the death of Bibikov
On the death of Countess Rumyantsova
On the death of Katerina Yakovlevna
On the death of Prince Alexander Andreevich Bezborodko
On the death of Prince Meshchersky
On the death of Naryshkin
On the death of Peter the Great
To the death of the dog Milushka
On the death of Suvorov
On the Magpie in defense of the Cuckoos
On the one who composed an ode without ers
On the statue of Peter the Great
For Happiness
On the tragedy "False Dmitry" of Prince Beloselsky
To the vanity of earthly glory
To the pleasure garden called Caprice
For moderation
On the character of Emperor Paul
On Khmelnina
To the cold poet
On Chemesova
To the Swedish world
At the procession of the Empress to Kazan
Above the doors of the chambers where the sick lie
Tombstone for Shelekhov
Tombstone of Empress Catherine II
Hope in God
Inscription to the portrait of Catherine II
Inscription to the portrait of Princess E. N. Orlova
Opposite you with you
For the bride
Forget-me-not
Already inevitable fate
Nina
Housewarming for young people
About pleasure
Monastery of Dobrada
Defense from a thief
Declaration of love
Ode to Catherine II
Ode to Mouterpy
Ode to Greatness
Ode for Her Majesty's Birthday
Ode to Nobility
Ode to Endearment
Ode to Censure
Ode to Constancy
Ode to the death of Chief General Bibikov
Fetter
Description of the celebration in the house of Prince Potemkin
Eagle
Autumn
Autumn during the siege of Ochakov
Opening
Excerpt (He triumphed and grinned)
Excerpt (Don't give yourself up to sadness)
Excerpt (Having washed the Kostroma sole of the solid walls)
Hunter
Peacock
Monument
Monument to the hero
Parashe
Penalty
Warbler
The first canto of Pindar is Pythic
Bayard's Song
The wedding song of the porphyritic couple
Song to Catherine the Great
Peter the Great
Picnics
Pyramid
Letter to my husband on New Year's Day 1780
Plamide
Prisoner
Victory of beauty
To the winner
Imitation of a Psalm
Repentance
Polyhymnia
Wake
God's help
Portrait of Varyusha
Sending fruits
Sinking
Praise for Justice
Praise for rural life
Poems of praise to Gavrila Andreevich Surovtsov
Righteous Judge
Rule to live
Justice
Celebration of the pupils of the nunnery
Foreshadowing
Obstacle to meeting your spouse
At the entrance to the Grigorievskaya Hospital
When reading the description of winter in Rossiyad
Invitation to dinner
Confession
Invocation and appearance of the Plenira
Offering to the beauties
Offering to the Monarchine
Coming of Phoebus
Glimpse
Providence
Walk
Walk in Sarskoe village
Sermon
Bird catcher
May it be tomorrow, may it be me today
Bee
Joy for Justice
Ruins
Parting
Various wines
Repentance
Blooming Rose
Resolution
The river of times in its aspiration
Reshemysl
The birth of beauty
Birth of Love
Rock needs to break up
Russian girls
To Russian graces
Sappho
Liberty
lamentation
Titmouse
Modesty
Snigir
With power in the heart, opening the way
Advice
Advice to the author
Nightingale
Nightingale in a dream
Solomon and Shulamite
Sonnet
Compassion
Reference
Sleeping Eros
Stanzas for Clarice
Old man
Shooter
Suvorov for his stay in the Tauride Palace
Suvorov-Rymniksky to Rochensalm from Tsarskoe Selo
Scholastic
Happy family
Your legacy, Zhukovskaya!
Silence
Tonchiyu
Longing of the soul
When would you know this
Evidence
Tenderness
Trust in God's protection
One who trusts in his own strength
Urn
Calm disbelief
Consolation to the kind
Morning
Felitsa
Philosophers drunk and sober
Fleet
Flashlight
Charites
Hop
Choir at the Swedish World
Khrapovitsky (Old comrade)
Khrapovitsky (Khrapovitsky! signs of friendship)
Christ
Tsar Maiden
Healing of Saul
Chains
Chain
Gypsy dance
Petition for the completion of the house
Scabies
Procession along the Volkhov of the Russian Amphitrite
Comic desire
Epigram
Epistle to I. I. Shuvalov
Epistle to General Mikhelson for the defense of Kazan
Epitaph to Catherine II
Epitaph to the sage of this century
Echo
I see me in passion
I, deprived by fate of a dear
Appearance of Apollo and Daphne on the Neva Bank
Fragmentum
V. Borovikovsky "G.R. Derzhavin (fragment)
I didn't know how to pretend
Look like a saint
To inflate yourself with an important dignity
And take the philosopher's view;
I loved sincerity
I thought only they would like me,
The human mind and heart
They were my genius. (G.R. Derzhavin)
Gabriel (Gavrila) Romanovich Derzhavin(July 3, 1743 - July 8, 1816) - Russian poet of the Enlightenment, who in various years of his life held the highest government positions: ruler of the Olonets governorship (1784-1785), governor of the Tambov province (1786-1788 gg.), Cabinet Secretary of Catherine II (1791-1793), President of the Commerce Collegium (since 1794), Minister of Justice (1802-1803). Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences since its founding.
Gabriel Romanovich Derzhavin was born on a family estate in the village of Karmachi near Kazan in 1743, and spent his childhood there. He lost his father, Major Roman Nikolaevich, early. Mother - Fyokla Andreevna (nee Kozlova). Derzhavin is a descendant of the Tatar Murza Bagrim, who moved out of the Great Horde in the 15th century.
In 1757, Derzhavin entered the Kazan gymnasium.
He studied well, but he did not manage to finish the gymnasium: in February 1762 he was called to St. Petersburg and assigned to the Preobrazhensky Guards Regiment. He began his service as a simple soldier and served for ten years, and from 1772 in an officer's position. In 1773−1774 he participated in the suppression of the Pugachev uprising.
Together with the regiment he participated in palace coup who brought Catherine II to the throne. Literary and public fame came to Derzhavin in 1782, after writing the ode “Felitsa”, which praises Empress Catherine II.
I. Smirnovsky "Portrait of G.R. Derzhavin
Hot by nature, Derzhavin always had difficulties in life because of his lack of restraint, impatience, and even because of his zeal for work, which was not always welcomed.
G.R. Derzhavin in Olonets province
In 1773, by decree of Catherine II, the Olonets province was created (consisting of two counties and one district).
The complex system of local administrative and judicial bodies that existed under Peter I was destroyed after his death. By the beginning of the 60s of the 18th century, essentially only governors and governors remained in place. Therefore, from the first years of her reign, Catherine II had to not so much reform as create a new system of local government and courts, initially trying to correct their shortcomings with separate private decrees. Until 1775, she issued about a hundred such laws, although the vast majority were on private and minor issues. Peasants' War under the leadership of E. Pugachev forced Catherine to act more decisively. Also V.O. Klyuchevsky noted that the local administration was unable to either prevent the uprising or resist it.
In 1776, in accordance with the “Institutions”, the Novgorod governorate was formed, consisting of two regions - Novgorod and Olonets.
The first Olonets governor was G.R. Derzhavin. In accordance with the law, the governor was entrusted with a wide range of responsibilities: to monitor the actions of all other officials and the implementation of laws. This was obvious to Derzhavin; he believed that establishing order in local government and the court depended exclusively on a conscientious attitude to the matter and strict compliance legislation by officials. The lines of G.R.’s own poem eloquently speak about this. Derzhavina:
I know what my position is:
All that is stingy, and vile, and vicious,
And I won’t tolerate anyone this way or that.
And I will only glorify those with praise,
Who will surprise with good morals,
It will be useful to yourself and society -
Be a master, be a servant, but he will be kind to me.
V. Borovikovsky "Portrait of Derzhavin"
Already a month after the formation of the province, subordinate institutions were informed that all persons in the public service who violated the law would be punished, according to the importance of their omissions, by deprivation of their place or rank.
When forming the bureaucracy G.R. Derzhavin was faced with a problem such as a chronic lack of competent officials.
Simultaneously with the creation of the governorship, new provincial judicial bodies were established.
Derzhavin tried to restore order in the province and fought corruption, but this only led to conflicts with the local elite.
G.R. Derzhavin - governor of the Tambov province
In December 1785, by decree of Catherine II, he was appointed to the post of ruler of the Tambov governorship, where he arrived on March 4, 1786.
Arriving in Tambov, Derzhavin found the province in extreme disorder. During the six years of the existence of the province, four governors were replaced, affairs were in disarray, the borders of the province were not defined, arrears reached enormous proportions, and the provincial center was buried in the mud. There was a sense of lack of education throughout society, and especially among the nobility, which, according to Derzhavin, “... was so rude and needy that they could neither dress, nor enter, nor address themselves as a noble person should...”
Grammar, arithmetic, geometry, vocal music, and dance classes were opened for youth. The garrison school and theological seminary provided a low level of knowledge, so a public school was opened in the house of the merchant Jonah Borodin. Theatrical performances were given in the governor's house, and soon the construction of a theater began. Derzhavin can be credited with writing the topography of the province and drawing up a plan for Tambov, putting things in order in office work, opening a printing house, taking measures to improve navigation along the Tsna River, and purchasing flour for St. Petersburg that was profitable for the treasury. Under the new governor, compliance with laws improved and the prison was put in order. The foundation was laid for an orphanage, an almshouse, and a hospital. Under him, public schools were opened in Kozlov, Lebedyan, and Morshansk. In the first provincial printing house, one of the few provincial newspapers, “Gubernskie Vedomosti,” began printing. Derzhavin’s activities laid a strong foundation for further development Tambov region.
Senators Vorontsov and Naryshkin came to audit affairs in the province. The improvement was so obvious that in September 1787 Derzhavin was awarded the Order of Vladimir, 3rd degree. Didn't have special training, Derzhavin showed administrative talent and proved that the reason for his inaction in the previous post of Olonets governor was someone else’s opposition.
But Derzhavin’s progressive activities in the Tambov region came into conflict with the interests of local landowners and nobles. In addition, Governor General I.V. Gudovich took the side of his entourage in all conflicts. They, in turn, covered up local thieves and scammers.
Derzhavin's attempt to punish the landowner Dulov, who ordered the shepherd boy to be brutally beaten for a minor offense, failed. But the hostility of the provincial landowners towards the governor, who limited their arbitrariness, grew stronger. Also in vain were actions to suppress the theft of the merchant Matvey Borodin, who deceived the treasury when supplying bricks for construction, and then received a wine payoff on conditions unfavorable to the treasury. The matter of purchasing provisions for the army turned out extremely unsuccessfully for Derzhavin.
The flow of reports, complaints, and slander against Derzhavin increased, and in January 1789 he was removed from the post of governor. Derzhavin's short governorship brought great benefits to the Tambov region and left a noticeable mark on the history of the region.
In 1789, Derzhavin returned to the capital, where he occupied various high administrative positions. All this time he continues to engage in literary creativity, creating the odes “God” (1784), “Thunder of Victory, Ring Out!” (1791, unofficial Russian anthem), “Nobleman” (1794), “Waterfall” (1798) and other works.
- 1791-1793 - Cabinet Secretary of Catherine II
- from 1793 - Senator
Under Emperor Paul I, the poet was appointed state treasurer, but he did not get along with Paul, since, due to his developed habit, he was often rude and swore during his reports. “Go back to the Senate,” the emperor once shouted at him, “and sit there quietly with me, otherwise I’ll teach you a lesson!” Struck by the anger of Paul I, Derzhavin only said: “Wait, this tsar will be of some use.” Alexander I, who replaced Paul, also did not leave Derzhavin unattended - he appointed him Minister of Justice. But a year later he released him: “he serves too zealously.”
In 1809, he was finally removed from all government posts (“dismissed from all affairs”).
Derzhavin and Pushkin
I. Repin "Derzhavin at the exam at the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum"
In 1815, during an exam at the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, Derzhavin and Pushkin met for the first time. Pushkin’s memories of this meeting have been preserved: “I saw Derzhavin only once in my life, but I will never forget it. It was in 1815, at a public examination at the Lyceum. When we found out that Derzhavin would be visiting us, we all became excited. Delvig went out onto the stairs to wait for him and kiss his hand, the hand that wrote “Waterfall.” Derzhavin has arrived. He entered the hallway, and Delvig heard him ask the doorman: where, brother, is the outhouse here? This prosaic question disappointed Delvig, who canceled his intention and returned to the hall. Delvig told me this with amazing simplicity and gaiety. Derzhavin was very old. He was in a uniform and velvet boots. Our exam tired him very much. He sat with his head on his hand. His face was meaningless, his eyes were dull, his lips were hanging: his portrait (where he is shown in a cap and robe) is very similar. He dozed off until the exam in Russian literature began. Here he perked up, his eyes sparkled; he was completely transformed. Of course, his poems were read, his poems were analyzed, his poems were praised every minute. He listened with extraordinary liveliness. Finally they called me. I read my “Memoirs in Tsarskoe Selo” while standing two steps from Derzhavin. I am unable to describe the state of my soul: when I reached the verse where I mention Derzhavin’s name, my adolescent voice rang and my heart began to beat with rapturous delight...
I don’t remember how I finished my reading, I don’t remember where I ran away to. Derzhavin was delighted; he demanded me, wanted to hug me... They looked for me, but didn’t find me..."
Creativity G.R. Derzhavina
Before Derzhavin, Russian poetry still remained rather conventional. He boldly and unusually expanded its themes - from a solemn ode to the simplest song. For the first time in Russian poetry, the image of the author, the personality of the poet himself, appeared. Art is based on a high truth, Derzhavin believed, which only a poet can explain. Art must imitate nature, only then can one get closer to a true comprehension of the world, to a true study of people, to the correction of their morals.
Derzhavin develops the traditions of Russian classicism, being a successor to the traditions of Lomonosov and Sumarokov.
For him, the purpose of a poet is to glorify great deeds and censure bad ones. In the ode “Felitsa” he glorifies the enlightened monarchy, which is personified by the reign of Catherine II. The intelligent, fair empress is contrasted with the greedy and selfish court nobles:
You just won’t offend the only one,
Don't insult anyone
You see the foolishness through your fingers,
The only thing you can’t tolerate is evil...
Derzhavin looked at poetry, at his talent, first of all, as a kind of weapon given to him from above for political battles. He even compiled a special “key” to his works - a detailed commentary indicating exactly what events led to the creation of a particular work.
"To Rulers and Judges"
The Almighty God has risen and judges
Earthly gods in their host;
How long, rivers, how long will you be
Spare the unrighteous and evil?
Your duty is: to preserve the laws,
Don't look at the faces of the strong,
No help, no defense
Do not leave orphans and widows.
Your duty: to save the innocent from harm,
Give cover to the unlucky;
To protect the powerless from the strong,
Free the poor from their shackles.
They won't listen! - they see and don’t know!
Covered with bribes of tow:
Atrocities shake the earth,
Untruth shakes the skies.
Kings! - I thought you gods were powerful,
No one is the judge over you, -
But you, like me, are equally passionate
And they are just as mortal as I am.
And you will fall like this,
Like a withered leaf falling from the tree!
And you will die like this,
How your last slave will die!
Resurrect, God! God of the right!
And they heeded their prayer:
Come, judge, punish the evil ones
And be one king of the earth!
In 1797, Derzhavin acquired the Zvanka estate, where he spent several months every year. The following year, the first volume of his works was published, which included such poems that immortalized his name, such as “On the Birth of a Porphyry Youth”, “On the Death of Prince. Meshchersky”, “Key”, odes “God”, “On the Capture of Ishmael”, “Nobleman”, “Waterfall”, “Bullfinch”.
After retiring, Derzhavin devoted himself almost entirely to dramaturgy - he composed several librettos for operas, tragedies “Herod and Mariamne”, “Eupraxia”, “Dark”. From 1807, he actively participated in meetings of the literary circle, which later formed the famous society “Conversation of Lovers of the Russian Word.” Worked on “Discourse on lyric poetry or about an ode”, in which he summarized his own literary experience.
Gabriel Romanovich and his wife Daria Alekseevna were buried in the Transfiguration Cathedral of the Varlaamo-Khutyn Monastery near Veliky Novgorod. Derzhavin died in 1816 in his house on the Zvanka estate. The coffin with the body of the deceased on a barge along the Volkhov went to its final resting place. During the Great Patriotic War, the monastery was destroyed. Derzhavin’s grave was also damaged. In 1959, the remains of the poet and his wife were reburied in Novgorod Detinets. In 1993, in connection with the 250th anniversary of the poet, his remains were returned to the monastery.
"Monument"
I erected a wonderful, eternal monument to myself,
It is harder than metals and higher than the pyramids;
Neither a whirlwind nor a fleeting thunder will break it,
And time's flight will not crush it.
So! - all of me will not die; but there is a big part of me.
Having escaped from decay, he will live after death,
And my glory will increase without fading,
How long will the universe honor the Slavic race?
Rumors will spread about me from the White Waters to the Black Waters,
Where the Volga, Don, Neva, the Urals flow from Riphean;
Everyone will remember this among countless nations,
How from obscurity I became known,
That I was the first to dare in a funny Russian syllable
To proclaim Felitsa’s virtues,
Talk about God in simplicity of heart
And speak the truth to kings with a smile.
O Muse! be proud of your just merit,
And whoever despises you, despise them yourself;
With a relaxed hand, leisurely,
Crown your brow with the dawn of immortality.
Memories of Derzhavin S.T. Aksakova
Derzhavin’s noble and direct character was so open, so defined, so well known that no one was mistaken about him; everyone who wrote about him wrote very correctly. One can imagine that in his youth his ardor and temper were even stronger and that his liveliness often involved him in rash speeches and careless actions. As far as I could notice, he had not yet learned, despite seventy-three years of experience, to control his feelings and hide the excitement of his heart from others. Impatience, it seems to me, was the main quality of his character; and I think that she caused him a lot of unpleasant troubles in everyday life and even prevented him from developing smoothness and correctness of language in poetry. As soon as inspiration left him, he became impatient and handled the language without any respect: he bent the syntax, the word stress and the very use of words to his knees. He showed me how he corrected unsmooth, rough expressions in his previous works, which he was preparing for a future publication. I can say positively that what was corrected was incomparably worse than what was not corrected, and the irregularities were replaced by even greater irregularities. I attribute this failure in amendments solely to Derzhavin’s impatient disposition. I dared to give him a little opinion, and he agreed very complacently.
The river of times in its rush
Takes away all people's affairs
And drowns in the abyss of oblivion
Nations, kingdoms and kings.
And if anything remains
Through the sounds of the lyre and trumpet,
Then it will be devoured by the mouth of eternity
And the common fate will not go away.
(unfinished ode to Derzhavin)
I myself admired the work of Gabriel Derzhavin. In addition to literature, the biography of Gabriel Romanovich included public service, devotion to the empress and the unofficial anthem of the empire.
Childhood and youth
The poet and statesman was born in the Kazan province in 1743. The birthday fell on July 14th according to the new style. The Derzhavin family originates from the Tatar Murza Bagrim. According to family legend, the ancestor entered the service of the prince from the ranks of the Golden Horde in the 15th century.
Having changed his religion, the former subject of the Horde received the name Ilya at baptism. From one of Ilya’s sons, Derzhava, a branch of Gabriel Romanovich’s family originated.
The Derzhavin family was not rich. Father, nobleman honorary title Second Major, died early, and the burdens of raising his son fell on the shoulders of Fekla Andreevna’s mother. It was difficult for the woman to give Gabriel a decent education. At first, the boy learned to count, read and write at home. The first teachers were clergy.
At the age of seven, the boy entered a boarding school in Orenburg, which was not known for its quality education. However, after the lessons learned, Derzhavin begins to speak passably German. A little later, the family moved to Kazan, and the young man went to study at the gymnasium.
The high school student fell in love with fine arts and engineering, in which he was very successful. Here the teenager became acquainted with the work of poets Vasily Trediakovsky. The young man himself picks up a pen for the first time and tries his hand at poetry. The first pancake turned out to be lumpy, the syllable was not entirely successful, and there was no one to ask for advice.
In 1762, a demand came for Derzhavin to appear in the Preobrazhensky Regiment, and the young man entered military service. Gabriel Romanovich himself considered his years in the army the worst of his entire life. Before it could begin, everyday life in the army grew into a coup d'état, in which Derzhavin participated along with the rest of the guards. As a result, she ended up on the throne.
For the young nobleman, life in the army did not become any easier. At first, I had to share the barracks with the soldiers; there was sorely not enough time to study poetry or science. Gabriel Romanovich did not have high-ranking patrons, so he was promoted slowly. The future poet had to ask for a promotion in writing, listing his services to the Empress. The request was granted, and the nobleman received the rank of corporal and moved to the officer's barracks. But at this time Derzhavin became interested in carousing and playing cards.
In 1770, the nobleman decided to move away from wild life, and in 1772 he was brought in to suppress the Pugachev rebellion.
Literature
The first work published in 1773, written by Derzhavin, was an ode to the wedding of the Grand Duke. At first, the poet imitated Lomonosov's style. Unfortunately, Gavriil Romanovich was not able to repeat the “airy” style of Mikhail Vasilyevich’s work.
Soon, following the advice of friends more experienced in literary work, Derzhavin chose an ode as a model. According to the creator, the main task of the writer is to glorify noble deeds and censure bad deeds.
Initially, the poet's works were published without a signature in the St. Petersburg Bulletin. "The Key" and "To Rulers and Judges" saw the light. However, sublime and pompous poems made Derzhavin famous among writers, but not among society.
The name of Gabriel Romanovich thundered after he wrote the ode “Felitsa”, praising Catherine. For his enthusiastic poems, the poet received from the empress a box studded with diamonds, containing 500 chervonets.
After this, the poems “Waterfall”, “Vision of Murza”, “God” were published in “Interlocutor”. The last ode became the crowning achievement of Gabriel Romanovich’s work, and the poet himself became one of the classics and idols. In total, the writer created hundreds of works, which make up a dozen collections of books. An interesting fact is Derzhavin’s simplicity in everyday life.
In 1815, the already recognized writer visited Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. To the surprise of the students, the first question asked by the author of the sublime poems was about the location of the restroom. By the way, the most famous and talented graduate of the lyceum, Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, considered Derzhavin the ideal of poetry. The work “I Erected a Monument to Myself, Not Made by Hands” was written by him based on the model of Derzhavin’s “Monument”.
A reliable fact is Derzhavin’s love for erotic prose. The writer wrote his works, giving them a special softness, trying to exclude words with the sounds “r” from the text. At the same time, Gabriel Romanovich preferred that his creations be read in the company of ladies.
Of course, Derzhavin was mainly engaged in serious creativity. Thus, one of the literary achievements is the unofficial anthem Russian Empire“The thunder of victory, ring out!”, written after the capture of the Izmail fortress by Russian troops during Turkish war. The music for the poetry was written by Osip Kozlovsky.
Policy
In addition to literature, Gavriil Romanovich studied public service. After his long-awaited resignation in 1777, Derzhavin was promoted to collegiate adviser and received 300 peasant souls in Belarus. In 1780, the nobleman entered the Senate, but Derzhavin’s straightforwardness and willfulness in decisions provided the statesman with ill-wishers.
In 1783, as a member of the Imperial Russian Academy, the poet participated in the compilation of the first explanatory dictionary.
In 1784, the nobleman was appointed ruler of the Olonets governorate, and from 1786 to 1788 he served as the head of the Tambov governorship. The province was listed among the backward. In a short time, the new governor managed to raise the prestige of the entrusted territory. The first printing house, school, hospital, shelter and theater were built in the province.
Since 1791, Derzhavin returned to the capital, to the court of Catherine. The crowning achievement of the nobleman's political career was the position of Minister of Justice of the Russian Empire, which he held in 1802-1803.
From this post, Gabriel Romanovich was dismissed and given the opportunity to devote himself entirely to literary creativity. Having settled on the Zvanka estate in the Novgorod province, the poet spends his days writing poetry.
Personal life
The poet's first wife in 1778 was 16-year-old Ekaterina Yakovlevna Bastidon. Still a young woman, at the age of 34, Ekaterina died suddenly and was buried at the Lazarevskoye cemetery in St. Petersburg.
Derzhavin remarried six months later. This time, Daria Alekseevna Dyakova became the chosen one, with whom he lived until the end of his life. Both of the poet's wives are sung in his works.
The nobleman had no natural children, but Dyakova’s nieces and the orphaned offspring of Derzhavin’s friend, Pyotr Lazarev, were raised in the family’s care. One of the sons, Mikhail Lazarev, later discovered Antarctica, being a talented admiral.
Death
In 1816, already at a venerable age, the famous Russian poet died on his own estate in the Novgorod province.
The grave of Gabriel Romanovich together with his wife, who passed away in 1842, is located in the Transfiguration Cathedral of the Varlaamo-Khutyn Monastery near Veliky Novgorod.
Quotes
The news is often nothing more than oblivion of the past.
Fun is only pure,
There is no remorse for which.
A statesman, more than other fellow citizens, must be animated, motivated and guided by love for the Fatherland. He must live by love for the Fatherland, pour it into his subordinates and be an example in it to the entire state.
A donkey will remain a donkey
Although shower him with stars;
Where should one act with the mind,
He just flaps his ears.
Bibliography
- 1798 - "Derzhavin G. Works"
- Derzhavin Gabriel Romanovich "Works. Edited by Ya. Grot in 9 volumes"
- 1933 - "Derzhavin G. R. Poems"
- 1957 - "Poems by G. R. Derzhavin"
- 1980 - "Poems. Prose. (G. R. Derzhavin)"
- 1984 - "Selected prose. (G. R. Derzhavin)"
In the first decade of the 19th century, Borovikovsky’s portrait concept underwent a significant metamorphosis: his brush leaned toward the classicist ideal. The silhouette becomes simple and clear, local color replaces light-shading, and the pictorial texture becomes denser. As a rule, the artist prefers to portrait persons of mature age, whose proud posture is filled with “noble simplicity and calm grandeur.” In line with this trend, the image of G.R. found its place. Derzhavin, the great poet of Russian classicism.
Derzhavin Gavrila Romanovich (1743-1816) - poet, statesman, privy councilor. From the small landed nobility. In 1762 he began serving as a soldier in the Preobrazhensky Regiment. Together with the regiment, he takes part in the palace coup, as a result of which Catherine II ascends the throne. In 1772 Derzhavin is promoted to officer. His first appearances in print date back to the same period. In 1773 Derzhavin participated in the suppression of the Pugachev uprising. During the suppression of the rebellion, Derzhavin proves himself to be a brave and energetic officer, but his inability to please his superiors leads to him being bypassed for awards. Derzhavin’s attempts to achieve a well-deserved reward ended with his dismissal from the civil service with the rank of collegiate adviser and the receipt of 300 peasants in Belarus. In 1777, having found patronage from Prince Vyazemsky, Derzhavin entered service in the Senate. In 1778 he married a 16-year-old girl, Catherine Bastidon. In 1780 he received the rank of state councilor. In 1784, after a conflict with Vyazemsky, who hid state revenues, he retired and became governor of Tambov. His energy very soon led to a clash with his superiors here too. The Senate did not support Derzhavin - not only removed him from office, but opened a case against him. The Empress closed the case, but did not confirm his innocence. His odes, however, pleased Catherine and her favorites. Derzhavin was appointed Secretary of State of the Empress. But the service here was unsuccessful for Derzhavin. He failed to please the empress, since she demanded new poems, and he brought piles of papers to Catherine, demanding her attention to complicated matters related to the corruption of courtiers and senior officials. Catherine II appoints Derzhavin as her cabinet secretary. But even in this post, his character remains the same: not pleasing the empress, Derzhavin was dismissed from office and in 1793. - appointed senator. Given the small role played by the Senate, this was a sign of disfavor. Awarded the Order Vladimir II degree and receives the rank of Privy Councilor. After the accession of Paul I, Derzhavin was first persecuted, but then, with an ode to the emperor’s accession to the throne, he returned his favor. The poet receives honorary assignments and becomes a knight Order of Malta, (1794) appointed president of the Commerce Collegium. Derzhavin's wife dies. On her death in 1793, he writes a heartfelt poem “Swallow”. Soon (1795) Derzhavin married Daria Alekseevna Dyakova. He himself explained his quick second marriage not by love, but “so that, remaining a widower, he would not become dissolute.” There were no children from either the first or second marriage. In 1802–1803, in connection with the transformation of the state apparatus, Alexander I appointed Derzhavin as the first Minister of Justice in Russian history, while simultaneously performing the functions of the Prosecutor General. He lasted only a year in office and was sent into full retirement. When asked directly why he was being fired, the emperor answered frankly: “You serve very zealously.”
Immortal Tonchi! you are mine
In that face, I hear you write,
Whatever your skill is
In ancient Omir, Aristides,
Socrates and Cato forever
The descendants of the later ones were surprised;
It shone in the gray hairs of my bald head,
And a person would mature in him,
Don't scare your wife, friends,
Give me a little tenderness:
So that I can be kind to children,
Only in office would I judge everyone strictly;
So that the heat boils in my blood,
And the eyes shone with softness;
The beauties would sigh for me,
At least in platonic love.
November 1801
Source: G.R. Derzhavin. Complete collection of poems. – L.: Soviet writer, 1957, pp. 285–286. Notes
2. Tonchiyu.– first published: An. p., p. 105. Print. according to Ed. 1808, vol. 3, p. 121.
When the famous Italian artist Salvator Tonchi (1756–1844), who arrived in Russia in the mid-1790s, began to paint a portrait of Derzhavin, some advised him to depict the poet in a uniform and in all orders, others - without any decorations. Tonchi turned to Derzhavin himself, “who, in order to satisfy both sides of the debaters, ordered to present himself as he is described in this ode.” That is, the poet composed his “instruction” for him in poetic form.
Poem written as “a program for a portrait of the author (Derzhavin), given to this painter on November 1801” (Ob. D., 718). The artist accurately embodied the poet’s intention, conveying in the painting the content of the 4th and 5th stanzas of the poem. He even tried to convey the content of the line “To walk, we are only led by nature” by depicting Derzhavin’s footprints in the snow. The painting is kept in the State Tretyakov Gallery, in Moscow.
Total Tonchi created 3 portraits of Derzhavin: a sketch (presented on this page) and 2 paintings, one of which was sent as a gift to the Irkutsk millionaire Sibiryakov (the same one who sent an expensive gift to the capital - a sable fur coat and a hat - to the first poet, who was Gavrila Derzhavin in 1801) . A painting from the State Tretyakov Gallery after the opening of the Museum of G.R. Derzhavin and Russian literature of his time in St. Petersburg is in