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Dashes in incomplete sentences examples from literature. Dash in an incomplete sentence Russian language lesson in 11th grade on the topic "Dash in
incomplete sentence
. Connecting dash. Intonation dash. "
Topic: Dash in an incomplete sentence. Connecting dash. Intonation dash. (2 hours)
Goals: repeat the conditions for placing a dash between the subject and the predicate; remember when to put a dash in an incomplete sentence; give the concept of a connecting, intonation dash; formation of punctuation skills; education of linguistic sense.
X
lesson od
– 1. Organizational moment. Topic and objectives of the lesson.
The topic of our lesson is “Dashes in a simple sentence.” We will recall in our memory the conditions for placing a dash between the subject and the predicate. Write down a sentence for analysis. Think about the composition of the sentence; find the subject and predicate in it, pay attention to the ways of expressing them; explain the placement of the dash.(This is a simple sentence, the subject and predicate are expressed indefinite form verb. Under this condition, a dash is placed between the subject and the predicate; V
– oral speech
- marked with a pause.)
Consider Table 1, analyze the examples and remember: when else in a simple sentence is a dash placed between the subject and the predicate?Table 1.a) A book is a monument to minds gone into eternity.(Devenant)
b) To love reading is to exchange hours of boredom, inevitable in life, for hours of great pleasure.(C. Montesquieu)
c) Choosing books for your own and others’ reading is not only a science, but also an art.(N. Rubakin)
d) Task number one is to understand yourself.
(N. Amosov)
a) Five six is thirty.
b) One thousand six hundred and twenty meters is the depth of Lake Baikal.
– c) The area of the Earth is one hundred and fifty million square kilometers.
Mayakovsky is the first violin among the futurists.
Look at the table again and say: which of the given cases of placing a dash are most common?
– What is the function of the dash in these sentences?
(The function of the dash between the subject and the predicate in simple sentences is to indicate the zero word form: the dash is placed in place of the zero connective.)
– How is the zero connective marked in oral speech?
(In oral speech, the zero connective is marked by a pause.)
– But the zero connective is not indicated by a dash in all cases.
comparative unionsThe lake is like the sea.
Yesenin is undoubtedly an amazing folk talent.
The expense of friendship is not a hindrance.
1) In textbooks, a negative rule for this provision is not formulated. In the 11th grade, we can say that there are sentences with a dash according to this scheme, but they are extremely rare.
2) This rule does not apply to sentences in which the predicate is expressed by an infinitive. For example:Living life is not a field to cross .
Blok is a role model for young poets.
– And pay attention to table 3 “Note”. Here are cases where a dash between the subject and the predicate at the place of the zero connective may or may not be present. This will depend on whether the logical stress falls on one of the main terms or not. Remember such cases using the recording.
Table 3.
This - best work poet.Understanding poetry is damn hard.
I'am a teacher.
– The predicate may contain demonstrative wordsthis, this, this means, this means . In this case, a dash is placed before the named words. For example: 1) To love a book means to understand it.(V. Lidin) 2) Reading is the best teaching. (A. Pushkin)
Dash before particleThis can also be used in sentences that do not have a complete combination of conditions for the use of this sign. For example:Completing work on time is very important .
Connecting dash.
1. A dash is placed between two or more words to indicate limits ("from to" ):
A)spatial:
Non-stop flight Moscow - Khabarovsk.
Through this village it was possible to access the big route Uralsk - Lbischensk - Sakharnaya - Guryev (D. Furmanov.);
b) temporary :
Crusades XI-XIII centuries.
The theater's repertoire for January - March;
V)quantitative:
The manuscript contains ten to twelve author's sheets.
Cargo weighing 300-350 tons.
If between two adjacent numerals it is possible to insert non-words according to their meaningfrom to , and the wordor , then they are connected by a hyphen:
He will be on a business trip for five to six days. (But with a digital designation there is a dash: ... 5-6 days.)
2. A dash is placed between two or more proper names, the totality of which is called a doctrine, scientific institution, etc.:
Boyle's physical law - Mariotte; Match Karpov - Kasparov; Match "Spartak" - "Torpedo".
3. A dash is placed between individual words to show intercom between them:
The congress of the International Union of Architects, held under the motto “Architecture - People - environment».
Observations on the use of punctuation marks in a literary text, analysis of the punctuation system of a particular author help not only to penetrate deeper into the semantic fabric of the text, but also to determine the aesthetic views of the writer. It is known that almost every person has his own favorite way of constructing a text, selecting linguistic structures, and formatting a statement using a certain set and arrangement of punctuation marks. This is partly the basis for identifying the individual author’s characteristics of a particular master.
Watching how a master of words worked is not only very interesting, but also practically useful, as it teaches the reader to thoughtfully work on the word, in which there are no and cannot be trifles.
For example, let us turn to the individual author's punctuation in the works of M. Tsvetaeva - this phenomenon is quite complex, diverse and heterogeneous. The early Tsvetaeva is characterized by spontaneity, lyricism, and smoothness, which is reflected in punctuation; such punctuation can be called “calm”: as a rule, in early works we will not find deviations from the norm. Unregulated punctuation marks are used extremely rarely; the comma is most often used.
Tsvetaeva, a mature master, is characterized by elasticity and tension in the verse, the verse seems to be bursting out, reflecting the state inner world, author's confusion. And the punctuation becomes different.
Tsvetaeva has her own perception, understanding of punctuation marks, and her own attitude towards them:
“What are quotation marks? A sign of one’s non-involvement with a given word or combination of words. Emphasized alienness to their generally accepted interpretation. A sign of one’s superiority over the person who simply utters them, without quotes. The quotation marks are irony. The same thing, “so-called pity.” “So-called” - not so called by me, not called so by me, what I call - weakness (or stupidity).
… I read these poems in reverse: without quotation marks, and I don’t feel any stencil behind their truth at all. Read them without quotes yourself - and you will see the human heart, eternal. The simple painful truth of them! destroys the stencil, these words sound here again, completely without quotation marks. (How I would like them to be written like that, and how they are written like that inside!)” (From a letter to A. Steiger.)
Any punctuation mark can be stylistically significant, but only in context. According to researchers, Tsvetaeva’s most active and multifunctional is the dash. Tsvetaeva’s dash can be rhythmic and melodic; a dash can be used to express hard pauses, syllable emphasis, etc.
Compare:
A den for the beast,
The way for the wanderer,
For the dead - drogues,
To each his own.
It is for a woman to be disingenuous.
The king is to rule,
I need to praise
Your name.
( Poems to Blok .)
Tsvetaeva often uses dashes to create an antithesis.
Emphatic dash:
A day is not enough for you,
Solar fire!
(Insomnia.)
The emphatic dash is used by Tsvetaeva instead of the most typical, familiar, normative hyphen:
Along the avenue of sighs -
Dragging to the post -
Telegraph: lu-yu-blue...
(Wires.)
Finally, at the junction of morphemes, a dash can only perform a rhythmic, or more precisely, a rhythmic-melodic function:
For the fugitive
Send me a garden:
Without a face,
Without a soul!
(Garden.)
Tsvetaeva’s punctuation marks are significant; they, in combination with other figurative and expressive means, create that unique flavor, that unique sound, which attracts readers to M. Tsvetaeva’s poems.
Training exercises:
The purpose of art is to condensedly convey the beauty dissolved in the world.
Life is like a play: what matters is not whether it is long or not, but whether it is well played.
The obscurity of a word is an invariable sign of the obscurity of thought.
Brevity is the soul of wit.
I am a forced person.
Each person is a world that is born with him and dies with him.
The house is empty and quiet.
Thirteen is an unlucky number.
Poverty is not a vice.
Birds are strong with their wings, and people are strong with friendship.
Answer the questions. Choose relevant examples.
A dash is added if:
before the predicate, which is expressed by a noun, there is a particleNOT ?______
between the predicate and the subject, expressed by the indefinite form of the verb or a noun in the nominative case, there are wordsthis is what it means ?____
the subject is expressed by a personal pronoun (I, you ), and the predicate is expressed by a noun?____
before the predicate there is a verb - copulaThere is ?____
Is a predicate missing in an incomplete sentence?_____
Children are afraid of the dark, and adults are afraid of the light.
A clear conscience is the best pillow.
You are the light in my window.
A man is not a machine.
Freedom is the right to respect your personality.
Indicate the numbers of sentences whose grammatical basis corresponds to the following schemes:
Noun + noun:_____________
Inf. + info:______________
Noun + info:______________
Inf. + noun:______________
Humor is a great strength.
Lying is the lot of slaves.
Poetry is the same prey.
To live in this world means to fight and win.
The job of an artist is to create joy.
Fairy tale - embodied in poetic form a person's dream of beauty.
To survive until the morning is our task.
Protecting nature means protecting our homeland.
Imitating someone else's style is like wearing a mask.
A sharp tongue is a gift, long tongue- punishment.
An excellent position is to be a human being on earth.
Indicate the sentences in which a dash is placed in the blank space.
Education is the acquisition of good habits.
Imagination is not an escape into a world of fiction.
The best way to make children good is to make them happy.
Time is a great teacher.
The river is leisurely and solemn.
Someone craves victory and glory, he craves only struggle.
The poet is the means of existence of language.
Ingratitude is a kind of weakness.
The ideas in his head are like children playing by the lake.
To truly know something means to know its reasons.
The main thing is to learn to understand the heart of another.
Having relaxed, reclining, you can only listen to light music, but symphonic music is difficult.
The best way to find a friend is to come to the person's aid.
Knowing about hunger and feeling hungry are not the same thing.
A big man thinks about the whole earth, a small man only about his family.
5. Results.
The dash as a punctuation mark is very expressive. Its semantic, syntactic, intonation functions, graphic expressiveness, and the ability to express the rhythm and melody of speech are widely used by writers and poets.(L. Makurina) Quite often one can observe a conscious deviation from the rules in some wordsmiths: wordsmiths use the “dash” sign as a stylistic device.
6. Homework.
1) Write down the text, solving spelling problems and arranging punctuation marks. Emphasize grammatical basics in sentences with zero connectives between subject and predicate; indicate how the subject and predicate are expressed . (The text is copied for each student.)
Fires and fires cause irreparable harm to native people and people's health.<...>
Due to the annual (s, h) raking and burning of leaves and dry grass, the soil loses its humus, becomes (s, h) thicker and without (s, h) fruit. After all, the bedding from fallen leaves and shoots is an excellent organic fertilizer, which both (s, h) fertilizes growing trees, shrubs and herbs with nutrient substances. Fallen leaves are not garbage, as many people think, but fertilizer. When burned, it literally pours into the air.
Burning weed is a big problem for the inhabitants of the “weed jungle” of plants and animals. Our frogs, the clutches of birds nesting on the ground, perish in the fire. The rhizomes of the plants burn their seeds without ever getting into the ground.
And how much smoke and harmful gases enter the atmosphere at this time, polluting it.<...>
Burning the leaves causes great harm to the environment and people. It is better to bury them in the ground or prepare compost for subsequent application as fertilizer.
(M. Shiplov)
2) Review the topic “Punctuation marks in incomplete sentences” .
A dash in an incomplete sentence is placed:
- in the presence of a pause in elliptical sentences (independently used sentences with an absent predicate): In front of me is a space in pure form(I. Brodsky); To Him is my sigh, to Him is my sleep (3. Gippius). In the absence of a pause, a dash is not placed: Young men think about the future, old men about the past (Proverb); I'm going to the hotel now (A.N. Tolstoy); Mozart and Salieri at the table (A. Pushkin) (this is how stage directions in plays are usually formatted);
- in elliptical sentences of a special structure, the basis of which is formed by two nouns - in the dative and accusative cases, without subject and predicate, with a clear intonational division into parts: To the Motherland - our inspired work; Every person has a basic education;
- in an incomplete sentence forming part complex sentence, when the missing member is restored from the previous part of the phrase and a pause is made at the place of the omission: Learn courage from a scout, caution from a sapper (Proverb); To the north of the Oka stretches a wooded and swampy lowland, to the south are the long-inhabited Ryazan lands (K. Paustovsky); The gaze gets stuck in the window, like a leaf in a fence (I. Brodsky). The dash also compensates for the missing link: My every step is burns and cuts (3. Gippius); The night was cloudy, the river was black (M. Gorky). If there is no pause, a dash is not placed: Alyosha looked at them, and they looked at him (F. Dostoevsky);
- in similarly constructed parts of a complex sentence when any member is omitted or even without omission: Money disappears, work remains (M. Gorky); The journey is over, and the time has come for some to go home, for others to collect and dry their kayaks.
- to indicate the location of disintegration simple sentence into verbal groups in order to clarify or emphasize the semantic relationships between the members of the sentence: But separating the pure from the unclean is not our right, believe me (I. Brodsky); I ask you: do workers need to be paid?;
- between members of a sentence to express surprise: A few minutes later the chains rattled, the doors opened and Shvabrin (A. Pushkin) walked in.
- spatial: plane Moscow-Delhi; train St. Petersburg-Prague-Brussels;
- temporary: works of art of the XV-XVI centuries; Christmas holidays in December-January;
- quantitative: lend me one hundred or two hundred rubles (the same in numbers: 100-200).
A connecting dash is also placed between two or more proper names, the totality of which is called a doctrine, scientific institution, etc.: the Boyle-Mariotte physical law, the Dynamo-Shakhtar football match.
1. A dash is placed when there is a pause in the so-called elliptical sentences (independently used sentences with missing predicate):To the left, in the corner, by the door, on a stool - a bucket of water for those who are thirsty(Room.); Behind the gate is the third parade ground, a parade ground of extraordinary size.(Cupr.); Men - for axes...(A.T.); And is this you in front of your daughter?(Fed.); And at the door - pea coats, overcoats, sheepskin coats...(M.); There is fog outside the night window(Bl.); The Olympic flame is on our land!(Gas.); The role of the offended is played by small children; And then - a moment of silence; Watermelons and melons are mountains; Cows - two; In response - complete silence; Ahead is A. Karpov.
In the absence of a pause, a dash is not placed in an elliptical sentence: And in the house there is knocking, walking...(Gr.); Suddenly there is a deep pothole in front of me(L.); The creaking of footsteps along the white streets, lights in the distance(Fet); Khokhla is on fire! (M.G.); Revolver on the table!(K.T.); On the right is the door to the next room, on the left is the exit to the terrace(this is how stage directions are formatted in plays); That's the whole point.
2. A dash is placed in incomplete sentences when there is parallelism of constructions (sentences or parts of a sentence): Terkin - further. The author follows(TV); There is no fence. There is no gate. There are no boundaries. In front of the house there is a flower garden and a fence, behind there is a square courtyard strewn with fresh sand.(Cat.); Her [literature] beauty is in truth, its main meaning is in truth(Cor.); There are curious people in all the windows, boys on the roofs(A.T.); Instead of bread - a stone, instead of teaching - a mallet(S.‑Sh.); Here - ravines, further - steppes, even further - desert, at the other end - forests, swamps, moss(Fed.); And above this plow - all the dreams, and under this plow - the whole earth, and the soul - as in the first moment of a meeting, and the soul - like the sail of a ship(Bl.); Oh, I want to live madly, to perpetuate everything that exists, to personify the impersonal, to embody the unfulfilled!(Bl.); Milk soup for the first course, pancakes with cottage cheese for the second.
3. A dash is placed in incomplete sentences of a special structure, the basis of which is formed by two nouns- in the forms of the dative and accusative cases, without a subject and predicate, with a clear intonation division into two parts: Skiers have a good base; To the masses - culture; For youth - education. Typically, such sentences are used as slogans and newspaper headlines.
4. A dash is placed in dissected (two-term) headings, which are incomplete verbless sentences in which there are words with the meaning of the subject/object of the action, circumstances (answer the questions: “who - what?”, “who - where?”, “what - where?", "what - how?", "what - where?" etc.):Masters of Arts - Youth; Tourism is for everyone; The squads are on their way; Heroes are nearby; Cares and joys - in half; New books are in great demand.
5. A dash is placed in an incomplete sentence, forming part of a complex sentence, when the missing member (usually the predicate) is restored from the previous part of the phrase and a pause is made at the place of the omission: Yermolai shot, as always, victoriously; I'm pretty bad(T.); Outside the window of the carriage a hummocky plain floated, bushes ran, distant ones - slowly, near ones - in a race.(A.T.); The voices of the officers became louder every minute, the words became sharper, the arguments became more irreconcilable.(Goal.); The world is illuminated by the sun, and man is illuminated by knowledge(Seq.); Pick up a few more examples, which ones don’t matter; In his eyes - how to get rid of me as quickly as possible; Now I understand why everyone is attracted to him - his inflexibility; We got down to business cheerfully, they even enthusiastically; It was difficult to establish which of them was right and which was wrong.(cf. without an auxiliary verb: It was difficult to determine who was right and who was wrong);Some voted for the proposed resolution, while others, on the contrary, voted against it.(cf.: Some voted for, others against);It was dangerous to go further through the quagmire, and it was also dangerous to stay; Only steel alloys can withstand this temperature, and among light metals only titanium alloys; There was a lot of construction work ahead, and most importantly, the construction of a water pipeline; You have been here for a long time, and I have only been here for a few days; Some work, pursuing their business as common to everyone, others - trying to benefit only for themselves; Passengers... were stuffing suitcases, bags, packages, carrying pillows, some to lie with their heads away from the window, some to lie with their heads towards the window(Rose); The pockets were double: the inner one was made of linen, the outer one was made of gray calico(South.); One sodium atom replaces one hydrogen atom, one zinc atom replaces two hydrogen atoms, and one aluminum atom replaces three hydrogen atoms.
If there is no pause at the place where the clause is missing, a dash is not placed: Yegorushka looked at him for a long time, and he looked at Yegorushka(Ch.); From of our battery, only Solyony will go on a barge, but we will go with the combat unit(Ch.); Alyosha looked at them, and they looked at him(Adv.); A thief has one sin, but the owner and I have ten.(Acute); ...You do long things, and I do short ones(Leon.).
6. A dash is placed in similarly constructed parts of a complex sentence when any member is omitted (sometimes without omission): They looked at each other: Raisky - with cold curiosity, she - with daring triumph(Gonch.); There has been such a girl in everyone's life. One met his in the laboratory, another - in the radio room, the third - in a geological party, the fourth - at sea, the fifth - in the sky, at the intersection of air roads(Hump.); Witnesses spoke in the hall - hastily, in discolored voices, judges - reluctantly and indifferently(M.G.).
1. Dash is placed between the subject and the predicate in the absence of a connective, if both main members of the sentence are expressed by nouns in the form nominative case: Lonelinessin creativity - difficultthing(Ch.); Nextstation - Mytishchi;Moscowgames- beautifulacademysports creativity(gas.).
Usually, dash put:
1) in sentences that have the nature of a logical definition: Geometry - departmentmathematician studying spatial forms and relationships between bodies;
2) in sentences of book and written styles (scientific, journalistic, official business), containing a characteristic, assessment of an object or phenomenon: Matter- objectivereality,existing outside and independently of human consciousness;Disarmament- commandtime;
3) in identity sentences (the subject and the predicate express the same concept): Moscow is the capitalRussia;
4) after homogeneous subjects: Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod, Saratov, Volgograd, Astrakhan- the largestcitiesVolga region;
5) with structural parallelism of parts of a sentence: Diligentin the brigade -treasure, lazy- heavy burden;
6) to clarify the meaning of the sentence; compare: Olderhis sister - teacher;Olderhis sister is his teacher.
Note. In a number of cases, a dash is usually not placed:
1) in simple sentences conversational style speeches: My mother is an engineer; My brother is a schoolboy;
2) if the role of the connective is comparative unions as if, as if, exactly, as if, anyway and so on.: Speeches as speeches(Furm.); The stars are like small diamonds; The clouds are like fairy-tale monsters; Today the sky is like the sea.
Deviations from this position among classical writers and modern authors are associated with previous punctuation norms or with the desire to emphasize the connotation of comparison contained in the predicate: Your speeches are like a sharp knife(L.); This phrase is like a grand slam in Jumble(T.); This girl is like a holiday!(Already); The duration of the war is like a century of life(TV);
3) if the predicate is preceded by a negation not: This officer is no match for you(Fed.); ... The Ussuri tiger is not a fairy tale at all, it’s almost a reality(March.); Poverty is not a vice(linear); The heart is not a stone(linear); Analogy is not proof.
Placing a dash in this case aims to logically and intonationally emphasize the predicate: But an explanation is not an excuse(M.G.); His views on family etiquette - isn't this a prejudice?;
4) if between the subject and the predicate there is an introductory word, sometimes an adverb, conjunction, particle: Dubava seems to be a friend of Korchagin(AND ABOUT.); Risk, as we know, is a noble cause; Totally rash actstepdangerous;Sergeevnow famousartist; FirSametreeresinous;MarchonlyStartspring. Wed. the presence or absence of a dash depending on the specified conditions: Ivanov- goodchess player; Ivanov,seems goodchess player(Availability introductory word); Ivanovnow experiencedchess player(presence of adverb); Ivanovalso a famous chess player(presence of union); Ivanovjust a beginnerchess player(presence of particle);
5) if the predicate is preceded by a secondary member of the sentence related to it: Stepanusneighbour(Sh.); Kolyato meFriend;
6) if the predicate precedes the subject: Beautifulman Ivan Ivanovich!(G.); Slavnoeplacethisvalley!(L.); PicturesqueIndian people(Gonch.); Not badstudentthisboy. The placement of a dash in this case emphasizes the intonational division of the sentence into two parts: Gloriouspeople are neighborsmy!(N.); Amazingcase- dream(T.); Psychologicalcuriosity - my mother(Ch.); deftlittle thing - little mindhuman(M.G.); Coffin - road(TV);
7) if the subject in combination with the predicate forms an indecomposable phraseological unit: Penny pricetheory that fixes some patterns(Goal.); Two of a Kind(linear).
2. Dash is placed between the subject and the predicate if both of them are expressed by the indefinite form of the verb (infinitive) or if one of the main members is expressed by the nominative case of the noun, and the other by the indefinite form of the verb: About the decisionspeak- onlyconfuse(M.G.); Our duty is to protectstrength until our last breath(P.); Of course it's bigart - wait(Esb.); Teadrink- not firewoodchop(last); Forceturn me off the right path -pipes!; Writemediocre things -it doesn't take any talent(infinitive in the function of the nominative topic, the predicate is expressed in a whole sentence); It would seem that,What's easier - writeresponse letter(cf.: Writing a reply letter is easy).
But (with inversion and no pause): Whichhappinesssonhug!(Dolm.)
3. Dash comes before words this, this is, this means, this means, here, adding the predicate to the subject: Catchruff or perch - what is it?bliss!(Ch.); Sports and culture - here are two keysto joy, beauty(gas.); To understand means to forgive; Latestautumn - Thiswhen the mountain ash shrinks from frost and becomesas they say,"sweet"(Prishv.) - the whole sentence acts as the predicate.
4. Dash is put if both main members of the sentence are expressed by cardinal numerals or if one of them is expressed by the nominative case form of the noun, and the other by a numeral or a phrase with a numeral: Twenty years- goodthing(Sim.); Partings and meetings- twomainparts,from which happiness will someday be formed(Dolm.); Three times five is fifteen; Speed - sixty kilometers per hour.
Note. In specialized literature, when characterizing an object, a dash is often not used in this case: The crane's lifting capacity is 2.5 tons, boom radius is 5 m; The melting point of gold is 1063°C.
5. Dash is placed between the subject, expressed by an indefinite form of the verb, and the predicate, expressed by a predicative adverb (state category) starting with -o, if there is a pause between the main members of the sentence: Giving in is shameful(Tendr.); This is veryunbearable - to move(Gonch.); Thisterrible - chicken outat the last moment; This is fuckingfun - rideon the boat[cf. without pause: Rideon the boatfunny; Judgea man in disgraceeasily(L.T.)].
6. Dash placed before the predicate, expressed phraseological turn: Both woman and man -a couple of nickels(Ch.); And the porch -God forbid another prince(A.T.); His income now isBe healthy;Seryozha - the seventh water on jelly for both you and me.
7. With a subject expressed by a word This,dash put or not put depending on the logical selection of the subject and the presence or absence of a pause after it. Wed:
This is the beginningstarted everyone. - This is not badStart; This is loneliness(Ch.). - This is homeZverkova(G.).
8. A dash is usually not placed if the subject is expressed by a personal pronoun and the predicate by the nominative case form of the noun: He is corruption, he is plague, he is ulcerthese places(Kr.); I'm honestHumanand I never give compliments(Ch.).
Dash in this case it is set:
1) with logical underlining: I am the pageto your pen. I'll accept everything. I'm a white page. I -the keeperto your goodness...(Color);
2) when contrasted: I am a manufacturer, you are a shipowner(M.G.); She is solidclewnot ditches, butHe - embodimentOlympic calm;
3) with structural parallelism of sentences or parts of a sentence: Without youI- starwithout light. Without youI- creatorwithout peace(Br.); We - Peoplerestless becauseWe - in the answerfor the planet, Two people, he and she, walked side by side: he was youngHumanin a dark suit, she is young, very prettyyoung womanin a colorful dress;
4) when inverting the main members of the sentence: Heroof this performance - me; Exampleto that - he.
9. A dash is not placed if one of the main terms is expressed interrogative pronoun, and the other - a noun in the nominative case or a personal pronoun: Tell me,Whois yoursFriend,and I'll tell youwho are you;Thiswhose book?;Who are you?
10. A dash is usually not placed if the predicate is expressed by an adjective, pronominal adjective, or prepositional-nominal combination: The weather is unbearable, the road is bad, the driver is stubborn...(P.); The earth is great and beautiful(Ch.); Cherrymy garden!(Ch.); Heaven withoutsingleclouds; PeopleHereextraordinary kindness.
Dash before the predicate-adjective is placed:
1) with the logical or intonational division of a sentence: Pupils - cat-like, long(Sh.); Heightnear the scattered houses of the farm -team(Kaz.);
2) in the presence of homogeneous predicates: RhythmSuvorov Military School -clear, fast, military (gas);He has changed a lot:gait, movements, facial features,evenlook - softer, calmer, simpler;
3) with structural parallelism of parts of a sentence: The night is warm, the sky is blue, the moon is silver, the stars are brilliant.
11. In footnotes, a dash separates the word being explained from the explanation, regardless of the form of expression of the predicate: Poseidon - in ancient Greek mythology, the god of the seas;Pegasus - considered a symbolpoetic inspiration.
§ 6. Dash in an incomplete sentence
1. Dash is placed when there is a pause in so-called elliptical sentences (independently used sentences with a missing predicate): To the left, in the corner, by the door, on a stool - a bucket of water for those who are thirsty(Room.); Behind the gate is the third parade ground, a parade ground of extraordinary size.(Cupr.); Guys - for axes...(A.T.); And this is you - in front of your daughter?(Fed.); And at the door there are pea coats, overcoats, sheepskin coats...(M.); There is fog outside the night window(Bl.); The Olympic flame is on our land!(gas.); In the role of the offended are small children; And then - a moment of silence; Watermelons and melons - mountains; Cows - two; In response - complete silence; Ahead is A. Karpov.
If there is no pause in elliptical sentences, a dash is not placed: And in the house there is knocking, walking...(Gr.); Suddenly there is a deep pothole in front of me(L.); The creaking of footsteps along the white streets, lights in the distance(Fet); Khokhla is on fire! (M.G.); Revolver on the table!(Tr.); On the right is the door to the next room, on the left is the exit to the terrace(this is how stage directions are formatted in plays); That's the whole point.
2. Dash placed in incomplete sentences when there is parallelism of constructions (sentences or parts of a sentence): Her[literature] beauty is in truth, its main meaning is in truth(Cor.); There are curious people in all the windows, boys on the roofs(A.T.); Instead of bread - a stone, instead of teaching - a mallet(S.-Sch.); Here - ravines, further - steppes, even further - desert, at the other end - forests, swamps, moss(Fed.); Terkin - further. The author follows(TV); And above this plow - all dreams, and under this plow - all the earth, and the soul - as in the first moment of a meeting, and the soul - like the sail of a ship(Bl.); Oh, I want to live madly, to perpetuate everything that exists, to personify the impersonal, to embody the unfulfilled!(Bl.); There is no fence. There is no gate. There are no boundaries. In front of the house there is a flower garden, a fence, behind there is a square courtyard strewn with fresh sand.(Cat.); Milk soup for the first course, pancakes with cottage cheese for the second.
3. Dash is posed in incomplete sentences of a special structure, the basis of which is formed by two nouns - in the forms of the dative and accusative cases, without a subject and predicate, with a clear intonation division into two parts: Skiers have a good base; To the masses - culture; For youth - education. Typically, such sentences are used as slogans and newspaper headlines.
4. Dash is placed in dismembered (two-term) headings, which are incomplete verbless sentences in which there are words with the meaning of the subject of the action, the object, the circumstances that answer the questions “who - what?”, “who - where?”, “what - where?” , “what - how?”, “what - where?” and so on.: Masters of Arts - Youth; Tourism is for everyone; The troops are on their way; Heroes are nearby; Cares and joys - in half; New books are in great demand.
5. Dash is put in an incomplete sentence, forming part of a complex sentence, when the missing member (usually the predicate) is restored from the previous part of the phrase and a pause is made at the place of the omission: Yermolai shot, as always, victoriously; I'm pretty bad(T.); Outside the window of the carriage a hummocky plain floated, bushes ran, distant ones - slowly, near ones - in a race.(A.T.); The officers' voices became louder every minute, the words became sharper, the arguments became more irreconcilable.(Goal.); The world is illuminated by the sun, and man is illuminated by knowledge(last); Pick up a few more examples, which ones don’t matter; In his eyes - how to get rid of me as quickly as possible; Now I understand why everyone is attracted to him - his inflexibility; We got down to business cheerfully, they even enthusiastically; It was difficult to establish which of them was right and which was wrong(cf. without an auxiliary verb: It was difficult to establish who was right and who was wrong); Some voted for the proposed resolution, while others, on the contrary, voted against it.(cf.: Some voted for, others against); It was dangerous to go further through the quagmire, and it was also dangerous to stay; Only steel alloys can withstand this temperature, and among light metals - only titanium alloys; There was a lot of construction work ahead, and most importantly, the construction of a water pipeline; You have been here for a long time, and I have only been here for a few days; Some work, understanding their business as common to everyone, others - trying to benefit only for themselves; Passengers... were stuffing suitcases, bags, packages, carrying pillows, some to lie with their heads away from the window, some to lie with their heads towards the window(Rose); The pockets were double: the inner one was made of linen, the outer one was made of gray calico(South.); One sodium atom replaces one hydrogen atom, one zinc atom replaces two hydrogen atoms, and one aluminum atom replaces three hydrogen atoms.
If there is no pause at the place where the clause is missing, a dash is not placed: Yegorushka looked at him for a long time, and he looked at Yegorushka(Ch.); Of our battery, only Solyony will go on a barge, we will go with the combat unit(Ch.); Alyosha looked at them, and they looked at him(Adv.); The thief has one sin, but the owner and I have ten(Acute); ...You do long things, and I do short ones(Leon.).
6. Dash is placed in similarly constructed parts of a complex sentence when any member is omitted and even without omission: They looked at each other: Raisky - with cold curiosity, she - with daring triumph(Gonch.); There has been such a girl in everyone's life. One met his in the laboratory, another - in the radio room, the third - in a geological party, the fourth - at sea, the fifth - in the sky, at the intersection of air roads(Hump.); Witnesses spoke in the hall - hastily, in discolored voices, judges - reluctantly and indifferently(M.G.).
§ 7. Intonation dash
1. Dash is placed to indicate the place where a simple sentence breaks down into verbal groups in order to emphasize or clarify the semantic relationships between members of the sentence when the desired meaning cannot be expressed by other punctuation marks or word order. Wed:
I couldn’t walk for a long time(i.e., was deprived of the ability to move for a long period, for example after a serious illness). - I couldn't walk for a long time(i.e., could not engage in long walking);
If necessary, please(i.e., if necessary, please contact me). - If necessary, please(i.e. I make a request when I feel a need).
Such a dash is called an intonation dash; it can separate any part of a sentence: ...Life is lashing out unstoppably, irreparably. Set out bowls and plates! Every plate will be shallow, every bowl will be flat(Color); Let's go to the club - read, play checkers, dance - a dash in front of homogeneous circumstances of the goal emphasizes their connection with the predicate (cf. also: I take binoculars - observe); Everyone loved him - for his inherent perseverance, willpower, for the plethora of his entire being; Pedestrians were approaching the station - with bundles, bags, suitcases - homogeneous members sentences refer to the predicate and have the meaning of an addition, and in the absence of a dash they could be perceived as inconsistent definitions to the subject: I - what, you are a major specialist(cf.: Does he not agree to leave?).
2. It also has an intonation character dash, which is placed between members of a sentence to express surprise or to indicate logical stress: And they threw the pike into the river(Kr.); A few minutes later the chains rattled, the doors opened, and Shvabrin walked in(P.).
§ 8. Connecting dash
1. Dash placed between two or more words to indicate limits (“from...to”):
1) spatial: Non-stop flightMoscow - Khabarovsk;Through this village one could go to the big pathUralsk - Lbischensk - Sugar - Guryev(Furm.);
2) temporary: CrusadesXI-XIII centuries;Theater repertoire onJanuary March;
3) quantitative: Manuscript volumeten - twelveauthor's sheets(same in numbers: 10 - 12 ); Cargo weighing 300 - 350 tons;5 - 7 times superiority.
Note. If between two adjacent numerals it is possible to insert non-words according to their meaning from to, and the word or, then they connect hyphen:Will be on a business tripfive sixdays(but with a digital designation a dash is placed: ...5 - 6 days).
2. Dash is placed between two or more proper names, the totality of which is called a doctrine, scientific institution, etc.: Physical lawBoyle - Marriott;MatchKarpov - Kasparov;Match"Torpedo" Moscow - "Metalist" Kharkov.
3. Dash placed between individual words to show the internal connection between them: The congress of the International Union of Architects, held under the motto"Architecture - Human - environment"(gas.); Yesterday Today Tomorrow.
Incomplete sentences- these are sentences in which a member of the sentence is missing that is necessary for the completeness of the structure and meaning of the given sentence.
Missed sentence members can be restored by communication participants from knowledge of the situation discussed in the sentence.
For example, if at a bus stop one of the passengers, looking at the road, says: “Coming!”, the rest of the passengers can easily restore the missing subject: Bus coming.
Missing sentence members can be restored from the previous context. Such contextually incomplete sentences are very common in dialogues.
For example: - Is your company assigned to the forest tomorrow? - asked Prince Poltoratsky. - My. (L. Tolstoy). Poltoratsky's response is an incomplete sentence in which the subject, predicate, adverbial place and adverbial time are missing (cf.: My the company is assigned to the forest tomorrow ).
Incomplete constructions are common in complex sentences:
Everything is obedient to me, I mean nothing (Pushkin). The second part of the difficult non-union proposal (I mean nothing) is an incomplete sentence in which the predicate is missing (cf.: I'm disobedient nothing).
Note!
Incomplete sentences and one-part sentences are different phenomena.
IN one-part sentences one of the main members of the sentence is missing; the meaning of the sentence is clear to us even without this member. Moreover, the structure of the sentence itself (the absence of a subject or predicate, the form of a single main member) has a certain meaning.
For example, form plural the predicate verb in an indefinite-personal sentence conveys the following content: the subject of the action is unknown ( There was a knock on the door), not important ( He was wounded near Kursk) or hiding ( They told me a lot about you yesterday).
IN incomplete sentence Any member of the sentence (one or more) can be omitted. If we consider such a sentence out of context or situation, then its meaning will remain incomprehensible to us (cf. out of context: My; I don't care).
In the Russian language there is one type of incomplete sentences in which the missing member is not restored and is not prompted by the situation, the previous context. Moreover, the “missing” members are not required to reveal the meaning of the sentence. Such sentences are understandable even without context or situation:
(Peskov).
These are the so-called "elliptical sentences". They usually contain a subject and a secondary member - a circumstance or an addition. The predicate is missing, and we often cannot say which predicate is missing.
Wed: Behind the back is / located / visible forest .
And yet, most scientists consider such sentences to be structurally incomplete, since the secondary member of the sentence (adverbial or complement) refers to the predicate, and the predicate is not represented in the sentence.
Note!
Elliptical incomplete sentences should be distinguished: a) from one-part nominal sentences ( Forest) and b) from two-part ones - with a compound nominal predicate, expressed indirect case of a noun or adverb with a zero connective ( All the trees are in silver). To distinguish between these structures, the following must be taken into account:
1) one-part nominal sentences cannot contain adverbials, since the adverbial is always connected with the predicate. Among the minor members in denominative sentences, the most typical are coordinated and inconsistent definitions.
Spring Forest; Entrance to the hall;
2) Nominal part of the compound nominal predicate- a noun or adverb in a two-part complete sentence indicates a sign-state.
Wed: All trees are in silver. - All trees are silver.
The omission of a member within a sentence in oral speech can be marked by a pause, in place of which a dash is placed in the letter:
Behind is a forest. To the right and left are swamps(Peskov); Everything obeys me, but I obey nothing(Pushkin).
Most regularly, a dash is placed in the following cases:
in an elliptical sentence containing a subject and adverbial place, an object - only if there is a pause in oral speech:
There is fog outside the night window(Block);
in an elliptical sentence - with parallelism (sameness of sentence members, word order, forms of expression, etc.) of constructions or their parts:
in incomplete sentences constructed according to the scheme: nouns in the accusative and dative cases (with the omission of the subject and predicate) with a clear intonation division of the sentence into parts:
For skiers - a good track; Youth - jobs; Young families - benefits;
in an incomplete sentence forming part of a complex sentence, when the missing member (usually the predicate) is restored from the previous part of the phrase - only if there is a pause:
The nights have become blacker, the days have become cloudier(in the second part the ligament is restored become).
Plan for parsing an incomplete sentence
- Indicate the type of proposal (complete - incomplete).
- Name the missing part of the sentence.
Sample parsing
Men - for axes(A.N. Tolstoy).
The sentence is incomplete; predicate missing grabbed.