Src="https://present5.com/presentation/1/17183157_159471676.pdf-img/17183157_159471676.pdf-1.jpg" alt="> POLITICAL SYSTEM OF SOCIETY Presentation of some issues in the “Politics” section of the Codifier on"> ПОЛИТИЧЕСКАЯ СИСТЕМА ОБЩЕСТВА Презентация некоторых вопросов раздела «Политика» Кодификатора по обществознанию 2010 год (подготовка к ЕГЭ) Автор Сафонова Н. С. , учитель истории и обществознания Лицея № 7, г. Саяногорск!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentation/1/17183157_159471676.pdf-img/17183157_159471676.pdf-2.jpg" alt="> CODIFIER QUESTIONS 1. Concept of power 2. Political system 3. Typology political regimes"> ВОПРОСЫ КОДИФИКАТОРА 1. Понятие власти 2. Политическая система 3. Типология политических режимов 4. Демократия. Ее основные ценности и признаки 5. Государство, его функции 6. Гражданское общество и государство 7. Политическая элита 8. Политические партии и движения 9. СМИ в политической системе 10. Избирательная кампания в России Не рассмотрены 11. Политический процесс 12. Политическое участие 13. Политическое лидерство 14. Органы гос. власти РФ 15. Федеративное устройство РФ!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentation/1/17183157_159471676.pdf-img/17183157_159471676.pdf-3.jpg" alt="> THE CONCEPT OF POWER Power is opportunity and Power is relationships"> ПОНЯТИЕ ВЛАСТИ Вла сть - это возможность и Власть – это отношения способность осуществлять свою «господства – подчинения» волю, воздействовать на возникающее между людьми. деятельность и поведение Одни главенствуют, проявляя других людей свою волю, другие подчиняются этой воле. Источниками власти (по М. Веберу) : Насилие (!} physical strength, weapons, organized group, personal characteristics, threat of force) Authority (family and social connections, charisma, expert (special) knowledge, faith) Law (position and powers, control over resources, custom and tradition

Src="https://present5.com/presentation/1/17183157_159471676.pdf-img/17183157_159471676.pdf-4.jpg" alt="> POLITICAL SYSTEM, ITS COMPONENTS 1. Organizational ="> ПОЛИТИЧЕСКАЯ СИСТЕМА, ЕЕ КОМПОНЕНТЫ 1. Организационный = 2. Коммуникативный институциональный (политические отношения (государство, партии, по поводу гос. власти) общественные движения) Политическая система обшества-это совокупность организаций и учреждений, осуществляющих гос. власть и управляющих делами 3. Нормативный общества 4. Культурный (политические нормы: (политические идеи, обычаи и традиции; !} Political Views, legal; corporate; political culture, moral - regulate political ideologies) political relations)

Src="https://present5.com/presentation/1/17183157_159471676.pdf-img/17183157_159471676.pdf-5.jpg" alt="> TYPOLOGY OF POLITICAL REGIMES As a result of interaction"> ТИПОЛОГИЯ ПОЛИТИЧЕСКИХ РЕЖИМОВ В результате взаимодействия указанных компонентов ПС, складывается 1 2 3 4 определенный политический порядок или режим, т. е. способ функционирования политической системы. Система методов осуществления власти. Демократия. Авторитаризм. Тоталитаризм. Демократический Авторитарный Тоталитарный политический режим В переводе с греческого Функции власти Политическое "демократия" означает сконцентрированы в господство группы лиц, "власть народа" (demos руках группы лиц, либо возглавляемых - народ, cratos - власть). одного человека. лидером, тотальный контроль за жизнью Выучить характеристику режимов общества!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentation/1/17183157_159471676.pdf-img/17183157_159471676.pdf-6.jpg" alt="> DEMOCRACY AND ITS BASIC PRINCIPLES Democracy is a political regime in which"> ДЕМОКРАТИЯ И ЕЁ ОСНОВНЫЕ ПРИНЦИПЫ Демократия – политический режим, при котором народ является источником власти Д Я -Народовластие -Принцип большинства, воля большинства выявляется Е через выборы и референдум П -Уважение прав меньшинства – право меньшинства на М оппозицию Р О -Парламентаризм – гос. власть, в которой ведущая роль И принадлежит народному представительству - парламенту К -Политический плюрализм (многообразие): Н Р многопартийность, многообразие политических идей, Ц СМИ и т. д. А -Гласность – открытость деятельности политических И институтов, доступность информации, свобода слова Т -Правовое государство, основой которого является П И верховенство закона и гарантия прав и свобод граждан Ы!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentation/1/17183157_159471676.pdf-img/17183157_159471676.pdf-7.jpg" alt="> DEMOCRACY AND ITS FORMS Direct (immediate) Representative power is exercised by oneself"> ДЕМОКРАТИЯ И ЕЁ ФОРМЫ Прямая (непосредственная) Представительная Власть осуществляется самим Осуществление власти народом без политических представителями народа – посредников. Как? депутатами ØОбязательно наличие ØВыборы на основе всеобщего представительного избирательного права законодательного органа – ØРеферендумы ПАРЛАМЕНТА ØСходы и собрания граждан Ø процессе В ØОбращения граждан в органы представительной власти демократии участвуют ØМитинги, демонстрации профессиональные политики!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentation/1/17183157_159471676.pdf-img/17183157_159471676.pdf-8.jpg" alt="> THE CONCEPT OF “STATE” G O"> ПОНЯТИЕ «ГОСУДАРСТВО» Г О С Это политическая организация власти, Важнейший У действующая на территории страны; политический Д имеющая специальный институт аппарат управления; А обеспечивающая безопасность населения Р С Т СТРАНА= ГОСУДАРСТВО В О!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentation/1/17183157_159471676.pdf-img/17183157_159471676.pdf-9.jpg" alt="> STATE: SIGNS, FUNCTIONS, FORMS 1. Territory"> ГОСУДАРСТВО: ПРИЗНАКИ, ФУНКЦИИ, ФОРМЫ 1. Территория 1. Внутренние: Различают Формы Признаки Функции 2. Публичная власть -экономическая 1. Формы правления 3. Система права -социальная защита 2. Формы 4. Суверенность -налогообложение государственного власти устройства -охранительная 5. Исключительное (законность и 3. Формы право сбора налогов порядок государства по политическому 6. Единая денежная 2. Внешние: режиму система оборона, м/н (демократические, сотрудничество и авторитарные, др. тоталитарные)!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentation/1/17183157_159471676.pdf-img/17183157_159471676.pdf-10.jpg" alt="> THERE ARE STATES IN THE FORM OF GOVERNMENT Monarchy (unity) - form"> ПО ФОРМЕ ПРАВЛЕНИЯ ГОСУДАРСТВА БЫВАЮТ Монархия (единовластие)- форма Республика – форма правления, при которой источником и носителем гос. власти является один носителем гос. власти является человек, занимающий престол по праву народ и выборные органы- рождения парламент и президент Абсолютная Конституционная Парламентская: (неограниченная) (ограниченная) Верховенство парламента единоличное монарх царствует, Прав-во ответственно перед правление но не правит Парламентом Премьер-министр формирует ивозглавляет прав-во Президентская: Президент – глава государства и прав-ва Смешанная (парламентско- Президент избирается населением или президентская): Сильный выборщиками парламент и сильный Прав-во ответственно перед Президентом президент; баланс полномочий!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentation/1/17183157_159471676.pdf-img/17183157_159471676.pdf-11.jpg" alt="> FORM OF GOVERNMENT Unitary Federation - form Confederation - state -"> ФОРМА ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО УСТРОЙСТВА Унитарное Федерация – форма Конфедерация – государство – форма гос. устройства, при форма гос. устройства, при котором устройства, которой его части территориальные добровольное являются части являются гос. объединение административно- образованиями- независимых стран территориальными субъектами или республик, единицами, не имеют федерации (Россия, которые сохраняют статуса Германия, США, суверенитет государственного Мексика) (Евросоюз, СНГ, образования (Япония, США до 1865) Украина, Польша) ****** * * *!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentation/1/17183157_159471676.pdf-img/17183157_159471676.pdf-12.jpg" alt="> CIVIL SOCIETY AND THE STATE Civil society is a set of non-state"> ГРАЖДАНСКОЕ ОБЩЕСТВО И ГОСУДАРСТВО Гражданское общество – это совокупность негосударственных общественных отношений и ассоциаций (объединений), выражающих разнообразные интересы и потребности членов общества.!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentation/1/17183157_159471676.pdf-img/17183157_159471676.pdf-13.jpg" alt="> The formation of civil society is associated with the establishment of the rule of law. The rule of law is unthinkable without"> Становление гражданского общества связано с утверждением правового государства. Правовое государство немыслимо без развитого гражданского общества. Гражданское общество возможно лишь в условиях демократического режима, правового государства. ПРАВОВОЕ ГОСУДАРСТВО- это тип государства деятельность которого реально ограничена правом, имеет место разделение властей (законодательная, исполнительная, судебная), гарантия прав и свобод личности и контроль за властью со стороны общества!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentation/1/17183157_159471676.pdf-img/17183157_159471676.pdf-14.jpg" alt="> Signs of a rule of law state The rule of law in society Submission to the law"> Признаки правового государства Верховенство права в обществе Подчинение закону всех граждан и самого государства, его! органов и должностных лиц Права человека, их охрана и гарантированность В правах человека выражена его свобода, но она не может! быть абсолютной. Принцип разделения государственных властей Принцип взаимной ответственности государства и личности(ответственность правительства перед представит. ! органами, юридическая ответ-ть гос. лиц перед законом, импичмент)!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentation/1/17183157_159471676.pdf-img/17183157_159471676.pdf-15.jpg" alt="> POLITICAL ELITE The political elite is a group or"> ПОЛИТИЧЕСКАЯ ЭЛИТА Политическая элита – группа или совокупность групп занимающих привилегированное престижное положение в обществе, в связи с участием в принятии решений, связанных с использованием государственной власти Теория элит Г. Моска и В. Парето: 1. Общество делится на класс правящих и класс управляемых; 2. Элита – это люди, способные к управлению другими людьми, они обладают моральным, материальным, интеллектуальным превосходством 3. Кроме правящей элиты образуется оппозиционная элита – контрэлита, она стремиться к власти и когда наступает упадок !} ruling class, there is a change of elites. Composition: heads of state, government, heads of parliament, party leaders, etc. 4. The main characteristic of elites is the constant influence on political decision-making

Src="https://present5.com/presentation/1/17183157_159471676.pdf-img/17183157_159471676.pdf-16.jpg" alt="> PARTY (partis, pars - part, group) - group"> ПАРТИЯ (partis, pars – часть, группа) – группа единомышленников, объединенных в политическую организацию, с целью выражения и защиты интересов определенной социальной группы общества ОБЩЕСТВЕННО-ПОЛИТИЧЕСКИЕ ДВИЖЕНИЯ – солидарная (совместная) активность граждан, направленная на достижение какой-либо значимой политической цели Полити Инициативн Клубы Союзы ая группа ческая цель ПАРТИИ ДВИЖЕНИЯ Общность идеологии Нет общей идеологии Выражение интересов определенных Не ставят цели прихода к власти социальных групп База массовая Борьба за завоевание политической После достижения цели могут власти – притязания на власть и распасться, а могут превратиться в участие во власти – важнейший партию признак партии!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentation/1/17183157_159471676.pdf-img/17183157_159471676.pdf-17.jpg" alt="> CLASSIFICATION OF PARTIES Those in power"> КЛАССИФИКАЦИЯ ПАРТИЙ Находящиеся у власти Консерваторы Левые Социал-демократы Центр Либералы Правые Коммунисты Фашисты По отношению к власти: правящие и оппозиционные По организационной структуре: массовые и кадровые По программным установкам: крайне левые, центристские, правые, крайне правые Функции партий: 1. Связь гражданского общества и государства 2. Электоральная – участие в выборах 3. Политическая социализация граждан 4. Воспитание !} political elites

Src="https://present5.com/presentation/1/17183157_159471676.pdf-img/17183157_159471676.pdf-18.jpg" alt="> POLITICAL LEADERSHIP Political leadership is the personal ability to influence"> ПОЛИТИЧЕСКОЕ ЛИДЕРСТВО Политическое лидерство – личностная способность влиять на политическое поведение и политическую деятельность людей в группе, организации или обществе Настойчивость, воля, мужество Имидж, ораторские способности Характеристики Команда помощников политического Программа лидера Выражение интересов опред. группы Поддержка власти и масс!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentation/1/17183157_159471676.pdf-img/17183157_159471676.pdf-19.jpg" alt=">TYPES OF LEADERSHIP ACCORDING TO M. WEBER Traditional leadership, based on traditions ( tribal leaders, monarchs)"> ТИПЫ ЛИДЕРСТВА ПО М. ВЕБЕРУ Традиционное лидерство, основано на традициях (вожди племен, монархи) ПРИВЫЧКА Рационально-легальное лидерство– лидерство, осуществляемое на основе и в рамках законов, принятых современным демократическим обществом. РАЗУМ Харизматическое лидерство основывается на вере в необыкновенные, выдающиеся качества вождя. Это лидеры по призванию, народные вожди «от Бога» . ВЕРА!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentation/1/17183157_159471676.pdf-img/17183157_159471676.pdf-20.jpg" alt=">GOVERNMENT BODIES">!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentation/1/17183157_159471676.pdf-img/17183157_159471676.pdf-22.jpg" alt=">FEDERAL STRUCTURE OF RUSSIA Based on the Constitution of the Russian Federation and amendments to the Constitution Russian Federation includes "> FEDERAL STRUCTURE OF RUSSIA Based on the Constitution of the Russian Federation and amendments to the Constitution, the Russian Federation includes 83 constituent entities of the Federation. RUSSIA = 21 republics + 46 regions + 9 territories + 1 autonomous region + 4 autonomous okrugs+ 2 cities of federal significance (Moscow and St. Petersburg adopted on December 12, 1993) referendum results (popular vote

Src="https://present5.com/presentation/1/17183157_159471676.pdf-img/17183157_159471676.pdf-23.jpg" alt="> POLITICAL PARTICIPATION These are the actions of a citizen in order to influence the development, adoption And"> ПОЛИТИЧЕСКОЕ УЧАСТИЕ Это действия гражданина, с целью повлиять на разработку, принятие и реализацию гос. решений, выбор представителей в институты власти Политическая элита (профессионалы) Рядовые граждане Признаки участия Прямое 1. конкретное (непосредстве нное) участие действие 2. добровольность 3. участие является Представительное действительным, а (опосредованное) через избранных не фиктивным представителей!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentation/1/17183157_159471676.pdf-img/17183157_159471676.pdf-24.jpg" alt=">MEDIA IN THE POLITICAL SYSTEM Media - means of creating, replicating and distributing information"> СМИ В ПОЛИТИЧЕСКОЙ СИСТЕМЕ СМИ – средства создания, тиражирования и распространения информации в массовой аудитории Пресса Важный социальный Радио Каналы институт, распространени ТV инструмент я информации управления Интернет поведением людей Функции: 1. Информационная; влияние на избирателя 2. Политическая социализация 3. Представление различных общественных интересов 4. Формирование общественного мнения!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentation/1/17183157_159471676.pdf-img/17183157_159471676.pdf-25.jpg" alt=">ELECTION PROCESS IN RUSSIA The election process is a set of actions in"> ИЗБИРАТЕЛЬНЫЙ ПРОЦЕСС В РОССИИ Избирательный процесс – комплекс действий в процессе выборов Выборы Этапы: v. Всеобщие v- Организационный v. Равные v- Выдвижение и регистрация v. Тайные кандидатов v. Прямые v- Предвыборная агитация v- Голосование и определение его Активное Пассивное результатов v- Обнародование итогов избирательн ное право Абсентеизм – уклонение от Лоббизм (лобби)= группы участия в выборах давления!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentation/1/17183157_159471676.pdf-img/17183157_159471676.pdf-26.jpg" alt=">LEGISLATIVE PROCESS IN THE RF 1. Legislative initiative 2. Discussion 3 . Adoption"> ЗАКОНОТВОРЧЕСКИЙ ПРОЦЕСС В РФ 1. Законодател ьная инициатива 2. Обсуждение 3. Принятие (внесения з/п в ГД з/п в ГД) 4. Принятие 5. Подписание з/п в Президентом и Совете обнародование Федерации (опубликование)!}

President of the Russian Federation President of the Russian Federation The President of the Russian Federation is the highest government position in the Russian Federation. The President of Russia is the head of state, not belonging to any branch of government; guarantor of the Constitution of Russia, the rights and freedoms of man and citizen in Russia; supreme commander in chief. Candidate for the position of President of the Russian Federation: citizen of the Russian Federation, at least 35 years old, permanently residing in the territory of the Russian Federation for at least 10 years. The same person cannot hold the position of President of the Russian Federation for more than two consecutive terms. Powers: appoints with the approval of the State. Duma of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation; provides candidates for the position of chairman of the Central Bank, judges, general. prosecutor, calls elections to the State. Duma and its dissolution, signs and promulgates the Federal Law, represents Russia in the international arena.

State Duma of the Russian Federation State. State Duma The Duma is the lower house of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation (parliament). State The Duma consists of 450 deputies, members of their factions, the Speaker of the State. Duma and his deputies. Since 2007 Deputies of the State Duma are elected according to a proportional system (based on party lists). State Deputy A citizen of the Russian Federation who has reached the age of 21 and has the right to participate in elections for a period of 5 years can be elected to the Duma (moreover, the same person cannot be simultaneously a deputy of the State Duma and a member of the Federation Council). Powers: approval of candidates, accepts Federal Law, accepts state. budget of the Russian Federation.

Federation Council of the Russian Federation Federation Council The Federation Council is the upper house of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation (parliament). The Federation Council of the Russian Federation includes: 2 representatives from each subject of the Russian Federation, one from the representative and executive bodies of state power. Powers: approval of changes in borders between constituent entities of the Russian Federation, approval of the decree of the President of the Russian Federation on the introduction of martial law, calling elections of the President of the Russian Federation, adopted by the State. In the Duma, a federal law can be either approved or rejected in the Federation Council of the Russian Federation, the appointment of judges of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation and the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation.

Government of the Russian Federation Government of the Russian Federation The Government of the Russian Federation is the highest collegial executive body that exercises leadership public administration. The main task of the government is to implement laws adopted by the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation (parliament). The government consists of ministers and is headed by the prime minister. As the highest executive body, the government carries out activities aimed at implementing laws and operational management of public affairs. An important task of the government is to ensure order in society and protect the rights of citizens. The structure of the government is ministries, departments, agencies, federal services, etc.

Constitutional Court Russian Federation Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation is a judicial body of constitutional control, independently exercising judicial power through constitutional proceedings. The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation consists of 19 judges. Powers: Resolves disputes about competence between government bodies, On complaints of violation of the constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens and on requests from the courts, checks the constitutionality of the law, At the request of the President of the Russian Federation, the State Duma, the Government of the Russian Federation, legislative bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, gives an interpretation of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, On at the request of the Federation Council, gives an opinion on compliance with the established procedure for bringing charges against the President of the Russian Federation

Supreme Court of the Russian Federation Supreme Court of the Russian Federation The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation is the highest judicial body in civil, criminal and administrative cases, jurisdictional courts of general jurisdiction. Exercises judicial supervision over the activities of courts of general jurisdiction, including military courts, in the procedural forms provided for by the Federal Law. It is the directly superior court in relation to the supreme courts of republics, regional courts, courts of federal cities, courts of an autonomous region, district (naval) military courts. The Presidium of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation consists of 13 judges. Candidacy for the position of judge: age at least 25 years, higher legal education, work experience in the legal field for at least 5 years.

Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation The Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation (SAC RF) is the highest judicial body for resolving economic disputes. Functions of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation: protection of violated or disputed rights and legitimate interests of enterprises, institutions, organizations and citizens in the field of business and other economic activity. Promoting the strengthening of the rule of law and the prevention of crime in the field of business and other economic activities. System of Arbitration Courts: - Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation; -Federal Arbitration Courts; -Arbitration courts of appeal; -Arbitration courts of first instance of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Judges of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation are appointed by the Federation Council on the proposal of the President of the Russian Federation.

Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation The Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation is a single centralized system with the subordination of subordinate prosecutors to higher ones and the Prosecutor General. Functions of the prosecutor's office: - Supervision over the implementation of laws by federal ministries and departments, representative and executive bodies of the constituent entities of the Federation, etc. and for the compliance of the regulations issued by them with federal laws; - Supervision of observance of human rights and freedoms; - Supervision of compliance with laws by investigative bodies; -Inquiry and preliminary investigation; - Supervision of compliance with laws by penal authorities. The Prosecutor General is appointed and dismissed by the Federation Council on the proposal of the President of the Russian Federation.

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According to Art. 1 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, Russia is a democratic federal legal state with a republican form of government.

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Since 1991, the Russian political system has undergone radical changes. Until 1991, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) was part of the USSR as one of the union republics. IN Soviet period the political system of the USSR and the RSFSR was essentially totalitarian (until 1956) and authoritarian, since, according to Art. 6 of the Constitution of the USSR and the RSFSR, the leading and guiding force of Soviet society, the core of its political system, state and public organizations was Communist Party Soviet Union. This meant that one political institution (the CPSU) dominated all others.

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With the collapse of the Soviet Union and the CPSU in 1991, a new period began in the development of the Russian political system: the institution of the presidency was established, parliament was elected, political parties and other institutions of civil society emerged.

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In 1993, a political crisis began in the country. The confrontation between the President of Russia and the parliament led to bloody clashes in Moscow and the shooting of the White House (October 1993), where parliament was sitting at that time. The conflict between the legislative and executive powers was resolved in favor of the latter.

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The adoption of the Constitution of the Russian Federation through an all-Russian referendum on December 12, 1993 contributed to the creation of a regulatory framework for a new stage in reforming the political system of Russian society.

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The most important institution of the Russian political system is the state. Peculiarity government structure Russia is that the President of the Russian Federation is not legally part of the system of any branch of government. He, as it were, rises above power institutions, carrying out interaction between them. This position of the President in power structures gives him almost unlimited powers and minimal responsibility.

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In addition to the state, the political system of Russia includes political parties, socio-political and public organizations and movements, labor collectives, individual citizens, legal acts, ideological movements, etc.

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A serious shortcoming of the Russian political system is disunity state institutions and institutions of civil society (state and society); lack of effective mechanisms for society to influence the state. Obviously, realizing this shortcoming, President V.V. Putin proposed creating a Public Chamber, which could become a link between society and the state. In December 2005, the formation of the Public Chamber, consisting of 120 members, was completed. Currently, it is one of the socio-political institutions of the Russian political system. In general, the Russian political system is at the stage of formation and development.

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The beginning of the formation of the party system in Russia dates back to end of the 19th century- beginning of the 20th century In 1898, the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP) was created, in 1902 - the Socialist Revolutionary Party, in 1905 - the Octobrist Party (Union of October 17), the Cadets Party (Constitutional Democratic Party), etc. However, after the victory of the revolution, the Bolsheviks destroyed all parties except the RSDLP (b), and the dominance of one communist party was established in the country for more than 70 years. In essence, it was a totalitarian party-state that did not allow any criticism and any opposition. The leader of the party was at the same time the head of the state.

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The revival of multi-party system in the Russian party system began in the early 90s. XX century One of the first (May 1990) to be formed was the Democratic Party of Russia (DPR) - leader N. Travkin and the Social Democratic Party of Russia (SDPR) - founding leaders O. Rumyantsev, P. Kurdyukin and others.

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In April 1990, the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia (LDPR) was formed - leader V. Zhirinovsky. In the same year, the Yabloko bloc (Yavlinsky, Boldyrev, Lukin) arose, which subsequently transformed into the Yabloko party - leader G. Yavlinsky. In February 1993, the Communist Party of the Russian Federation (CPRF) was formed from disparate groups of the former CPSU - leader G. Zyuganov.

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During the 90s. XX century In Russia, dozens of parties and party blocs were created and collapsed. Among them there were even such as the “Party of Beer Lovers”. Most of the parties that emerged were fly-by-night parties. They were created by ambitious politicians to participate in the next election campaign, and then ceased to exist.

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On December 12, 1993, multi-party meetings took place in Russia for the first time since 1917. parliamentary elections. 35 electoral associations declared their desire to participate in the elections, but only eight of them were able to overcome the 5% barrier and form factions in the State Duma. 22 electoral associations took part in the Duma election campaign on December 7, 2003. Most of them were also fly-by-night parties. Only three parties (United Russia, Communist Party of the Russian Federation, Liberal Democratic Party) and one party bloc - Rodina - managed to overcome the 5% barrier. Such well-known parties as Yabloko, SPS (Union of Right Forces) and the Agrarian Party suffered unexpected defeats.

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In December 2004, significant changes were made to the Federal Law of July 11, 2001 “On Political Parties”. In particular, the minimum number of party members was increased from 10 to 50 thousand. In addition, the party must now have its own regional branches in at least half of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation with at least 500 members each (previously it was allowed to have 100 members). Starting from January 1, 2007, parties that did not meet the requirements of the law were subject to liquidation by court. The threshold for entering the State Duma was also raised from 5 to 7%, the “Against all” column and the minimum turnout threshold were abolished.

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In the December 2007 elections to the State Duma, 14 parties took part: “United Russia”, “A Just Russia”, the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, the LDPR, the Union of Right Forces, “Yabloko”, “Patriots of Russia”, “Civil Force”, the Agrarian Party, “ Greens", "People's Union", Democratic Party. Peace and Unity Party. Social Justice Party. During the elections and vote counting, the following results were determined: “United Russia” - 64.3% (315 seats in the Duma), Communist Party of the Russian Federation - 11.57% (57 seats), LDPR - 8.14% (40 seats), “ A Just Russia" - 7.74% (38 seats).

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One of the features of the Russian party system is that the party that has the opportunity to use “administrative resources” (the party in power, which is supported by the President, the Government of the Russian Federation, governors) invariably enjoys success with voters. The role of administrative resources is especially great in small towns and rural areas, where the role of funds mass media is very limited, and interpersonal connections serve as channels through which political information reaches individuals. In such conditions, the position of the local “boss” plays a key role in electoral choice.

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In the elections to the State Duma in 1995, administrative resources were used by the party “Our Home is Russia,” whose leader was the then Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation V. M. Chernomyrdin. In the elections to the State Duma in 2003 and 2007. The United Russia party enjoyed unlimited administrative resources. Firstly, because the core of the party consisted of ministers, governors, mayors of large cities and other officials. Secondly, she was supported by the President of the Russian Federation. As a result, the party received an absolute majority of seats in the State Duma.

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The modern Russian party system is multi-party. However, this multi-party system is very amorphous and unstable. Along with well-known parties, dozens of new parties and party blocs unexpectedly appear before each election and disappear after the elections, the programs of which are practically no different from each other. This “multi-party system” disperses the electorate and prevents voters from making right choice. However, the emerging last years The trend towards a reduction in parties and party blocs inspires some optimism. For example, if 43 electoral associations took part in the elections to the State Duma in 1995, 26 in 1999, 22 in 2003, then in 2007 only 14 parties.

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The main obstacle to the development of the Russian party system is the administrative resource, which the ruling class uses to maintain its political monopoly and limit democratic party building.

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President of the Russian Federation The President of the Russian Federation is the highest government position in the Russian Federation. The President of Russia is the head of state, not belonging to any branch of government; guarantor of the Constitution of Russia, the rights and freedoms of man and citizen in Russia; supreme commander in chief. Candidate for the position of President of the Russian Federation: citizen of the Russian Federation, at least 35 years old, permanently residing in the territory of the Russian Federation for at least 10 years. The same person cannot hold the position of President of the Russian Federation for more than two consecutive terms. Powers: appoints with the approval of the State. Duma of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation; provides candidates for the position of chairman of the Central Bank, judges, general. prosecutor, calls elections to the State. Duma and its dissolution, signs and promulgates the Federal Law, represents Russia in the international arena.

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State Duma of the Russian Federation State. The Duma is the lower house of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation (parliament). State The Duma consists of 450 deputies, members of their factions, the Speaker of the State. Duma and his deputies. Since 2007 Deputies of the State Duma are elected according to a proportional system (based on party lists). State Deputy A citizen of the Russian Federation who has reached the age of 21 and has the right to participate in elections for a period of 5 years can be elected to the Duma (moreover, the same person cannot be simultaneously a deputy of the State Duma and a member of the Federation Council). Powers: approval of candidates, accepts Federal Law, accepts state. budget of the Russian Federation.

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Federation Council of the Russian Federation The Federation Council is the upper house of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation (parliament). The Federation Council of the Russian Federation includes: 2 representatives from each subject of the Russian Federation - one each from the representative and executive bodies of state power. Powers: approval of changes in borders between constituent entities of the Russian Federation, approval of the decree of the President of the Russian Federation on the introduction of martial law, calling elections of the President of the Russian Federation, adopted by the State. In the Duma, a federal law can be either approved or rejected in the Federation Council of the Russian Federation, the appointment of judges of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation and the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation.

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Government of the Russian Federation The Government of the Russian Federation is the highest collegial executive body that manages public administration. The main task of the government is to implement laws adopted by the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation (parliament). The government consists of ministers and is headed by the prime minister. As the highest executive body, the government carries out activities aimed at implementing laws and operational management of public affairs. An important task of the government is to ensure order in society and protect the rights of citizens. The structure of the government is ministries, departments, agencies, federal services, etc.

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Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation is a judicial body of constitutional control, independently exercising judicial power through constitutional proceedings. The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation consists of 19 judges. Powers: Resolves disputes about competence between government bodies, On complaints of violation of the constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens and on requests from the courts, checks the constitutionality of the law, At the request of the President of the Russian Federation, the State Duma, the Government of the Russian Federation, legislative bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, gives an interpretation of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, On at the request of the Federation Council, gives an opinion on compliance with the established procedure for bringing charges against the President of the Russian Federation

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Supreme Court of the Russian Federation The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation is the highest judicial body in civil, criminal and administrative cases, subject to the jurisdiction of courts of general jurisdiction. Exercises judicial supervision over the activities of courts of general jurisdiction, including military courts, in the procedural forms provided for by the Federal Law. It is the directly superior court in relation to the supreme courts of republics, regional courts, courts of federal cities, courts of an autonomous region, district (naval) military courts. The Presidium of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation consists of 13 judges. Candidate for the position of judge: age of at least 25 years, higher legal education, work experience in the legal field of at least 5 years.

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Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation The Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation (SAC RF) is the highest judicial body for resolving economic disputes. Functions of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation: protection of violated or disputed rights and legitimate interests of enterprises, institutions, organizations and citizens in the field of business and other economic activities. Promoting the strengthening of the rule of law and the prevention of offenses in the field of business and other economic activities. System of Arbitration Courts: - Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation; - Federal Arbitration Courts; - Arbitration Courts of Appeal; - Arbitration Courts of First Instance of the Subjects of the Russian Federation. Judges of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation are appointed by the Federation Council on the proposal of the President of the Russian Federation.

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Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation The Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation is a single centralized system with the subordination of subordinate prosecutors to higher ones and the Prosecutor General. Functions of the prosecutor's office: - Supervision over the implementation of laws by federal ministries and departments, representative and executive bodies of the constituent entities of the Federation, etc. and for the compliance of the regulations issued by them with federal laws; - Supervision over the observance of human rights and freedoms; - Supervision over the observance of laws by investigative bodies; - Inquiry and preliminary investigation; - Supervision over the observance of laws by penitentiary bodies. The Prosecutor General is appointed and dismissed by the Federation Council on the proposal of the President of the Russian Federation.

• Power concept
• Politic system
• Typology of political regimes
• Democracy. Its core values ​​and attributes
• The state, its functions
• Civil society and the state
• Political elite
• Political parties and movements
• Media in the political system
• Election campaign in Russia
• Political process
• Political participation
• Political leadership
• State bodies Russian authorities
• Federal structure of the Russian Federation

Not considered

Power- This is a relationship of “dominance - subordination” that arises between people. Some dominate, showing their will, others obey this will.

Power- this is the opportunity and ability to exercise one’s will, influence the activities and behavior of other people

Sources of power(according to M. Weber):

• Violence(physical strength, weapons, organized group, personal characteristics, threat of force)
• Authority(family and social ties, charisma, expert (special) knowledge, faith)
• Right(position and authority, control over resources, custom and tradition

As a result of the interaction of these components of the PS, a certain political order or mode , i.e. the way the political system functions. System of methods for exercising power.

Democracy. Democratic political regime. Translated from Greek, “democracy” means “power of the people” (demos - people, cratos - power).

Totalitarianism. Totalitarian political regime Political domination of a group of people headed by a leader, total control over the life of society

Learn the characteristics of the modes

Democracy - a political regime in which the people are the source of power

• Democracy
• Majority principle , the will of the majority is revealed through elections and referendums
• Respect for minority rights – the right of the minority to oppose
• Parliamentarism - state power in which the leading role belongs to the people's representation - parliament
• Political pluralism (manifold):

multi-party system, diversity of political ideas, media, etc.

- Publicity – openness of the activities of political institutions, accessibility of information, freedom of speech

- Constitutional state , the basis of which is the rule of law and the guarantee of the rights and freedoms of citizens

Representative

Direct (immediate)

Power is exercised by the people themselves without political intermediaries. How?

Exercise of power representatives people - deputies

• Elections based on universal suffrage
• Referendums
• Gatherings and meetings of citizens
• Citizens' appeals to authorities
• Rallies, demonstrations

• It is necessary to have a representative legislative body - PARLIAMENT
• The process of representative democracy involves professional politicians

Theological

Essence

Aquinas, Maritain

Patriarchal

Negotiable

1. The state is a product of divine will

2. Human inequality is predetermined

Aristotle Filmer

Theory of violence

1. People are collective beings → family → increasing families → unifying people → STATE = family, sovereign - father

The state is a rational association of people based on an agreement, according to which part of freedom and power → to the state

Gumplovich Kautsky

Organic

Violence, enslavement of some tribes by others; to control the conquered, a coercive apparatus is needed - THE STATE

Materialistic (class)

Psychological

The state is a product of social evolution. In the process of struggle and wars ( natural selection) states are formed

Division of labor + improvement of OT→↗PT→the emergence of excess product→the appearance of frequent property→emergence of classes→state

Petrazhitsky

Peculiarities of the human psyche: people’s need for power over other people, the latter’s willingness to obey.

Republic- a form of government in which the source and carrier of the state. power is the people and elected bodies - parliament and president

Monarchy(unity) - a form of government in which the source and carrier of the state. power is one person occupying the throne by right of birth

Parliamentary:

• Supremacy of Parliament
• The government is responsible to Parliament
• The Prime Minister forms and heads the government

Constitutional (limited) monarch reigns but does not rule

Absolute (unlimited) sole rule

Presidential:

• The President is the head of state and government
• The President is elected by the population or electors
• The government is responsible to the President

Mixed (parliamentary-presidential): Strong parliament and strong president; balance of powers

Unitary state – state form a device in which its parts are administrative-territorial units and do not have the status of a state entity (Japan, Ukraine, Poland)

Federation – state form device in which territorial parts are state. entities-subjects of the federation (Russia, Germany, USA, Mexico)

Confederation – state form devices, a voluntary association of independent countries or republics that retain sovereignty (European Union, CIS, USA until 1865)

Civil society is a collection non-state social relations and associations (associations), expressing a variety of interests and needs members of society.

Becoming civil society associated with the statement rule of law . A rule of law state is unthinkable without a developed civil society. Civil society is possible only in a democratic regime, a rule of law state.

CONSTITUTIONAL STATE- this is a type of state whose activities are really limited right, there is a separation of powers (legislative, executive, judicial), a guarantee of individual rights and freedoms and control over power by society

Political elite- a group or set of groups occupying privileged position of prestige in society, in connection with participation in decision-making related to use of state power

The theory of elites by G. Mosca and V. Pareto :

1. Society is divided into a ruling class and a ruled class;

2. The elite are people capable of managing other people; they have moral, material, intellectual superiority

3. In addition to the ruling elite, an opposition elite is formed - a counter-elite; it strives for power and when the ruling class declines, a change of elites occurs. Composition: heads of state, government, heads of parliament, party leaders, etc.

4. The main characteristic of elites is their constant influence on political decision-making

THE CONSIGNMENT(parties, pars - part, group) - a group of like-minded people united in a political organization for the purpose of expressing and protecting the interests of a certain social group of society

SOCIAL AND POLITICAL MOVEMENTS– solidary (joint) activity of citizens aimed at achieving any significant political goal

Political goal

PARTS

• Common ideology
• Expression of interests of certain social groups
• The struggle to gain political power - claims to power and participation in power - is the most important feature of the party

MOVEMENTS

• No common ideology
• They do not set goals for coming to power
• Mass base
• After achieving the goal, they may disintegrate, or they may turn into a party

Those in power

Conservatives

Left

Rights

Center

Social Democrats

Liberals

Liberals

Pro-government parties

Communists

Anarchists

Fascists

Monarchists

Clerical

• In relation to power : ruling and opposition
• By organizational structure : mass and personnel
• By software settings : far left, left, centrist, right, far right
• According to ideological principles: conservative, liberal, social.

Party functions:

1. Relationship between civil society and the state

2. Electoral – participation in elections

3. Political socialization of citizens

4. Education of political elites

Party system - This mechanism interactions and party struggle for power

Fr. political scientist Duverger: "The party system is a stable ensemble parts , long time, taking part in sharing of power »

One party system

Two party system = bipartisanship

System "2 and a half party" or " 2+ »

A lot of party system

Political leadership – personal ability to influence on the political behavior and political activities of people in a group, organization or society

Perseverance, will, courage

Image, public speaking skills

Characteristics

political leader

Program

Team of assistants

Support of the authorities and the masses

Expression of interests def. groups

Subjects of the Federation

Based on the Constitution of the Russian Federation and amendments to the Constitution, the Russian Federation includes 83 subjects Federation.

RUSSIA = 21 republic +46 regions +9 edges + 1 Autonomous region +4 autonomous okrugs + 2 federal cities (Moscow and St. Petersburg)

These are the actions of a citizen in order to influence the development, adoption and implementation of government regulations. decisions, selection of representatives to government institutions

Ordinary citizens

Political elite (professionals)

Direct (direct) participation

Signs of participation

1 . specific action

2. voluntariness

3. participation is real and not fictitious

Representative (indirect) through elected representatives

Functions:

• Informational; influence on the voter
• Political socialization
• Representation of various public interests
• Formation of public opinion

The electoral process is a set of actions in the election process

Stages :

• - Organizational
• - Nomination and registration of candidates
• - Election campaign
• - Voting and determining its results
• - Publication of results

Elections

• General
• Equals
• Secret
• Direct

Active suffrage

Passive suffrage

1. Lobbying (lobby) = pressure groups;

2. Lobbying is a process of promoting the interests of individuals and corporate structures in order to achieve a political decision that is beneficial to them.

Absenteeism – avoidance of participation in elections