Milyutin Nikolai Alekseevich peasant reform. Nikolai Alekseevich Milyutin. Nikolai Alekseevich Milyutin

Nikolai Alekseevich Milyutin(1818-1872) - Russian statesman, one of the main developers of the Peasant Reform of 1861; Privy Councilor (August 30, 1860), Senator (April 21, 1861), Secretary of State (January 1, 1864). Member of the State Council (January 1, 1865 - March 9, 1867).

Biography

Origin. Beginning of civil service

He came from a poor noble family. Son of Alexei Mikhailovich Milyutin (-) and Elizaveta Dmitrievna Kiseleva (-). He received his education at the Noble boarding school at Moscow University. In his youth and youth he was strongly influenced by his parents and uncle, Count P. D. Kiselyov.

He was appointed director of the economic department. In this post, he carried out large-scale work on a statistical survey of Russia, the results of which were published in a number of works published under his editorship in 1838-1864. (see below). Initiated a study of fair trade in the south (carried out by I. S. Aksakov), statistics, political institutions and finances of the Kingdom of Poland. The department actively collected data necessary for the development of peasant reform. Member of the Special Committee to discuss requests received from many provinces for the provision of various benefits and bonds on the occasion eastern war and crop failures (1856).

Developer of peasant reform

...the standing swamp swayed a little
You haven't slept for a minute.
If only the hot iron would not cool down,
You forged without looking back.

What will I do wrong and what will I not complete?
I thought they would fix it later.
You forged roughly, but with a skillful hand
It can be seen in everything to this day.

In 1856, Milyutin submitted a note “Preliminary thoughts on the structure of relations between landowners and peasants,” in which he proposed, referring to the reform carried out in Prussia, to release peasants with land plots for ransom.

In the second half of the 1850s. enters the circle of Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna, becomes close to Vel. book Konstantin Nikolaevich and Minister of Internal Affairs S.S. Lansky, after whose guarantee “as if for himself” he was appointed associate minister (1859) and became the head of work on preparing the peasant reform. Taking liberal and Slavophile positions, with the support of Vel. book Konstantin Nikolaevich, S.S. Lansky and Emperor Alexander II opposed the position of most of the provincial committees on peasant affairs. After the publication of the Manifesto on the liberation of peasants from serfdom, together with Count S.S. Lansky, he resigned. Appointed senator.

State Secretary for Polish Affairs

On August 31, 1863, at an audience with the Sovereign, he came up with a plan to pacify the Kingdom of Poland. As Secretary of State Imperial Majesty for special assignments, together with Yu. F. Samarin and Prince V. A. Cherkassky, he led the “pacification” of Poland; jointly developed a number of proposals approved by the emperor, including the Regulations of February 19, 1864, which allocated land to Polish peasants. Put into effect by the Imperial Decrees of February 19, 1864 on the organization of life of Polish peasants; on the organization of rural communes, on the liquidation commission, on the procedure for introducing new regulations.

The main features of the Milyutin-Samarin-Cherkassky reform were the transfer to the ownership of peasants of all the land they owned, the establishment of only one land tax, the permission to buy out easements only with the consent of the peasants, and the permission to transfer peasant land only to the peasants.

Having been appointed Secretary of State for Polish Affairs, together with the chief director of the government commission for internal affairs, Prince. V. A. Cherkassky and Y. A. Solovyov carry out reform, initiate a revision of the educational charter of 1862 and Velopolsky’s circulars, organize the publication of manuals for Russian Uniate schools, and prepare judicial reform. He pursues a sharp anti-papal policy: the secularization of Catholic monasteries with a reduction in the number of monks, the abolition of the patronage of large owners over churches, and seeks to limit the power of bishops over priests. In 1866, he sought a decision to abolish the concordat with the papal throne.

last years of life

According to contemporaries, he had an explosive character and was a difficult person to communicate with, for which he received the nickname “red”. Based on the nature of his activities, as well as the circle of his friends and associates, he was a Slavophile by conviction.

Family

Wife - Maria Aggeevna Abaza (-), children: Yuri (-) and Praskovya (Polina) (1857-1929), Maria (1858-not earlier than 1897), Elena (1864-1941).

On January 26, 1872, Milyutin died. He was buried in Moscow at the Novodevichy Convent cemetery. On February 7, 1872, his widow was given a pension of 5,000 rubles a year, and his daughters were entitled to a maintenance of 2,000 rubles a year until marriage.

Proceedings

• Social structure and urban economy. (2 vols.) - 1838, 1858.
• Extract from the set of materials on “Government Statistics of Russia” - “The number of urban and agricultural settlements in Russia” (in the “Collection of statistical information about Russia” (1851, book 1))
• Essay on the Nizhny Novgorod fair. - 1858.
• Bank debts and the position of provinces in 1856 - 1859.
• Information about orders of public charity. - 1860.
• Information on prices for lands sold at public auction from January 1, 1854 to January 1, 1859 - St. Petersburg, 1859.
• Information on prices for empty land on free sale from 1856 to 1858. - St. Petersburg, 1860.
• Research in the Kingdom of Poland. - 1863 - 64.

see also

Notes

Literature

1. N. A. Milyutin. Obituaries. - M., 1873.
2. Anatole Leroy-Beaulieu “Un homme d’etat russe.” - Paris, 1884.
3. N. A. Milyutin. - “Russian Antiquity”, 1880, 1.
4. Shcherbalsky P. N. A. Milyutin and peasant reform in Poland. - “Russian Bulletin”, 1882, 10-12, department, Moscow, 1883.
5. The main figures in the liberation of peasants. Ed. S. A. Vengerova. - St. Petersburg, 1903.
6. Kizewetter, in the collection “Liberation of the Peasants. Reform figures." - M., 1911.
7. D. N. Shilov. Members of the State Council of the Russian Empire 1801-1906. SPb., 2007, pp. 497-501.

Links

• // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional ones). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.

Categories:

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• Born in 1818
• Born in Moscow
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• Died in 1872
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• Reforms of Alexander II
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• Buried at Novodevichy Cemetery
• Politicians of the Kingdom of Poland

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He came from a poor noble family. He received his education at the Noble boarding school at Moscow University. In his youth and youth he was strongly influenced by his parents and uncle, Count P. D. Kiselyov.

In 1835 he entered service in the Ministry of Internal Affairs. In 1840 he attracted attention with a note about famine; on behalf of the Minister Count A.G. Stroganov, he developed the issue of railway construction. In 1842, he headed the city branch of the economic department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, developed a new city regulation, introduced in St. Petersburg, Moscow and Odessa. He took an active part in the work of the Department of Statistics and the Council of the Russian Geographical Society (1852-1854).

He was appointed director of the economic department. In this post, he carried out large-scale work on a statistical survey of Russia, the results of which were published in a number of works published under his editorship in 1838-1864. (see below). Initiated a study of fair trade in the south (carried out by I. S. Aksakov), statistics, political institutions and finances of the Kingdom of Poland. The department actively collected data necessary for the development of peasant reform. Member of the Special Committee to discuss petitions received from many provinces for the provision of various benefits and bonds on the occasion of the Eastern War and crop failures (1856).

Developer of peasant reform

Milyutin Nikolai Alekseevich In the mid-1850s. submitted a note “Preliminary thoughts on the structure of relations between landowners and peasants,” in which he proposed, referring to the reform carried out in Prussia, to release peasants with land plots for a ransom.

In the second half of the 1850s. enters the circle of Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna, becomes close to Vel. book Konstantin Nikolaevich and the Minister of Internal Affairs S.S. Lansky, after whose guarantee “as if for himself” he was appointed associate minister (1859) and became the head of the work on preparing the peasant reform. Taking liberal and Slavophile positions, with the support of Vel. book Konstantin Nikolaevich, S.S. Lansky and Emperor Alexander II opposed the position of most of the provincial committees on peasant affairs. After the publication of the Manifesto on the liberation of peasants from serfdom, together with Count S.S. Lansky, he resigned. Appointed senator.

State Secretary for Polish Affairs

On August 31, 1863, at an audience with the Emperor, he came up with a plan to pacify Poland. As State Secretary of His Imperial Majesty for special assignments, together with Yu. F. Samarin and Prince V. A. Cherkassky led the pacification of Poland; jointly developed a number of proposals approved by the emperor, including the Regulations of February 19, 1864, which allocated land to Polish peasants. Put into effect by the Imperial Decrees of February 19, 1864 on the organization of life of Polish peasants; on the organization of rural communes, on the liquidation commission, on the procedure for introducing new regulations.

The main features of the Milyutin-Samarin-Cherkassky reform were the transfer to the ownership of peasants of all the land they owned, the establishment of only one land tax, the permission to buy out easements only with the consent of the peasants, and the permission to transfer peasant land only to the peasants.

Having been appointed Secretary of State for Polish Affairs, together with the chief director of the government commission for internal affairs, Prince. V. A. Cherkassky and Y. A. Solovyov carry out reform, initiate a revision of the educational charter of 1862 and Velopolsky’s circulars, organize the publication of manuals for Russian Uniate schools, and prepare judicial reform. He pursues a sharp anti-papal policy: the secularization of Catholic monasteries with a reduction in the number of monks, the abolition of the patronage of large owners over churches, and seeks to limit the power of bishops over priests. In 1866, he sought a decision to abolish the concordat with the papal throne.

Best of the day

Privy Councilor. Member of the State Council since 1865

last years of life

In December 1866, after a meeting with the State Chancellor, he fell seriously ill and was forced to leave government activities. In 1867 he retired due to illness.

For three years he lived abroad, two years in Moscow. He died surrounded by the care of loved ones and public respect.

According to contemporaries, he had an explosive character and was a difficult person to communicate with, for which he received the nickname “red”. Based on the nature of his activities, as well as the circle of his friends and associates, he was a Slavophile by conviction.

Family

Wife - Maria Aggeevna Abaza (1834-1903), children: Yuri (1856-1912) and Praskovya.

Milyutin(Nikolai Alekseevich) - famous statesman of the era of reforms, brother of D. A. Milyutin; born 1818; received his education at a noble boarding school at Moscow University, in 1835 he entered the service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, where, thanks to his exceptionally gifted nature and stable family influences, he was able to assimilate only good side the harsh bureaucratic school into which he found himself so early. He himself spoke about the beneficial influence of his parents on him (cf. F. Timiryazev’s article in the “Russian Archive” for 1872); There is also undoubtedly the strong influence of his uncle, Count P. D. Kiselev (see), with whom he was later very close.

While still young, M. was noticed, and he was entrusted with important matters. When he was 22 years old, Minister A.G. Stroganov drew attention to his note about the famine and instructed him to write a note about the first assumptions about railways in Russia. In 1842, he was entrusted with the city department of the economic department, which was then to introduce more correct principles into the management of cities and their economy. Here he drew up city regulations, introduced first in St. Petersburg, then in Moscow and Odessa, remarkable for the principles of self-government carried out in it. In 1852-54. M. took an active part in meetings of the statistics department and the council of the Russian Geographical Society. In general, M. always took very active care of the collection and processing of statistical information about Russia, both as director of the economic department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and during his studies on peasant affairs. Under his direct leadership, the first 2 volumes of “Urban Settlements in Russia” and information about the economy of cities from 1838 to 1858, under the title “Social structure and economy of cities,” were published. In 1850, the economic department compiled an extensive set of materials on “Government Statistics of Russia”, an extract from which, written by M., under the title “The number of urban and agricultural settlements in Russia”, was published in the “Collection of statistical information about Russia” (1851 , book 1). Realizing the need for comprehensive and accurate statistical research on the population of each province, for this purpose he compiled detailed instructions for statistical expeditions sent to the provinces from the Ministry of Internal Affairs (published in the “Bulletin of the Geographical Society”). Other statistical works by M.: “Essay on the Nizhny Novgorod Fair” (1858), “Bank debts and the situation of the provinces in 1856.” (1859), “Information on orders of public charity” (1860). On his instructions, a study of fair trade in the south was undertaken, entrusted to I. S. Aksakov. In connection with the case of the liberation of the peasants, on M.’s initiative, “Information on the prices of lands sold at public auction from January 1, 1854 to January 1, 1859” was collected and published. (SPb., 1859) and “Information on prices for empty lands on free sale from 1856 to 1858.” (SPb., 1860). Under his leadership, an extensive work was completed, covering statistics, political institutions and finance and entitled: “Research in the Kingdom of Poland” (1863-64). In 1856, M. took part in the sessions of a special committee to discuss petitions received from many provinces for the provision of various benefits and relief on the occasion of the Eastern War and crop failures. At the same time, his participation in the cause of peasant reform began. Advocate of broad self-government and independence of the peasant community, M. had many opponents who were afraid of introducing precisely these opinions into the cause of reform; He was also presented to the sovereign as a dangerous man. But he had strong support in the Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna, in the circle of young dignitaries who were already approaching the first steps of the hierarchical ladder, especially in Lansky, who vouched for him to the sovereign as “for himself.” Appointed in 1859 as Deputy Minister of the Interior, M. became the head of all work on the peasant issue; He spent all this time in the struggle against those claims that were expressed in the opinions of the majority of provincial committees on peasant affairs (for details, see Peasants). However, it was not possible to implement the M. reform developed through his labors. 5 weeks after the manifesto on February 19, Count S.S. Lanskoy left his post; M., who was appointed senator, also left with him.

He spent about two years out of work, mostly abroad, until the Polish uprising of 1863 reminded him. At an audience with the Tsar on August 31, 1863, he had the opportunity to express his idea of ​​​​pacifying Poland through peasant reform. Soon after this, as Secretary of State of His Imperial Majesty for special assignments assigned by the Highest, he went to the Kingdom of Poland to familiarize himself with the state of affairs; he took with him his old assistants, Samarin and Prince Cherkassky, and they enthusiastically began studying the peasant question in Poland, which for M. himself presented enormous difficulties, since he was not familiar with Polish language. Nevertheless, he managed to become sufficiently familiar with general position affairs in Warsaw and check your conclusions with personal observations in the country. M. presented the Emperor with a detailed note on Polish affairs: all his plans were approved. Just as the Russian reforms were based on the Regulations of February 19, 1861, the starting point for the Polish reforms was to be the Peasant Regulations, which Milyutin took up first of all: here he was not constrained by the need for concessions and could more firmly ensure an improvement in the life of the peasants. On February 19, 1864, the Highest Decree on the organization of life of Polish peasants was issued, along with decrees on the organization of rural communes, on the liquidation commission, and on the procedure for introducing new regulations (P.S.Z., II, 40609-12). The main features of the Regulations were: the transfer to the ownership of peasants of all the land they owned, the establishment of only one land tax, the permission to buy out easements only with the consent of the peasants, the permission to transfer peasant land only to the peasants. The entire composition of the administration was gradually changed. M. placed Prince V. A. Cherkassky at the head of Polish internal affairs, and Ya. A. Solovyov at the head of the peasant affairs proper; he himself, appointed Secretary of State for Polish Affairs, remained in St. Petersburg. the main leader of the entire business, often going to Warsaw. On his initiative, a detailed revision of the educational charter of 1862 was undertaken. and all Wielopolsky’s circulars, benefits for Russian Uniate schools began to be issued, and judicial reform was being prepared. The 150 commissioners he called received the most precise instructions from him; he even taught them something like public courses. In church affairs he was an unconditional opponent of the agreement with Rome; not only the secularization of monasteries with a reduction in the number of monks, not only the abolition of the patronage of large property owners over churches were the result of his views, but he also tried to limit the power of bishops over priests. In December 1866, the State Chancellor held a meeting on the issue of a concordat with Rome. After several hours of heated discussion of this issue, which M. dealt with for a long time, without knowing peace or rest, he had the good fortune to see his work awarded the Highest approval; the abolition of the concordat with the papal throne was decided. Upon returning from this meeting, M. was struck by a nervous attack and had to abandon government activities. After that, he lived for three years abroad and two years in Moscow, surrounded by the care of loved ones and public respect. On January 26, 1872 he died.

Both the news of his illness in 1866 and the news of his death in 1872 made a strong impression in Russian society. “The honest blacksmith-citizen,” as Nekrasov called him, inextricably linked his name with the great cause of peasant reform, with the beginning of Russian city and zemstvo self-government and with the radical transformation of the entire system of life in the former Kingdom of Poland. For a decade and a half, he was the head and soul of a close circle of faithful servants of the cause of liberation; all the intrigues, all the efforts to slow down the good deed fell mainly on his head. What was needed was his iron will, ardent dedication to the cause, incorruptible honesty, as well as his mind, clear, lively and resourceful, in order to withstand such a struggle and not fall under the pressure of hostile forces. As a person, he tied to himself everyone who knew him closely with his sincerity and kindness; Rarely has a statesman had so many devoted admirers and friends. When everyone complained about the lack of strength, he only had to shout a cry - and dozens of employees would gather around him. His speech was unusually fascinating and electrified the audience. He had the rare ability to immediately grasp the essence of a matter, understand its practical situation at a given moment and lead it in the midst of the most difficult circumstances.

Wed. "N. A. Milyutin. Obituaries" (Moscow, 1873); Anatole Leroy-Beaulieu, “Un homme d’etat russe” (P., 1884); "H. A. M." (“Russian Antiquity”, 1880, 1); V. Yakushkin, “On the history of peasant affairs in Russia” (“Russian Vedomosti”, 1889, No. 50); P. Shchebalsky, “N. A.M. and peasant reform in Poland” (“Russian Bulletin”, 1882, 10-12; department, M., 1883).

MILYUTIN, NIKOLAY ALEXEEVICH(1818–1872), Russian statesman whose name is associated with the major reforms of the 1860s, especially the emancipation of the peasants.

Born on August 30, 1818 into a noble family. His brothers, Vladimir, historian and professor of Russian state law, and Dmitry, Field Marshal, member state council, left a noticeable mark on the history of Russia.

He was brought up in a noble boarding school at Moscow University. He entered the service in the economic department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, where affairs on urban management, orders for public charity and food were then concentrated. In 1842, he was entrusted with organizing a special city department in the economic department, which had the task of introducing more effective principles for managing cities. and their farming. The new city regulations for St. Petersburg, drawn up with the participation and leadership of Milyutin, were put into effect in 1846. This regulation, in which the beginnings of self-government were first introduced in the city, which always found a constant and energetic advocate in the person of N.A. Milyutin, served subsequently a model for transforming the organization and management of the economy of other cities of the empire.

In 1852–1854, Milyutin, as a member of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society, took an active part in the meetings of the statistics department. In general, he considered the collection of statistical data and their processing to be the key to successful administration.

In 1856, P.A. Milyutin took part in the affairs of a special committee established at that time to discuss petitions for various general benefits and relief in the payment of government and bank debts resulting from the Eastern War and a number of lean years. At the same time he began to participate in preparatory work over peasant reform. His ideas and activities even then aroused the hatred of reactionaries and people who wanted to slow down the reform, but thanks to the intercession of Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich and his aunt, Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna, Milyutin retained his post. The emperor himself spoke of him as a “red” man who should be watched. To the Minister of Internal Affairs S.S. Lansky he directly said that it was a dangerous person and demanded from Lansky guarantees of his reliability. Lanskoy vouched for Milyutin, assuring the sovereign that he could answer for him as for himself.

In 1859, Milyutin took the post of Comrade Minister of Internal Affairs and devoted himself entirely to peasant reform. Under his influence, a real legislative commission was created under the modest name of the Editorial Commission, which became the main lever in the further movement. The commission worked from March 1859 to October 1860 and during this period accomplished work of incredible size and difficulty, considering all the projects of provincial committees and a lot of private projects and notes. Milyutin's importance was especially pronounced when, after the death of Ya.I. Rostovtsev, Chairman of the Editorial Commission, Count V.N. Panin was appointed. It was perceived by many as a curtailment of activities to liberate the peasants. However, the hopes of the serf owners, who dreamed of cardinal concessions in their favor, were not destined to come true. Panin’s energy made it possible to defend the basic provisions adopted by the commission on peasant land ownership in the form of indefinite use of land and public self-government of peasants. However, the hatred and slander of the serf owners only intensified from the success of the business. In implementation legislative act On February 19, Milyutin did not participate; in April 1861, under the influence of the reactionary party, both Lansky and Milyutin, who was appointed senator, resigned.

Milyutin went abroad, where he lived for two years. In 1863, when a rebellion broke out in Poland, Milyutin was personally summoned by Alexander II to St. Petersburg and sent to Poland to carry out a number of reforms. He was appointed head of the office of the Kingdom of Poland. On February 19, 1864, a decree of Alexander II followed On the procedure for enacting new regulations on peasants and at the same time a founding committee was organized, in which the main place was occupied by Milyutin and his friend and like-minded Prince Cherkassky, and the members were Y. Solovyov, Y. Samarin and others.

Regulations on the arrangement of peasants in Poland received the highest approval according to Milyutin's projects. This reform was carried out on the same main principles as the peasant reform of 1861 with some changes. Later appointed to the post of Secretary of State for the Affairs of the Kingdom of Poland, Milyutin led the matter of further merging the latter with Russian Empire. He undertook a thorough revision of the educational charter of 1862 and reorganized the educational process, prepared judicial reform, and defended the idea of ​​​​an agreement with the Pope. When, after a meeting where Milyutin managed to insist on the abolition of the concordat with Rome, he returned home, he was struck by a nervous blow. Milyutin stayed abroad for three years, then returned to Moscow and lived here for another two years. He died on January 26 (February 7), 1872 in Moscow.

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