The history of the appearance of traffic rules. History of traffic rules. The appearance of road signs in Europe and Russia

JSC "LONMADI" offers a full range of services related to the sale, maintenance and repair of special equipment manufactured under the British brand JBC. All purchased machines come with a warranty. The company cooperates directly with the manufacturer, which significantly reduces the waiting time for equipment. JCB JS330 tracked excavators, loaders, rollers and other machines purchased from LONMADI are supplied with all the necessary documentation.

The JCB JS330 weighs approximately 33 tonnes and is designed to provide exceptional strength, performance, efficiency, comfort, safety and serviceability.

The box-type turntable design provides increased strength and reduced load, and also makes these crawler excavators exceptionally resistant to impact damage. The machines are manufactured using reliable components that meet the highest industry standards.

These crawler excavators are equipped with highly efficient 210 kW Dieselmax 672 engines that meet Stage 2/Tier 2 standards. This is not all the advantages of the JS330 series crawler excavators.

Like other machines developed by JCB, the JS330 series offers increased productivity and is suitable for use in the most demanding conditions. When assembling special equipment, components from leading manufacturers are used, which guarantees a significant service life and resistance to adverse external factors.

Other advantages of JCB JS330 crawler excavators:

• High structural strength. The frame is made from particularly strong steel that is resistant to impact and deformation. The use of an X-shaped configuration significantly increases structural rigidity and prevents premature accumulation of damage. The machine's boom is reinforced with a solid bottom plate and a baffle system;
• Effective work. The Dieselmax engines installed on JCB JS330 crawler excavators have a power of 210 kW, which is approximately a quarter higher than that of competing brands. To mount attachments, a special quick-release carriage is used, which greatly simplifies the connection of additional tools. The hydraulic system has been modernized, which has reduced fuel consumption when idle;
• Comfort and protection. The cab of the JS330 series machines has increased visibility, which significantly increases safety and allows you to work in confined spaces. All controls are designed for easy access and precise bucket positioning. The presence of an advanced electronic system that controls hydraulics makes the operator’s work easier;
• Easy maintenance. All JCB JS330 crawler excavators have extended service intervals and require minimal maintenance. The oil life is 5,000 hours, and the boom and arm are lubricated no more than once every 1,000 hours. JCB engineers took care to ensure easy access to lubrication points, filters and main components. The hood has a pneumatic drive.

Sale of JCB JS330 crawler excavators in the LONMADI company

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The history of traffic rules began a very long time ago, long before the appearance of the first vehicles, almost with the advent of the first roads. To mark the route, primitive travelers broke branches and made marks on the bark of trees, and placed stones of a certain shape along the roads. The next step was to give the roadside structures a specific shape to make them stand out from the surrounding landscape. For this purpose, sculptures began to be placed along the roads. One of these sculptures - a Polovtsian woman - can be seen in the Kolomenskoye Museum-Reserve. After the emergence of writing, inscriptions began to be made on stones, usually writing the name of the settlement to which the road leads. The very first road signs appeared on Roman roads. The world's first road sign system originated in Ancient Rome in the 3rd century BC e. Along the most important roads The Romans erected cylindrical mileposts with the distance from the Roman Forum carved on them. Near the Temple of Saturn in the center of Rome there was a Golden Mile Pillar, from which all roads leading to all ends of the vast empire were measured.

APPEARANCE OF ROAD SIGNS IN EUROPE AND RUSSIA

Under the French minister Zulli and Cardinal Richelieu, regulations were issued according to which intersections of streets and roads should be marked with crosses, pillars or pyramids in order to make it easier for travelers to navigate. In Russia, the widespread distribution of road signs began much later, from the time of Peter I, who ordered by his decree “to put up mileposts painted and signed with numbers, to put up arms along the miles at intersections with an inscription where it lies.” Quite quickly, mileposts appeared on all the main roads of the state. Over time, this tradition has been constantly improved. Already in the 18th century. poles began to indicate the distance, the name of the area and the boundaries of possessions. Milestones began to be painted with black and white stripes, which ensured their better visibility at any time of the day.

MODERN ROAD SIGNS.

The first road signs in the modern sense appeared in 1903 in France. The impetus for revising the traffic warning system was the appearance of the first cars and, accordingly, accidents that inevitably happened here and there. The car was faster than a horse-drawn carriage, and in case of danger, the iron one simply could not brake as quickly as an ordinary horse. In addition, the horse is alive, it is able to react on its own without waiting for the coachman’s decision. However, accidents were quite rare, but they aroused enormous public interest precisely because they were rare. To calm the public, three road signs were installed on the streets of Paris: “steep descent”, “dangerous turn”, “rough road”. A road sign depicting the symbol “Steep descent ahead” first appeared in the mid-19th century on the mountain roads of Switzerland and Austria. The sign was depicted on roadside rocks and depicted a wheel or brake shoe used on carriages. Signs began to spread following the first automobile traffic rules, which could not provide for the entire variety of road situations. Road transport, naturally, developed not only in France, and each country thought about how to make road traffic safer. To discuss this problem, representatives European countries met in 1906 and developed the “International Convention Relating to the Movement of Motor Vehicles.” The convention prescribed the requirements for the car itself and the basic rules traffic, four road signs were also introduced: “rough road”, “winding road”, “intersection”, “intersection with railway”. The signs should have been installed 250 meters before the dangerous area. A little later, after the ratification of the convention, road signs appeared in Russia, and, characteristically, motorists did not pay attention to them. Despite the convention, each country began to come up with its own traffic signs, which is no wonder: four signs are not enough for all occasions. For example, Japan and China were limited to a couple of hieroglyphs that denoted some rule; European countries were deprived of the ability to express an entire rule with two written characters, so they came up with symbols and images. In the USSR, a little man crossing a pedestrian crossing was invented. Inside the country, everything was clear with the signs, but a person traveling abroad found himself in an unpleasant situation, where out of many signs two or three turned out to be familiar. To make life easier for drivers, in 1931 the “Convention for the Introduction of Uniformity and Signaling on Roads” was adopted in Geneva, which was signed by the USSR, most European countries and Japan. Although this did not lead to complete uniformity of road signs. For example, in pre-war times, two systems of road signs were in operation simultaneously: the European one, based on the same 1931 convention, and the Anglo-American one, in which inscriptions were used instead of symbols, and the signs themselves were square or rectangular.

HISTORY OF ROAD SIGNS IN RUSSIA.

In Russia, road signs began to appear in 1911. The magazine Avtomobilist No. 1, 1911 wrote on its pages: “The First Russian Automobile Club in Moscow, starting in the fall of this year, begins placing warning signs on the highways of the Moscow province. ... The drawings of warning signs are international, accepted everywhere in Western Europe.” To the International Convention on Roads and Motor Transport Soviet Union joined in 1959, and from January 1, 1961, unified traffic rules on city streets came into force, settlements and roads of the USSR. Along with the new rules, new road signs were introduced: the number of warning signs increased to 19, prohibitions - to 22, and directional signs - to 10. Signs indicating permitted directions of movement were highlighted in separate group prescriptive and received a blue background and symbols white in the form of cone-shaped arrows. Much in these signs is unusual for the modern driver. The sign “No driving without stopping” was shaped like a circle. yellow color with a red border with inscribed equilateral triangle top down, on which “Stop” was written in Russian. The sign could be used not only at intersections, but also on narrow sections of roads, where it was obligatory to give way to oncoming traffic. Operating since 1973 The signs are familiar to modern car enthusiasts. Warning and prohibition signs acquired a white background and a red border, the number of indicator signs increased from 10 to 26 due to the inclusion of various signs.

THE EMERGENCE OF ROAD TRAFFIC RULES.

The first attempts to regulate road traffic were made in Ancient Rome, where one-way traffic for chariots was introduced on some streets. Specially designated guards monitored the implementation of this rule. In our country, Peter the Great issued a decree on maintaining road safety, which regulated the movement of horses. For non-compliance with the rules, a person could be sent to hard labor. Since 1718, police officers began to be responsible for enforcing traffic rules. The first rules of the road sounded quite funny. For example, in Russia there was a requirement that a boy run in front of the car, loudly shouting to announce the approach of the carriage, so that respectable townspeople would not faint from horror when a monster appeared on the road moving at a nightmarish speed. Also, the rules ordered drivers to slow down and stop if their approach would cause anxiety in the horses. In England, a person with a red flag must walk in front of each steam stagecoach at a distance of 55 meters. When meeting carriages or riders, he must warn that a steam engine is following him. Also, drivers are strictly prohibited from frightening horses with whistles. Letting off steam from cars is allowed only if there are no horses on the road.

MODERN TRAFFIC RULES.

The first traffic rules for cars were introduced in France on August 14, 1893. In 1908, it was invented to issue white canes to the police, with which the police regulated traffic and showed the direction for drivers and pedestrians. In 1920, the first official traffic rules appeared: “On motor traffic in Moscow and its environs (rules).” These rules already thoroughly regulated many important issues. Mentioned and driver license, which the driver should have had. A speed limit was introduced, which could not be exceeded. Modern rules road traffic were introduced in our country in January 1961.

APPEARANCE OF THE FIRST TRAFFIC LIGHT.

The first traffic light appeared at the end of 1868 in London on the square near the English Parliament. It consisted of two gas lamps with red and green glasses. The device duplicated the signals of the traffic controller in the dark and thereby helped members of parliament to calmly cross the roadway. The author of the invention was engineer J.P. Knight. Unfortunately, his creation lasted only four weeks. A gas lamp exploded, injuring a policeman on duty near it. Only half a century later - on August 5, 1914 - new traffic lights were installed in the American city of Cleveland. They switched between red and green and emitted a warning beep. Since then, the triumphal procession of traffic lights around the world began; August 5 is celebrated as International Traffic Light Day. The first three-color traffic light appeared in 1918 in New York. After some time, their authority was recognized by motorists in Detroit and Michigan. The authors of the “three-eyed” were William Potts and John Harris. The traffic light returned overseas to Europe only in 1922. But not immediately to the city where they first started talking about him - to London. Traffic lights first appeared in France, in Paris at the intersection of Rue de Rivoli and Sevastopol Boulevard. And then in Germany, in the city of Hamburg on Stefanplatz Square. In the United Kingdom, the electric traffic controller appeared only in 1927 in the city of Wolverhampton. But the first traffic light in our country went into operation on January 15, 1930 at the corner of Nevsky and Liteiny Prospekts in Leningrad, and on December 30 of the same year at the corner of Petrovka and Kuznetsky Most in Moscow.

INTERESTING FACTS.

There are many funny incidents associated with traffic rules and signs. interesting facts. Let's dwell on only two of them: For example, the origin of the word “driver” is interesting: the first “self-propelled car” was intended for transporting guns and was a three-wheeled cart with a steam boiler. When the steam ran out, the machine stopped and the boiler had to be heated again. To do this, they lit a fire under it on the ground and waited for steam to form again. So, most of the time, drivers of the first cars heated a boiler and boiled water in it. Therefore, they began to be called chauffeurs, which translated from French means “stoker.” Another story is related to road signs. Today, in Russia alone, more than two and a half hundred road signs are used, covering almost all directions of traffic, and the system is constantly developing and improving. There were some funny moments: at some point, the “rough road” sign disappeared from the list, returning to service only in 1961. It is unknown why the sign disappeared; either the roads suddenly became smooth, or their condition was so sad that there was no point in issuing a warning.